2022-2023年江苏省淮安市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题一卷(含答案)

2022-2023年江苏省淮安市大学英语6级大学英语六级真题一卷(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Mosttsunamisaretriggeredbyearthquakesbeneaththeseaandonlyafewbyearthquakesalongcoastlines.

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2.

Ifyoudisagreewiththewayyourex-spouse______,youcanaskthecourttodecidethebestinterestsofthechildregardingsuchissuesasreligiousinstructionormedicalcare.

3.NewHopesforPreventingAIDS

Thesuccessofanti-retroviral(抑止肿瘤病毒)drugsintreatingHIVisgettingresearchersatthe16thInternationalAIDSconferenceexcitedattheprospectthatthepotentmedicinesmightbeexploitedtoperform.doubleduty.WhynotusethepoweroftheseARVstopreventanHIVtransmissionorinfectionfromtakingholdinthefirstplace?BillandMelindaGatesaskedthatprovocativequestionontheopeningdayoftheconference,andarecommittingtheirconsiderablefinancialresourcestowardfindingananswer.Intheirremarks,theyhighlightedtheneedtodevelopmicrobicidesandoral-preventiondrugswhilewewaitforavaccine.AndtheywillgettheirfirsthintathowsmarttheirdecisionwasthisThursday,whenscientistsfromWestAfricareporttheinitialresultsfromthefirsttrialstudyinganoralpreventiondrug.

SohowrealisticaretheGatesinexpectingevenmorefromtheARVs?"Idothinktherangeofpreventionoptionswehavewithinthenextdecadewillgreatlyexpand,"saysDr.HeleneGayle,PresidentofCareUSAandco-chairoftheconference."Thebiologicplausibilityforbothmicrobicidesandoral-preventiondragsissogreat."Dr.MarkDybul,U.S.GlobalAIDSCoordinator,saidthatifamicrobicideorpreventiondrugbecomesavailabletoprotectpeoplefrominfections,theywouldbefundedunderthePresident'sEmergencyPlanforAIDSReliefifcountrieschosetousethem."Wewouldsupportallofthat;itwouldbeperfectlywithinourmandatetodoallthat,"hetoldTIME.

PreventingHIVistheonlywaytokeepthenumberofnewinfectionsthatoccureachyear--4million--fromgrowing.Andyetpreventionstrategies,alwaystheuglystepsistertotreatmentprograms,havenotreallytakenholdinthedevelopingnationswheretherateofinfectionishighest.Aneffectivevaccine,ofcourse,istheultimatepreventionweapon,butastheGates'pointedout,anHIVshotisstillalongwayoff.Inthemeantime,microbicidescouldbeonewaytoco-optARVsintothepreventionwar;thesearechemicalcompounds,usuallyintheform.ofagelorcream,thatwomencanusevaginallypriortointercoursetostopthetransmissionofHIV--it'sthesameideabehindspermicides(杀精子剂),whicharechemicalbarrierstospermenteringthevaginaandcausingpregnancy.It'sanelegantlysimpleapproach,madeevensimplerbythefactthatresearchersdidn'treallyhavetostartfromscratchtocomeupwithnewanti-HIVcompounds;theyalreadyhavethemintheARVs,whichnowinterruptthevirusfrominfectingcellsatvariouspointsinitslifecycle.

Thekeydifferenceisthatinamicrobicide,thedrugsarebeingusedinhealthypeopleratherthaninthoseinfectedwithHIV.WhenARVsareusedfortreatment,bothdoctorsandpatientsarewillingtotolerateahigherlevelofsideeffects--afterall,ifthechoiceisbetweendyingfromHIV-AIDSandsideeffects,mostpatientsoptforthelatter.Ifthedrugsaretobeusedtopreventinfection,however,everythingchanges;understandably,healthypeoplearen'taslikelytoacceptthesamelevelofsideeffectsandtoxicitiesasthosealreadyinfected.

That'swhyclinicaltrialsaresosignificant.Sofar,thereare30to40differentmicrobicidecandidatesbeingtestedinanimals,andfivetrialsinGhana,Nigeriaandotherdevelopingnationsatthemostadvancedstagesoftestinginwomen.Dr.GitaRamjee,oftheHIVPreventionResearchUnitinDurban,SouthAfrica,hasworkedwithallfive,andishopefulthattheywillproveeffectiveandmakeanimpactonthedisease.BecausetheselatestmicrobicidesarereformulatedARVs,however,theproblemofthevirusbecomingresistanttothemisapotentialdrawback.Dr.PeterPlot,ofUNAIDS,suggestsbasingmicrobicidesonlyonthedrugsdonotmakeitthroughthepharmaceuticalpipelinemanyarerejectedbecaus

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4.

TheresearchershadtakentheThaitrialtobemoreeffectiveby______.

A.injectingonevaccinefortheimmunesystem

B.injectingtwovaccinestoboosttheresponses

C.injectingonevaccinefortheimmunesystemandanothertoboosttheresponses

D.puttingthreesyntheticHIVgenesintothebody

5.Marriage

Marriageistraditionallyconceivedtobealegallyrecognizedrelationship,betweenanadultmaleandfemale,thatcarriescertainrightsandobligations.However,incontemporarysocieties,marriageissometimesinterpretedmoreliberallyandthephrase'livingasmarried'indicatesthatformanypurposesitmakesnosensetoexcludecohabitation.Itshouldbenoted,however,thateventhismoreliberaldefinitionusuallyexcludeshomosexualcouples.Althoughcohabitationisincreasinglyaccepted,andisnowthenormalpreludetomarriage,peoplecontinuetomakeadistinctionbetweenlivingtogetheranda'proper'weddingandmarriage.

Muchrecentsociologicalresearch,bothinBritainandAmerica,hasbeenconcernedwiththegrowingfearsthatmarriageasaninstitutionisindecline.Thesefearsstemfromtworoots,thefirstbeingconcernforincreasingmaritalbreakdownandsubsequentdivorce,andthesecondthefactthatmarriageisgoingoutoffashion,withmorepeoplecohabitingandevenrearingchildrenoutsidematrimony.Certainly,divorceisontheincrease,andifcurrentdivorce-ratesinBritaincontinuethenoneinthreemarriagesislikelytoendindivorce.Inrecentyears,themedianageatfirstmarriagehasincreasedandteenagemarriageshavedeclinedsignificantly,withagrowingproportion,albeitstillasmallminority,nevergettingmarried.Atthesametime,ratesofcohabitationareincreasing,withitnowbeingvirtuallythenormtocohabitbeforemarrying.Moreover,anincreasingnumberofchildrenareconceivedandbornoutsidemarriage.Lookingatthesestatistics,onemightreasonablyconcludethatthefutureofmarriagelooksbleak,butmarriagestillremainsthepreferredwayoflifeforthevastmajorityoftheadultpopulation.Evenamongthosewhosefirstmarriagefails,amajorityaresufficientlyoptimistictomarryasecondtime.

Whydopeoplemarry?InWesternsocieties,theemotionalaspectsofmarriagearestressed,andwhatLawrenceStonecallsaffectiveindividualismprevails.Choiceofamateisinfluencedprimarilybythedesireforarelationshipofferingaffectionandlove—although,asPeterBergerobserves,the"lightningshaftofCupidseemstobeguidedratherstronglywithinverydefinitechannelsofclass,income,education,racialandreligiousbackground".Thetendencyforpeopleofsimilarbackgroundstomarry(maritalhomogamy)isstrong,butthereisnoclearunderstandingofwhyitoccurs,orwhetherthedegreeofrigidityinmateselectiondiffersamongdifferentsocialgroups.Surprisingly,somerecentAmericanresearchsuggeststhatthehighertheclassposition,thelessthehomogamy.

Concernwithmaritalsuccessandmaritaladjustmenthasplayedanincreasinglyprominentpartinrecentresearch.AsDavidMorgansuggests,marriagehasbecome"medicalized",withtherapistsandmarriage-guidancecounsellorsatthereadytotacklemaritalproblemsandenhancemaritalquality.Thisraisesthequestionofhowmaritalsuccessshouldbemeasured.Clearly,stabilityisnotasufficientindicator,assomecouplesstaytogethereventhoughtheyaretotallymiserable,whereasothersdivorce,despitehavingarelationshipthatsomewouldenvy.Avarietyofmaritalqualityinventorieshavebeendevelopedandrecentlyithasbeenrecognizedthatmaritalqualityandmaritalproblemsareinfactindependent.Forexample,conflictandargumentsmaybesignsofcaringandengagementinsomemarriages.

Marriagesclearlyfacedifferentproblemsatdifferenttimesofthelife-cycle,andraisingafamily,especiallyforparentsofyoungerchildren,isassociatedwithhighmaritalstrain.Remarriagesappeartobeatgreaterriskofbreakingupthanfirstmarriage,especiallywhenstep-childrenareinvolved.Thismaybeinpartbecauseremarriageisanincompleteinstitution,inthesensethatsoci

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6.MartinusvanSchalkwyk,theministerofenvironmentalaffairsandtourism,visitedthesouthDurbanbasinearlierthisyearandsaidthereweremeasuresinplaceto______.

7.

AU.S.scientificreportconcludedthatsometrendsofclimatechangewerecausedby______.

8.HowdoesRobertFeldmanseelittlewhitelies?

A.Theydoharmtobothpeopleandthesociety.

B.Theyaremoreacceptablethanhabituallies.

C.Theyarenecessaryinthesocialrelationships.

D.Theyaregood-intentionedandthusharmless.

9.Fromherresearch,SusanD.Blumsetouttounderstandthatstudentsare______.

A.havinganewunderstandingofcreatingandquoting

B.noteasytogetaccesstotheauthorship

C.onthewaytoacceptnewnotionofauthorship

D.tryingtoredefinethenotionofauthorship

10.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

CableTelevision

Inthe1940s,therewerefournetworksintheUnitedStates.Becauseofthefrequenciesallottedtotelevision,thesignalscouldonlybereceivedina"lineofsight"fromthetransmittingantenna.Peoplelivinginremoteareascouldn'tseetheprogramsthatwerealreadybecominganimportantpartofU.S.culture.

In1948,peoplelivinginremotevalleysinPennsylvaniasolvedtheirreceptionproblemsbyputtingantennasonhillsandrunningcablestotheirhouses.Thesedays,thesametechnologyonceusedbyremotevillagesandselectcitiesallowsviewersalloverthecountrytoaccessawidevarietyofprogramsandchannelsthatmeettheirindividualneedsanddesires.Bytheearly1990s,cabletelevisionhadreachednearlyhalfthehomesintheUnitedStates.

Today,U.S.cablesystemsdeliverhundredsofchannelstosome60millionhomes,whilealsoprovidingagrowingnumberofpeoplewithhigh-speedInternetaccess.Somecablesystemsevenletyoumaketelephonecallsandreceivenewprogrammingtechnologies!

Theearliestcablesystemswere,ineffect,strategicallyplacedantennaswithverylongcablesconnectingthemtosubscribers'televisionsets.BecausethesignalfromtheantennabecameWeakerasittraveledthroughthelengthofcable,cableprovidershadtoinsertamplifiersatregularintervalstoboostthestrengthofthesignalandmakeitacceptableforviewing.

"Inacablesystem,thesignalmighthavegonethrough30or40amplifiersbeforereachingyourhouse,oneevery1,000feetorso,"Wallsays,"Witheachamplifier,youwouldgetnoiseanddistortion.Plus,ifoneoftheamplifiersfailed,youlostthepicture.Cablegotareputationfornothavingthebestqualitypictureandfornotbeingreliable."Inthelate1970s,cabletelevisionwouldfindasolutiontotheamplifierproblem.Bythen,theyhadalsodevelopedtechnologythatallowedthemtoaddmoreprogrammingtocableservice.

Intheearly1950s,cablesystemsbeganexperimentingwithwaystousemicrowavetransmittingandreceivingtowerstocapturethesignalsfromdistantstations.Insomecases,thismadetelevisionavailabletopeoplewholivedoutsidetherangeofstandardbroadcasts.Inothercases,especiallyinthenortheasternUnitedStates,itmeantthatcablecustomersmighthaveaccesstoseveralbroadcaststationsofthesamenetwork.Forthefirsttime,cablewasusedtoenrichtelevisionviewing,notjustmakeordinaryviewingpossible.

Theadditionofcommunityantennatelevisionstationsandthespreadofcablesystemsultimatelyledmanufacturerstoaddaswitchtomostnewtelevisionsets.Peoplecouldsettheirtelevisionstotunetochannels,ortheycouldsetthemfortheplanusedbymostcablesystems.

Inbothtuningsystems,eachtelevisionstationwasgivena6-megahertz(MHz)sliceoftheradiospectrum.TheFCC(FederalCommunicationsCommission)hadoriginallydevotedpartsoftheveryhighfrequency(VHF)spectrumto12televisionchannels.Thechannelsweren'tputintoasingleblockoffrequencies,butwereinsteadbrokenintotwogroupstoavoidinterferingwithexistingservices.

Later,whenthegrowingpopularityoftelevisionnecessitatedadditionalchannels,theFCCallocatedfrequenciesintheultra-highfrequency(UHF)portionofthespectrum.Theyestablishedchannels14to

A.a"lineofsight"

B.transmittingantenna

C.frequenciesallottedtotelevision

D.puttingantennasonhillsandrunningcablestohouses

11.WhywerecompanieslikeNikeandWalmartcriticizedinthe1990s?

A.Theirpositioninaprofit-and-lossstatement.

B.Theirdiscriminatoryandunfairlaborpractices.

C.Theirpunishmentoutoftheirunethicalbehavior.

D.Theirirresponsiblefigureinconsumers'hearts.

12.

BritishcompanieshaveproposeddesignsthataremoresuitablethantheX-33andX-34,butthegovernmentdoesnotsupportit.

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13.Fromthequizresearchersfindthatmostpeoplearequiteconfidentabouttheirfeelingsinthe______.

14.

President______isleavinghismarkwithanambitious$1billionconstructionprograminMassachusettsInstitute.

15.

Calcium-richfood______itssupplementsbecauseitalsoprovidesothernutrientslikevitaminDandotherminerals.

16.

Socialstudierslearnbetterby______thanbyreading.

17.Whichofthefollowingisnotabigadvantageofswimmingaccordingtothepassage?

A.Waterreducesthepressureonpeople'sjoints.

B.Swimmingworksmostofthemajormuscles.

C.Watercangreatlyincreasepeople'sfitness.

D.Swimmingcanburnthefatquiteeffectively.

18.

Aunanimousdefinitionofculturehasfailedtoemirgebothinsocialanthropologyandeveryadylife.

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19.ProgrammingLanguages

Programminglanguagesarehowpeopletalktocomputers.Thecomputerwouldbejustashappyspeakinganylanguagethatwasunambiguous.Thereasonwehavehighlevellanguagesisbecausepeoplecan'tdealwithmachinelanguage.Thepointofprogramminglanguagesistopreventourpoorfrailhumanbrainsfrombeingoverwhelmedbyamassofdetail.

Architectsknowthatsomekindsofdesignproblemsaremorepersonalthanothers.Oneofthecleanest,mostabstractdesignproblemsisdesigningbridges.Themyourjobislargelyamatterofspanningagivendistancewiththeleastmaterial.Theotherendofthespectrumisdesigningchairs.Chairdesignershavetospendtheirtimethinkingabouthumanbodies.Softwarevariesinthesameway.Designingalgorithms(运算法则)forroutingdatathroughanetworkisanice,abstractproblem,likedesigningbridges.Whereasdesigningprogramminglanguagesislikedesigningchairs:it'sallaboutdealingwithhumanweaknesses.

Mostofushatetoacknowledgethis.Designingsystemsofgreatmathematicalelegancesoundsalotmoreappealingtomostofusthanpanderingtohumanweaknesses.Andthereisaroleformathematicalelegance:somekindsofelegancemakeprogramseasiertounderstand.Buteleganceisnotanendinitself.AndwhenIsaylanguageshavetobedesignedtosuithumanweaknesses,Idon'tmeanthatlanguageshavetobedesignedforbadprogrammers.InfactIthinkyououghttodesignforthebestprogrammers,buteventhebestprogrammershavelimitations.Idon'tthinkanyonewouldlikeprogramminginalanguagewhereallthevariablesweretheletterxwithintegersubscripts.Ifyoulookatthehistoryofprogramminglanguages,alotofthebestoneswere

languagesdesignedfortheirownauthorstouse,andalotoftheworstonesweredesignedforotherpeopletouse.

Whenlanguagesaredesignedforotherpeople,it'salwaysaspecificgroupofotherpeople:peoplenotassmartasthelanguagedesigner.Soyougetalanguagethattalksdowntoyou.Cobol(计算机通用语言)isthemostextremecase,butalotoflanguagesarepervadedbythisspirit.Ithasnothingtodowithhowabstractthelanguageis.Cisprettylow-level,butitwasdesignedforitsauthorstouse,andthat'swhyhackerslikeit.Theargumentfordesigninglanguagesforbadprogrammersisthattherearemorebadprogrammersthangoodprogrammers.Thatmaybeso.Butthosefewgoodprogrammerswriteadisproportionatelylargepercentageofthesoftware.

I'minterestedinthequestion,howdoyoudesignalanguagethattheverybesthackerswilllike?Ihappentothinkthisisidenticaltothequestion,howdoyoudesignagoodprogramminglanguage?

GivetheProgrammerasMuchControlasPossible.

Manylanguages(especiallytheonesdesignedforotherpeople)havetheattitudeofagoverness:theytrytopreventyoufromdoingthingsthattheythinkaren'tgoodforyou.Iliketheoppositeapproach:givetheprogrammerasmuchcontrolasyoucan.WhenIfirstlearnedLisp(表处理语言),whatIlikedmostaboutitwasthatitconsideredmeanequalpartner.IntheotherlanguagesIhadlearneduptillthen,therewasthelanguageandtherewasmyprogram,writteninthelanguage,andthetwowereveryseparate.ButinLispfilefunctionsandmacrosIwrotewerejustlikethosethatmadeupthelanguageitself.IcouldrewritethelanguageifIwanted.Ithadthesameappealasopen-sourcesoftware.

AimforBrevity.

Brevityisunderestimatedandevenscorned.Butifyoulookintotheheartsofhackers,you'llseethattheyreallyloveit.Howmanytimeshaveyouheardhackersspeakfondlyofhowin,say,APL,theycoulddoamazingthingswithjustacouplelinesofcode?Ithinkanythingthatreallysmartpeoplereallyloveisworthpayingattentionto.Ithinkal

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20.

OneoftheadvantagesofrecordingCDoneselfisthatonehastotalcontrolofhisownmusic.

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二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.听力原文：M:Hi.Uh,haven'twemetbefore?Youlooksofamiliar.

W:Yeah.Wemetoncampuslastweek,andyouaskedmethesamequestion.

M:Oh,ohreally?I'msorry,butI'mterriblewithnames.But,but,but...Letmeguess.It'sSherry,right?

W:No,butyougotthefirstletterright.

M:Iknow,Iknow.It'sonthetipofmytongue.Wait.Uh,Sandy,Susan.Wait,wait.It'sSharon.

W:Yeah.Yougotit...andonlyonthefourthtry.

M:So,well,Sh...,ImeanSharon.Howareyou?

W:Notbad.Andwhatwasyourname?

M:It'sBen,buteveryonecallsmeB.J.And,uh,whatdoyoudo,Sh...Sharon?

W:I'magraduatestudentmajoringinTESL.

M:Uh,TESL...What'sthat?

W:ItstandsforTeachingEnglishasaSecondLanguage.IwanttoteachEnglishtonon-nativespeakersoverseas.

M:Hey,that'ssoundreallyexciting.Anddoyouneedsometypeofspecificdegreeorexperiencetodothat?

W:Well,mostemployersoverseasarelookingforsomeonewhohasatleastaBachelor'sdegreeandoneortwoyearsofexperience.Andwhatdoyoudo?Areyouastudentoncampus?

M:Yeah,but,uh...IguessI'mthinkingoftheideaofgoingintoaccountingorinternationalbusiness,butIguessI'mnowleaningtowardsadegreeinmarketing.

W:Oh,uh...Well,Ihavetorun.Ihaveaclassintenminutes.

M:Oh,okay.And,uh,bytheway,there'sthis,uh,danceoncampusatthestudentcentertonight,andIwaswonderingifyou'd...youknow...liketocomealong.

W:Ohreally?Well,perhaps...

M:Okay,well,bye.

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A.Atsparty.

B.Atschool.

C.Atafriend'shouse.

D.Intheclassroom.

22.(25)

A.Targetthe18to26year-oldagegroup.

B.Selltennisrackets.

C.Carrymoreathleticshoes.

D.Workoutamoreappealingslogan.

23.听力原文：WhenNancyLublinreceived＄5,000fromhergrandfatherin1996,sheneveronceconsideredtakingavacationorpayingoffstudentloans.Instead,the24-year-oldNewYorkUniversitylawstudentbeganthinkingabouthelpinglow-incomewomengetbetterjobs."Ifawomangoesforajobinterviewpoorly-dressed,shewon'tgetthejob,"Lublinsays."Butwithoutajob,shecan'taffordsuitableclothes."

So,withthemoneyLublinfounded"DressforSuccess"andbegancollectingwomen'sclotheswhichwerestillingoodconditionbutwhichtheirownersnolongerneeded."Somanywomenhaveclotheslyingaroundthattheywillneverwearagain,"oneofLublin'sassistantssays."Nancy'sideaissosimpleandyetsoimportanttowomen."

ManywomencometoLublin'sofficebeforegoingtoajobinterview.Here,theyreceiveasuit,shoesmidanyotherthingstheyneed.Sinceitwassetup,morethan1,000womenhaveturnedto"DressforSuccess"forhelp.Manyofthemhavewonjob.Somehaveroundjobsafterbeingoutofworkformanyyears.Jenny,a32-year-oldwomanwhowasrecentlyhiredasalaw-firmofficemanagersays,"Imadeagoodimpressionbecauseof'DressforSuccess'."

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A.Nancysetup"DressforSuccess"tomakemoney.

B.Nancy'sofficegathersusedclothesfromwomen.

C.Nancy'sgrandfatherlentherthemoneytosetuptheoffice.

D.Low-incomewomencangetjobsat"DressforSuccess".

24.(21)

A.602.B.612.C.412.D.402.

25.听力原文：M:Excuseme,butcouldyoutellmehowtogettotheFriendshipHotel?Ithoughtitwasonthiscorner,butIseemtohavemadeamistake.

W:Iamsorry,butIamastrangerheremyself.Maybeyoucantrycallingthem.Thereisaphoneoverthereoutsidethedepartmentstore.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(19)

A.Themanshouldphonethehotelfordirection.

B.Themancanaskthedepartmentstoreforhelp.

C.Shedoesn'thavethehotel'sphonenumber.

D.Thehotelisjustaroundthecorner.

26.(36)

A.It'suseless.

B.It'sunnecessary.

C.It'sdoubtful.

D.It'shelpful.

27.听力原文：W:Listen．Ineedyouradvice．IhavetoworkwithMr．Addisonforafewweeks．Hehasabadreputation，hasn'the?Canyoupleasetellmehowyoufeellikeabouthim?

M:Heseemsunfriendlyatfirstbuthonestlyhisheart'sintherightplace．

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(18)

A.Mr.Addisonisagoodperson.

B.Mr.Addisonisaworkaholic.

C.Mr.Addisonisahypocrite.

D.Mr.Addisonisaslowcoach.

28.(38)

29.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofasocialgroup.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroups,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.

Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof"naturalleaders".Itseamsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.

Researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto"getthingsdone".Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewellbeingofasocialgroup'smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.

Asthedifferenceinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.

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A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders.

B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups.

C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem.

D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups.

30.(28)

A.Anexperiment.

B.Adayjob.

C.Adreamcomingtrue.

D.Apromisingcareer.

31.

【B2】

32.听力原文：M：Thesolarsystemissobigthatevenlightwouldtakeabouttwelvehourstotravelacrossit.

W：SofarasIknow，it'snocomparisonwiththegreatbear.

Q：Whatdowelearnfromtheconversation?

(16)

A.Thesolarsystemisabitsmallerthanthegreatbear.

B.Thesolarsystemisbiggerthanthegreatbear.

C.Thesolarsystemismuchsmallerthanthegreatbear.

D.Thesolarsystemisasbigasthegreatbear.

33.(35)

A.Theimportanceofsilentreading.

B.Theinformationyieldedbybooksandnewspapers.

C.Theeffectsofhealthyreading.

D.Thevalueofdifferenttypesofreadinghabitsdeveloped.

34.听力原文：M:Icouldn'tputupwithmywifeanylonger.Idon'tknowwhyshealwayswantstolookateverythinginsuchanegativewayandtodiscourageotherpeople.

W:Maybeyoushouldtrytogettoknowsomethingaboutherchildhoodandtrytohelpherout.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(15)

A.Theman'swifeshouldtrytobemoreunderstanding.

B.Thedepressionoftheman'swifemayhetheresultofherpastexperiences.

C.Theman'snegativeattitudemaybederivedfromhischildhood.

D.Itiseasyforthemantohelphiswifeoutofpessimism.

35.

【B6】

36.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

听力原文：M:HowdidSallygowithherpresentationlastnight?

W:Nosoonerhadshebegunherpresentationthanthemicrophonebroke.

Q:WhatcanwelearnaboutSally?

(12)

A.Shebrokethemicrophone.

B.Shewasinterruptedbyaphonecallduringherpresentation.

C.