托福阅读之修辞目的题的解题思路与技巧课件

12实战演练第一部分修辞目的题介绍Ø

修辞目的题是托福阅读考试中的一种常见题型，修辞是指是一种有效写作或演讲的艺术，作者使用修辞是为了使文章能更有效地说服读者，从而达到某种目的。常见的修辞手法有举例子、下定义、阐述、解释、对比、论证、反驳、强调等。举例：illustrate/exemplify/demonstrate/show下定义、阐述、解释:define/explain/describe比较、对比:compare/contrast论证支持:arguefor/persuade/support驳斥警告:argueagainst/refute/challenge/criticize/castdoubton/warn/caution强调：emphasize/stressØ

TheauthordiscussesXinparagraph2inorderto...Ø

WhydoestheauthormentionX?Ø

TheauthorusesXasanexampleof…Ø

InparagraphX,theauthorexplainstheconceptofXby…Ø

WhatisthefunctionofdiscussionofthetermsXinparagraphX?Ø

WhatisthepurposeofparagraphX?Ø

Inwhatwaysareparagraphs2and3relatedtoeachother?Ø

在涉猎原文细节信息的基础之上，有意识地注意句子之间的逻辑关系以及段落的结构（解题过程中最核心、最关键的部分）Ø

平时可加强练习，学会分析句子之间的逻辑关系，概括文章的构架Forexample:Mylifeofsummervacationisfullofvariety.Duringthesummervacation,Iwatched5movies.Iwenttothebeachwithmygoodfriends.Ialsovisitedplacesofhistoricinterest.ThetopicsentenceExamplestoillustratethetopicsentence第二部分实战演练Theastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbymeasuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bycalculatingtheanglescreatedbythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood(Theproblemofdetermininglongitude,though,wasnotsolveduntiltheeighteenthcentury).Bytheearlythirteenthcentury,WesternEuropeanshadalsodevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass,whichhelpedwhencloudsobliteratedboththeSunandthestars.Alsobeginninginthethirteenthcentury,therewerenewmapsrefinedbyprecisecalculationsandthereportsofsailorsthatmadeitpossibletotraceone'spathwithreasonableaccuracy.Certaininstitutionalandpracticalnormshadbecomeestablishedaswell.AmaritimecodeknownastheConsulateoftheSea,whichoriginatedinthewesternMediterraneanregioninthefourteenthcentury,wonacceptancebyamajorityofseagoersasthenormativecodeformaritimeconduct;itdefinedsuchmattersastheauthorityofaship'sofficers,protocolsofcommand,paystructures,therightsofsailors,andtherulesofengagementwhenshipsmetoneanotheronthesea-lanes.Thusbyabout1400thekeyelementswereinplacetoenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.Q:WhydoestheauthorincludetheinformationthatWesternEuropeanshaddevelopedandputintousethemagneticcompass?B.ToprovideanexampleofanimprovementthatresulteddirectlyfromtheinventionoftheastrolabeC.ToidentifyoneofthetechnologicaladvancesthatmadeseatradewiththeEastpossibleD.Toexplainhowtheproblemofdetermininglongitudewassolved定位题干与各选项信息分析信息，确定答案分析段落框架审题分析：why表示目的，与author一起出现，表明该题在问作者的写作目的，而include则表明作者把题干所给信息包含到段落中的原因必定与写作目的有关联。由此判断出该题的类型属于修辞目的题，题干所给信息很可能是对写作目的进行论证。通常，作者会在主题句中阐明自己的观点和写作意图，只要我们能找到段落主题句，就能获得答案。所以接下来，我们应对段落的框架有所了解。bytheearlythirteenthcentury(themagneticcompass)beginninginthethirteenthcentury(newmapsandthereportsofsailors)inthefourteenthcentury(certaininstitutionalandpracticalnorms)byabout1400(thekeyelementswereinplace)Ø

确定主题句的关键词thus(表示结论),thekeyelements(对以上所有信息的概括)SummaryTechnologicaladvancesenableEuropetobeginitsseawardadventure.DTheastrolabehadlongbeentheprimaryinstrumentfornavigation,havingbeenintroducedintheeleventhcentury.ItoperatedbyThusbyabout

Theproblemof1400thekeyelementswere

longitude,though,wasnotenableEurope

solveduntilthedetermining文中usethemagneticcompass,whichhelpedwhenclouds无measuringtheheightoftheSunandthefixedstars:bytobeginitsseawardeighteenthcentury.obliteratedboththeSunandthestars.calculatingtheanglescreated

adventure.bythesepoints,itdeterminedthedegreeoflatitudeatwhichonestood.第四步：分析信息，确定答案原文中每个与选项信息相对应的句子在段落整体框架中的地位是怎样的？是example？是细节？还是段落主题？分析：该段落中没有出现与A选项有关的信息，因此可以排除A选项。分析：由原文可判断出B选项提供的信息在段落中只是一个例证，并非作者的观点，与题干所给的信息没有关联，因此可以排除B选项。分析：原文中的thus表明该句是段落的结论，而keyelements则是对以上所列信息（theastrolabe,themagneticcompass,newmapsandreportsofsailors,certaininstitutionalandpracticalnorms）的概括，所以该句是段落的主题句。通过C选项中的定位词technologicaladvances和seatrade以及对句子意义的理解，可以发现C选项的意义与主题句