上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试《语言学基础知识》试题

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上海海事大学攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

(重要提示：答案必须做在答题纸上，做在试题上不给分)

考试科目：语言学基础知识

1.Defineorexplainthefollowingterms:(40)

1.phonology

2.appliedlinguistics

3.derivatives

4.syntaxasasystemofrules

5.synonymy

6.speechacttheory

7.semanticbroadening

8.speechcommunity

9.linguisticrelativism

10.languagetransfer

ⅡI.Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswiththewordwhosefirstletterisalreadygivenasaclue.Youarenotallowedto

changethelettergiven.(20)

1.Speechvreferstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeaker

orgroupofspeakers.

2.Breferstoalinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesare

usedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakers.

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R

3.Inthecourseoftimethestudyoflanguagehasestablishedcloselinkswithother

branchesofsocialstudies,resultinginibranchesoflinguisticstudy.

4.Lreferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofa

speechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationofthatinactualuse.

5.Inphonetics,mannerofareferstothemannerinwhichobstructionis

created,andtheplaceofthatreferstotheplacewhereobstructioniscreated.

6.Arisoftenseenaspartofaword;itcanneverstandbyitselfalthoughitbearsaclear,definitemeaning;itmustbecombinedwithanotherrootoranaffix

toformaword.

7.Alllanguageshavewaysofsayingsomethingabouttheentitytheyreferto.Thatis,theycanmakep.aboutthereferringentity,orthesubject.

8.WH-misobligatoryinEnglish,whichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.

9.meanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.

10.Preferstothesamewordhavingmorethanonemeaning.

Ⅲ.TrueorFalseQuestions

Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.If

astatementisfalse,explainorprovidethecorrectversion.(20)

1.Aprescriptivelinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactually

use.

2.TheAmericanlinguistNormChomskytookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflanguageisamatterofsocialconvention.

3.Whenwesaylanguageisarbitrary,wemeanthemeaningofanutterancecanbearbitrarilyinterpretedbytheaudience.

4.Thedisplacementfeatureoflanguagereferstothefactthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertocontextremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker,e.g.

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thingsthatarepastorfuture,orevenimagined.

5.Phonetics,asthestudyofspeechsounds,focusesonthesystemofsoundsofaparticularlanguage;itaimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageform

patternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguistic

communication.

6.Insyntax,thestructuralsubjectisthefirstNPundertheSnodeandthestructuralobjectistheNPfollowingtheVundertheVPnode,ortheNPfollowingtheP

underthePPnodeinatree.

7.Whilemostutterancestaketheformofsentences,i.e.,mostutterancesarecompletesentencesintermsofsyntax,someutterancesarenot,andsomecannotevenberestoredtocompletesentences.

8.InoldEnglish,theword“fond”meant“foolish”.Thisistheprocessofsemanticchange;thatis,aslanguagechangesovertime,themeaningofawordmaydeviatefromitsoriginaldenotationthroughtheprocessofsemanticbroadening.

9.Themostdistinguishablelinguisticfeatureofaregionaldialectisitsvocabulary.

10.Thefactthatbetweendifferentlanguagessuccessfultranslationcanbeachieved

hasbeenemployedtoactasoneoftheargumentsagainsttheSapir-Whorf

hypothesis.

IV.Answerthefollowingquestions(70)

1.CommentonSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparole,andontheChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.

2.Elaborateonthefollowingdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage:arbitrariness,productivity,duality,andculturaltransmission.

3.Whatismorphologyandwhatisamorpheme?Listthetypesofmorphemes,andstatethemorphologicalrulesthatgoverntheuseofthegivenderivationalaffixes:-ment,-wise,en-,-ee.

4.Elaborateontheambiguityofthefollowingsentencethroughdrawingthetreediagramsofconstituentstructures:

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Visitingscholarscanbeawful.

5.Commentonthecontextualistviewofmeaning.Whatdoessentencemeaninginvolve?Trytoanalyzethefollowingsentencesintermsofpredicationanalysis:1)Themansellsfakeantiques.2)Isheworking?Anycontextinvolvedinthe

predicat