2022-2023年山东省莱芜市大学英语6级大学英语六级知识点汇总（含答案）

2022-2023年山东省莱芜市大学英语6级大学英语六级知识点汇总（含答案）学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Thewebwilljustbeanintegralpartoflife,itwillbeareflextoturntothewebforshopping,education,entertainmentand______.

2.Thecomparisoninadanglingcomparativeisoftenleft______.

3.

Overallsecuritycanbedamagedbyconflictsbetweentherefugeesandtheinternallydisplacedwhichcanberesultedinunfairprovisionof______tothem.

4.

Whatnegativeimpactdothemandatorynation-widetestsmostprobablyhaveonstudents'powerofwritingwell?

A.Theymakethestudentsunmotivated.

B.Theyprohibitstudents'creativityduetotheirrequirements.

C.Thestudentswillbeseverelypunishediftheyfailthetests.

D.Thestudentscarelittleaboutwriting.

5.

Amainproblemwithcultureisthatitissubjecttofreetradeandisnolongera______.

6.BoeingandWhirlpool,meanwhile,areworkingtomeetemissionsreductiontargetseventhough______.

7.

In1988,theworldwidebankingcommunityadopted______soastopreventlaundersfromusingthefinancialsystem.

8.

Whenyouarefacedwithfears,youusuallyfindthesituationis______.

9.

ThegreatbiologicplausibilitymakesitpossibletousemicrobicidesandoralpreventiondrugstopreventHIVinthenext10years.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

Whatdowelearnabouttheuntreatedindustrialchemicalwastesfromthepassage?

A.Theycanconservethenormalbiologicalactionofrivers.

B.Theyallreactwithwatertoincreasetheacidityofrivers.

C.Theymakethewatercorrosiveenoughtodestroylivingorganisms.

D.Therearenorulesforconcentrationsofunquestionablytoxicchemicalsofdrinkingwater.

11.Withthehelpof4Gnetworks,trafficlightcycleperiodcanbeadjustedaccordingto______.

12.

AccordingtothescientistsatHawaii'sMaunaLoaObservatory,theaverageCO2levelsincreasedby______in200

13.

Nomatterwhatthemethodsweuse,thefinalresultisthatwewillneedtodecreaseCO2emissionsby70%to80%simplytostabilize______.

14.

SinceNancyWoods'sparentsmovedintotheTorontonursinghometheybecamehealthier______.physically,buthadnewproblemswith______.

15.

Iftwospeechvarietiesarenotmutuallyintelligible,thenthespeechvarietiesareconsideredtobedifferentlanguages.

A.YB.NC.NG

16.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.

Forquestions1～7,mark

Y(forYES)ifthestatementagreeswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage;

N(forNO)ifthestatementcontradictstheinformationgiveninthepassage;

NG(forNOTGIVEN)iftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage.

Forquestions8～10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Euro(欧元)

Nationalcurrenciesarevitallyimportanttothewaymoderneconomiesoperate.Theyallowustoconsistentlyexpressthevalueofanitemacrossbordersofcountries,oceans,andcultures.Wealthcanbeeasilystoredortransportedascurrency.

Currenciesarealsodeeplyembeddedinourculturesandourpsyche.Thinkabouthowfamiliaryouarewiththepriceofthings.Ifyou'vegrownupintheUnitedStates,youthinkofeverythingin"dollars,"justlikeyouthinkaboutdistancesininchesandmiles.

OnJanuary1,2002,theeurobecamethesinglecurrencyof12memberstatesoftheEuropeanUnion.Thiswillmakeitthesecondlargestcurrencyintheworld(theU.S.dollarbeingthelargest).Itwillalsobethelargestcurrencyeventinthehistoryoftheworld.Twelvenationalcurrencieswillevaporate(蒸发)andbereplacedbytheeuro.

DesigningtheEuro

TheEuropeanCommission(EC)wasgiventhetaskofcreatingtheeurosymbolaspartofitscommunicationswork.Therewerethreethingsthedesignhadtoaccomplish:

Ithadtobeeasilyrecognized.

Ithadtobeeasilywrittenbyhand.

Ithadtobepleasingtolookat.

TheEChadmorethan30designsdrawnup.Theyselected10fromthoseandletthepublicvote,whichnarrowedthose10downtotwo.Fromthemtheymadetheirfinalselection.ThedesignthatwasselectedisbasedontheGreekletterepsilon,andalsoresemblesthe"e"asthefirstletteroftheword"Europe."Thetwoparallellinesthroughthecenterofthe"c"representstability.

WhereDidtheIdeaComeFrom?

Theoriginalseedwasplantedin1946whenWinstonChurchillsuggestedthecreationofthe"UnitedStatesofEurope."Hisgoalswereprimarilypolitical,inthathehopedaunifiedgovernmentwouldbringaboutpeaceforacontinentthathadbeentornapartbytwoWorldwars.

Then,in1952,sixwest-EuropeancountriestookChurchill'ssuggestionandcreatedtheEuropeanCoalandSteelCommunity(ECSC)Theseresourceswerequitestrategictothepowerofeachcountry,soarequirementoftheECSCwasthateachcountryallowstheirresourcestobecontrolledbyanindependentauthority.Theirgoal,justasChurchillhadintended,wastohelppreventmilitaryconflictbetweenFranceandGermany.

In1957,theTreatyofRomewassigned,declaringthegoalofcreatingacommonEuropeanmarket.ItwassignedbyFrance,Germany,Italy,Belgium,theNetherlands,andLuxembourg.

Aftermanyfalsestarts,theprocessofcreatingtheEurogotitsrealstartin1989,whentheDelorsReportwaspublishedbyJacquesDelors,presidentoftheEuropeanCommission.Thisimportantreportoutlinedathree-stagetransition(过渡)planthatwouldcreateasingleEuropeancurrency.

PlanningtheTransition

AsoutlinedintheDelorsReport,thetransitiontoasingleEuropeancourtesyfollowedathree-stageplan:StageonebeganonJuly1,1990,andimmediatelyabolished(废止)(atleastinprinci

A.YB.NC.NG

17.

EuropeanandotherlanguageswerespokenbytheearliestinhabitantsofEngland.

A.YB.NC.NG

18.

Cabletelevisionhaddevelopedtechnologythatallowedthemtoaddmoreprogrammingtocableservicein______.

A.Intheearly1990s

B.Inthelate1970s

C.Intheearly1950s

D.Intheearly1940s

19.

FS2000refersto______.

20.

Withthestudents'languageability,theismofthe______and______ofexchangesandconfidentdeliverywillgrow.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.

【B3】

22.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

听力原文：M:Ihaven'thadmuchexerciselately.MyonlyrecreationhasbeenwatchingTVorgoingtothemovies.Whatdoyoudoforrecreation?

M:InsummerItikeplayingtennisinsteadofswimmingandboating,andmyfavoritesportinthewinterisskating.

Q:Whatistheman'sfavoritesportinsummer?

(12)

A.Swimming.

B.Playingtennis.

C.Boating.

D.Playingtabletennis.

23.听力原文：M:Howwasyourweekend?

W:Itwasawful.

M:Awful?Really?ButIthoughtyouweresupposedtobegoingonatrip.Diditgetcancelled?

W:No,unfortunately,itwouldn'tbeenbetterifithad.

M:Whatdoyoumean?

W:Well,fiveofusweresupposedtogotoChicagoinLisa'scar.

M:Yeah?

W:AndweweregoingtostayatSue'sparents'house,whichisinChicago.

M:Right?

W:Soit'saboutafour-hourtrip,andweweregoingtogetthereonFridayevening,spendSaturdaysightseeing,andcomebacklastnightsowecouldgotoclassesthismorning.

M:OK.Thatsoundslikeagoodplan.Sowhatwentwrong?

W:Whatdidn'tgowrong?Firstofall,wewereallcrammedintoLisa'stinycarwithallfourbags.

M:Soundsprettyuncomfortable.

W:Holdon.I'mjustgettingstarted.Rememberhowhotitwasthisweekend?

M:Yeah,ItwassobadIhadtogetoutofthelibrary.Iendedupgoingtothebeachbothdays.

W:Well,wewerestuckinLisa'scarFridayafternoonandtheairconditionerwasn'tworking.

M:Whydidn'tyouopenthewindows?

W:Wedid,butthebreezesblowinginweren'texactlycool.

M:I'llbetyouweregladtogettoChicago.

W:That'stheworstpart.Wenevermadeit.Marystartedfeelingsickfromalltheheat,soLisatrieddrivingfastertofindMarysomethingtodrink.Tomakea10ngstoryshort,thecarbrokedownandwewerestrandedtillthismorninginsomesmalltownneartheIndianaborder.

M:Couldn'tSue'sparentscomepickyouup?

W:Theywereoutoftown.

(20)

A.Aprilthisyear,3.

B.Marchthisyear,3.

C.Aprilthisyear,4.

D.Marchthisyear,4.

24.(22)

A.Tohelphimexplaininformationtohisroommate.

B.Tohelphimwriteapaper.

C.Toprepareforatest.

D.Totellherifnotesareaccurate.

25.听力原文：Twosisters,fourandsixyearsold,diedinalate-nightfirethatstartedbecauseofanoverloadedpowerstrip.(29)Thegirlswereinanunattachedgaragethathadbeenillegallyconvertedintoanapartment.Thenewapartmentdidnotconform.toLosAngelesCitybuildingcodes.SuchillegalapartmentsarebecominganepidemicinLA.Theyendangernotonlytherenters,butalsoalltheirneighbors.

Theapartmentdidnothaveasinglewindow.Therewasonlyoneoutlet;pluggedintothatoutletwasacheappowerstrip.(30)PluggedintothestripwereaTV,asmallrefrigerator,aportableheater,twolamps,andahairdryer.Thatwasarecipeforafire,saidonefireman.

The4-year-oldsister,whowasincharge--theirmomworkednights--wasinthehousewhenthefirestarted.Shehadbeenusingthebathroom.Thetoiletintheapartmentwasnotworkingatthetime.Asshewasreturningtotheapartment,sheheardcracklingnoises.Beforeshecouldopentheapartmentdoor,flamesshotoutfromthewalls.Thefirespreadtothehousebeforethefiredepartmentarrived.Firemensaidthatneithertheapartmentnorthehousehadsmokedetectors.

(31)Threedayslater,onJanuary11,thecityfiredepartmentannouncedthatitwasgivingawayfreesmokedetectorstoneedycityresidents.Also,thecityhousingauthoritywarnedresidentsthatitwasgoingtostepupthesearchforillegalconversions.Aspokesmansaidthatpropertyownerswouldbeforcedtoteardownsuchstructuresimmediately,attheirowncost,andpayasignificantfine.

(30)

A.Threepeoplewerekilledinthefire.

B.Themotherwaswithherdaughterswhenthefirebrokeout.

C.Theapartmentusedtobeagarage.

D.Thebathroomwasnotworkingwhenthefirebrokeout.

26.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

(12)

A.She'shappythatthestudentcenterisgettingmorecomputers.

B.She'llletthemanusehercomputertodostatisticsassignments.

C.Shewilltakeastatisticscourseinthestudentcentersoon.

D.She'dliketobuyacomputerverysoon.

27.

【B11】

28.(24)

A.Becausehewasfeelingterriblewiththefluandhecouldn'tbotherabouttryingtogetoutside.

B.Becausehebelievedsomebodywouldcometosavehim.

C.Becausehewastooscaredtorunoutofthehouse.

D.Becausehethoughttheearthquakewasn'tsoserious.

29.(32)

A.Forbidchildrentohavepets.

B.StopbuyingpetsfromAfrica.

C.Fightagainstmorenewdiseases.

D.Easilygetinfectedbydiseasesfromdogs.

30.(16)

A.Theydon'tenjoyswimming.

B.Theydon'tknowhowtoswim.

C.They'llswimin.thelaketomorrow.

D.Theywon'tgoswimminginthelaketoday.

31.

【B2】

32.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：MyfatherdiedwhenIwasninemonthsold,makingmymornasinglemotherattheageofeighteen.WhileIwasgrowingup,welivedaveryhardlife.Wehadlittlemoney,butmymorngavemealotoflove.Eachnight,shesatmeonherlapandspokethewordsthatwouldchangemylife,"Kemmons,youarecertaintobeagreatmanandyoucandoanythinginlifeifyouworkhardenoughtogetit."

Atfourteen,IWashitbyacarandthedoctorssaidIwouldneverwalkagain.Everyday,mymotherspoketomeinhergentle,lovingvoice,tellingmethatnomatterwhatthosedoctorssaid,Icouldwalkagain.ShedrovethatmessagesodeepintomyheartthatIfinallybelievedher.Ayearlater,Ireturnedtoschool—walkingonmyown!

WhentheGreatDepressionhit,myroomlostherjob.ThenIleftschooltosupportthebothofus.Atthatmoment,Iwasdeterminednevertobepooragain.

Overtheyears,Iexperiencedvariouslevelsofbusinesssuccess.ButtherealturningpointoccurredonavacationItookwithmywifeandfivekidsin1951.Iwasdissatisfiedwiththesecond-classhotelsavailableforfamiliesandwasangrythattheychargedmeanextra$2foreachchild.Thatwastoo

expensivefortheaverageAmericanfamily.ItoldmywifethatIwasgoingtoopenamotelforfamiliesthatwouldneverchargeextraforchildren.Therewereplentyofdoubtersatthattime.

Notsurprisingly,momwasoneofmystrongestsupporters.Sheworkedbehindthedeskandevendesignedtheroomstyle.Asinanybusiness,weexperiencedalotofchallenges.Butwithmymother'swordsdeeplyrootedinmysoul,Ineverdoubtedwewouldsucceed.Fifteenyearslater,wehadthelargesthotelsystemintheworld—HolidayInn.In1979mycompanyhad1,759innsinmorethanfiftycountrieswithanincomeof$1billionayear.

(27)

A.Hismom'ssupport.

B.Hiswife'ssuggestion.

C.Histerribleexperienceinthehotel.

D.Hispreviousbusinesssuccessofvariouslevels.

33.(45)

34.听力原文：M:Howisschoolgoing,Barbara?Areyoutakinganynewclasses?

W:I'mtakinganotherreallyinterestingcoursecalledBusinessandtheWeb.Wearelearningaboute-commerceandhownewtechnologicaldevelopmentswillaffectthewaywebuy,sellandmarketthingsinthefuture.

M:Wow,thatsoundslikesomethingIshouldtake.

W:Ithinkit'soneofthemostusefulcoursesI'vehadsofar.Rightnow,wearestudyingwirelesscommunicationsandhowthat'sgoingtoaffectthedevelopmentoftheinternetandeventuallyonlinebusiness.Wehavehadseverallecturesontheimportanceofcellphonesandseveralnewkindsofportablecomputersandotherelectronicdeviceswhicharebasedonrelatedtechnologies.

M:Whatotherkindsoftopicswillyoubecovering?

W:WearegoingtodiscusshighbandwidthInternetconnections,likecablemodems,whichwillallowustoexchangeinformationmorequickly.Andfromthere,wewillfocusonhowInternet,TV,radioandtelephonetechnologiesareallstartingtocometogether.

M:Iwasjustreadingaboutthatinthenewspaper.Buthowdoesthatrelatetoonlinebusiness?

W:Asthesetechnologiesconvergeinthenearfuture,anewhigh-speednetworkwilldevelopwhichwillbeperfectforthedistributionofproductsandservicesonline.

(20)

A.E-commerce.

B.Wirelesscommunications.

C.Businessandtheweb.

D.Newtechnology.

35.(17)

A.Shedoesn'tlikeeitherofthem.

B.JohncopieditfromJim.

C.JimcopieditfromJohn.

D.Oneisthecopyfromtheother.

36.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

听力原文：Isyourfamilyinterestedinbuyingadog?Adogcanbeahappyadditiontoyourfamily,butifyouchoosethewrongkindofdog,theconsequencescancauseyoualotoftrouble.

Familiesshouldsitdownandthoroughlydiscusstheproblemsinvolvedbeforebuyingadog.Evenifthechildreninyourfamilyaretheoneswhowantthedog,theparentsaretheoneswhoarereallyresponsibleforseeingthattheanimalisproperlycaredfor.Ifyoudon'tknowmuchaboutdogs,it'sagoodideatogotothelibraryoftheASPCAforbooksaboutvariouskindsofdogs,aswellasbooksabouthowtotrainapuppy.Inreadingaboutthedifferentbreeds,youshouldknowthatadogdescribedasveryalertmaybetoojumpyandbouncy.Whenabookdescribesadogasanidealhuntingdog,itprobablymeansthatthedogwon'tbehappylivinginasmallapartment.Dogbreedsvaryinpopularityastheyearsgoby.

OneofthemostpopulardogsthesedaysistheGermanshepherd,whichisthatofastrong,well-muscledanimal,alertandfulloflife.Thisisbecauseitprovidesprotectionaswellascompanionship.Thefamilyshouldbewarnedthatthesedogsgrowuptobeverybig,andmaybetoopowerfulforchildrentohandle.Ifspaceislimited,atoydogmaybeagoodchoice.Thesedogsareverysmallandeasytoraise.Theydon'tneedtobewalkeddaily,sincetheycanexerciseinthespaceavailableinthehome

Isyourfamilyinterestedinbuyingadog?Adogcanbeahappy【36】toyourfamily,butifyouchoosethewrongkindofdog,the【37】cancauseyoualotoftrouble.

Familiesshouldsitdownandthoroughlydiscusstheproblems【38】beforebuyingadog.Evenifthechildreninyourfamilyaretheoneswhowantthedog,theparentsaretheoneswhoarereally【39】forseeingthattheanimalisproperlycaredfor.Ifyoudon'tknowmuchaboutdogs,it'sagoodideatogotothelibraryoftheASPCAforbooksaboutvariouskindsofdogs,aswellasbooksabouthowto【40】apuppy.Inreadingaboutthedifferentbreeds,youshouldknowthatadogdescribedasvery【41】maybetoojumpyandbouncy.Whenabookdescribesadogasan【42】huntingdog,itprobablymeansthatthedogwon'tbehappylivinginasmallapartment.Dogbreeds【43】inpopularityastheyearsgoby.

【44】.Thisisbecauseitprovidesprotectionaswellascompanionship.【45】.Ifspaceislimited,atoydogmaybeagoodchoice.Thesedogsareverysmallandeasytoraise.【46】

(37)

37.听力原文：Overthepastdecade,theenvironmentalmovementhasexplodedontothemindsofmainstreamconsumers,afactnotlostonmarketersandadvertisers.Greenadvertisingstartedinthemid-1980swhenissuesoftheenvironmentmuscledtheirwaytotheforefrontofmarketing.Advertiserssawtheconsumerdesireforenvironmentallysafeproductsandtriedtomeetthedemandasquicklyaspossible.Notsurprisingly,thisfirstwavesufferedfromroughandpoorlyconceivedmarketingefforts.Manyadvertisersembracedagenuineconcernfortheenvironment.Butconsumersrealizedthatsomecompaniesmadefalseclaimsandexploitedthemovement,usingsuchambiguoustermsas"environmentallyfriendly"and"green."Consumersgrewwaryofenvironmentalappeals,andadvertisersreactedbyreducingitsemphasis.In1992theFederalTradeCommissionestablishedguidelines,forgreenmarketing,followedshortlybystategovernments.CaliforniaPassedparticularly:strictlaws,settingdefinitionsfortermslike"ozonefriendly","biodegradable",and"recycled".Accordingtothestate'scourt,"Californiaseekstoguardagainstpotentiallyinaccurateclaimsorecologicalboostaboutproductswithminimalenvironmentalattributes."Texas,Massachusetts,Minnesota,Tennessee,Connecticut,andWashingtonsoonfollowedtheGoldenState'slead.Therigidregulationshaveleftanumberofadvertisersconfusedandfrustrated,althoughsomefeelthatenvironmentalclaimshavealreadypeakedandareontheirwayout,Somebelievethatwe'venowenteredgreenadvertising'sthirdwave,duringwhichenvironmentalconcernispartofthemainstream,too.

(33)

A.Theywereexpensive.

B.Noonebelievesthem.

C.Theywereunsuccessful.

D.Theywereoftendeceptive.

38.听力原文：M：Let'saskDantointroducethemusicianstotheaudienceatthebeginningoftheconcert.

W：AskDan?He'llbeplayingtheviolin!

Q：Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(15)

A.Danisn'taverygoodviolinist.

B.Someoneelseshouldmaketheintroduction.

C.Therewillbeothermusicianstointroduce.

D.It'sratherlatetoaskDantomaketheintroductionnow.

39.(33)

A.Apicture.

B.Conclusions.

C.Thelessonasawhole.

D.Vocabularylists.

40.

【B6】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

WhatdoesthewriterwanttojustifybymentioningthecaseofUnitedStates,andBritainetc.?

42.(55)

43.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Theearliestknowngalaxiesintheuniverse,whichformedduringtheuniverse's"darkage"nearly13billionyearsago,havebeenspiedbytwoteamsofastronomers.

Thediscoveries,reportedseparatelyinthisweek'sissueofthejournalNature,suggestthatgalaxieswereformingjust700millionyearsafterthebirthoftheuniverse.

Theoryholdsthattheuniverseformed13.7billionyearsago.whenanextremelydenseconcentrationofmassrapidlyexpandedinaneventknownasthebigbang.

Theuniversehasbeenexpandingeversince,soastronomersareabletoagegalaxiesbycomputinghowmuchthewavelengthoftheirlighthasstretched-orredshified-astheexpansiontakesthegalaxiesfartherfromEarth.Theredderthelightis,theolderandmoredistantthegalaxyis.

Thedetectionofsuchancientgalaxiesaddsintrigue(神秘色彩)totheoriesofhowtheveryfastgalaxiesformed,accordingtoastronomers.

Weretheremanylarge,younggalaxiesintheearlyuniversethatareobscuredfromastronomers'viewbyabundantgasesabsorbingtheirlight?Orweregalaxiesrareandsmallwaybackthen,asaprevailingtheorysuggests,andlaterclumpedtogethertoform.largergalaxiessuchastheMilkyWay?

"Webelievethatweneedboththeseprocessestoexplainwhatwesee,"Masanorilye,aprofessorattheNationalAstronomicalObservatoryofJapan,saidinanemail.

Thegalaxy,calledIOK-1,formedabout750millionyearsafterthebigbang-60millionyearsclosertotheeventthanthepreviousrecordholder.

Giventhenumberofgalaxiesfoundduringalaterepochabout810millionyearsago,theresearchershadexpectedtofindasmanyassixgalaxieslikeIOK-1.Butthecomparativerarity(稀有)ofobjectslikeIOK-1meansthattheuniversemusthavechangedsignificantlyoverthe60millionyearsthatseparatethetwoepochs,theteamsuggests.

Iyeandcolleaguesbelievethattheyarewitnessingthelastphaseofaprocessknownasreionization(再次电离).

AccordingtoIye,about380,000yearsafterthefieryhotbigbang,theuniversecooledsomuchthatprotonsandelectronsrecombinedtoform.neutralhydrogen.Thisisknownasthebeginningofthedarkageoftheuniverse,becauseneutralhydrogenabsorbsthelightfromstars.

Asmoregalaxiesstartedtoform.about300millionyearslater,thehotstarsheatedtheintergalactic(银河间的)mediumandgraduallyreionizedtheneutralhydrogenbacktoprotonsandelectrons.Theionizedhydrogenthenbecamemoretransparent,allowingthegalaxies'lighttopassthrough.

Iyesaidthenewresultssupporttheideathatneutralhydrogenwasstillabundant750millionyearsafterthebigbang,blockingevenoldergalaxiesfromview."Wearestartingtoseethelastphaseofcosmicreionization,orthedawnofthecosmicdarkage,"hesaid.

Iyeaddedthatthediscoveryalsosupportsthe"hierarchical"theoryofgalaxyformation,whichsuggeststhatbig,brightgalaxiesformedassmallergalaxiescollidedandmerged."Theepochwehaveprobedisyetinthiscriticalstage,"hesaid.

Accordingtothediscoveriesoftheastronomers,whendidgalaxiesform?

44.Theword"laser"wascoinedasanacronymforLightAmplificationbytheStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Ordinarylight,fromtheSunofalightbulb,isemittedspontaneously,whenatomsormoleculesgetridofexcessenergybythemselves,withoutanyoutsideintervention.Stimulatedemissionisdifferentbecauseitoccurswhenanatomofmoleculesholdingontoexcessenergyhasbeenstimulatedtoemititaslight.

AlbertEinsteinwasthefirsttosuggesttheexistenceofstimulatedemissioninapaperpublishedin1917.However,formanyyearsphysiciststhoughtthatatomsandmoleculesalwaysweremuchmorelikelytoemitlightspontaneouslyandthatstimulatedemissionthusalwayswouldbemuchweaker.ItwasnotuntilaftertheSecondWorldWarthatphysicistsbegantryingtomakestimulatedemissiondominate.Theysoughtwaysbywhichoneatomormoleculecouldstimulatemanyotherstoemitlight,amplifyingittomuchhigherpowers.

ThefirsttosucceedwasCharlesH.Townes,thenatColumbiaUniversityinNewYork.Insteadofworkingwithlight,however,heworkedwithmicrowaves,whichhaveamuchlongerwavelength,andbuiltadevicehecalleda"maser",forMicrowaveAmplificationbytheStimulatedEmissionofRadiation.Althoughhethoughtofthekeyideain1951,thefirstmaserwasnotcompleteduntilacoupleofyearslater.Beforelong,manyotherphysicistswerebuildingmasersandtryingtodiscoverhowtoproducestimulatedemissionatevenshorterwavelengths.

Thekeyconceptsemergedabout1957.TownesandArthurSchawlow,atBellTelephoneLaboratories,wrotealongpaperoutliningtheconditionsneededtoamplifystimulatedemissionofvisiblelightwaves.Ataboutthesametime,similarideascrystallizedinthemindofGordonGould,thena37-year-oldgraduatestudentatColumbia,whowrotethemdowninaseriesofnotebooks.TownesandSchawlowpublishedtheirideasinascientificjournal,PhysicalReviewLetter,butGouldfriedapatentapplication.Threedecadeslater,peoplestillargueaboutwhodeservesthecreditfortheconceptofthelaser.

Theword"intervention"(Line3,Para.1)canbestbereplacedby______.

A.needB.deviceC.influenceD.reproduction

45.

ConiePrattsoonbecameafamousactressby______.

A.learningsomelessonsabouttheartofspeaking

B.onceplayingherpartinthe"BlueColoredMoon"

C.successfullymatchingthemost