2023届上海市崇明区高三下学期二模英语试卷及参考答案

崇明区2022学年第二学期高三第二次模拟考试英语（考试时间120分钟，满分140分。请将答案填涂在答题纸上。）I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.1.A.Inalibrary. B.Atanairport. C.Inahotel. D.Atatravelagency.2.A.Hewillwatchtheceremonyonline. B.Heisn’tinterestedintheceremony.C. Hehasalreadyrecoveredfromtheflu. D.Hewon’tbeabletoattendtheceremony.3.A.Heworksasanartist. B.Hesellspaintsupplies.C.Heownsanoilcompany. D.Heworksinanartmuseum. 4.A. Findoutwhoheraudiencewillbe. B.Watchhimgivehispresentation.C.Practiceherpresentationinfrontofhim. D.Trynottothinkaboutheraudience.5.A.He’llbelatefortheparty. B.Thesoccerpracticewillendlaterthanusual.C.He’llmissthesoccerpractice. D.Thesoccerpracticewilltakeplaceaftertheparty.6.A.Katiedoesn’thaveanewroommate. B.Katiedidn’tgivereasonsforherunhappiness.C.Thewomandoesn’tbelieveintheman. D.Themandoesn’tthinkKatieisreallyunhappy.7.A.Theircareerplans. B.Theirdreamuniversities.C.Theirfavouriteteachers. D.Theirattitudestodifferentjobs.8.A.Hearrivedatthetheaterlate. B.Theproductionisn’ttohistaste.C.Helefthiswatchinthetheater. D.Theproductionisn’tlongenough.9.A.Thethesisproposalisunacceptable. B.Hehasreturnedthethesisproposalalready.C.Hehasn’treadthethesisproposalyet. D.Thewomandidn’tsubmitthethesisproposal.10.A. Whichlecturethemanwantstoattend. B.Whetherthemankeepsmoneyinthebank.C.Wherethemanlearnedaboutthelecture. D.Whetherthemanhasbroughtthatnewspaper.SectionBDirections:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassagesandonelongerconversation,andyouwillbeaskedseveralquestionsoneachofthem.Thepassagesandtheconversationwillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.11.A.Workingfromhomehasitsbenefits. B.Workplacefriendshipsareeasytodevelop.C.Youngpeoplefavourremoteemployment. D.Workingremotelylimitsworkplacefriendships.12.A.Financialsupport. B.Emotionalcomfort. C.Frontlineservices. D.Educationalresources. 13.A.Workplacefriendshipshelptoavoiddisagreementsatwork.B.Workplacefriendshipsmotivateemployeestoworklongerhours.C.Workplacefriendshipscontributetoefficiencyandsecurityatwork.D.Workplacefriendshipsencourageemployerstointeractwithcustomers.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.14.A.Inequalitystillexistglobally. B.Pollutionissevereinwealthycountries. C.Therichpollutetheworldmore. D.Governmentsareresponsibleforpollution.15.A.52%. B.8.5%. C.10%. D.15%.16.A.Byexpectingapositivereturnfromcompanies.B.Bygreenlightingcompanies’businesspractices.C.Byfacilitatingmoreinvestmentinthestockmarket.D.Byforcingcompaniestostopusingtraditionalfuels.Questions17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.17.A.Theman’sdreamcareer. B.Thewoman’srequestforasalaryincrease.C.Theman’sworkingexperience. D.Thewoman’scontributiontohercompany.18.A.He’llprobablygetapromotion. B.Hethinksittooexhausting.C.He’llworkforhisvicepresident. D.Heconsidersitdemanding.19.A.Sheisn’tproductiveenough. B.Herpromotionisalreadyontheway.C.Shedoesn’thavethecourage. D.Hersalaryisquitefairforherposition.20.A.Regardthecompanyasacharity. B.Stopherplantobuyanewcar.C.Stressherfamily’sneedformoney. D.Displayhervaluetothecompany.II.GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagecoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.TeaArtIt’scommontoseepeopleincoffeebarscreatecoffeeart,butit’sawholedifferentballgamedoingthesamethingwithtea.HanZheminghasmanagedtoperfecttheskill,creatingteaartincups,ordianchainChinese,(21)_____usedtobearitualduringtheSongDynasty.Overthepastsixyears,the40-year-oldShanghairesident(22)_____(use)teaandspoonstocreatenearly200patternsbasedonancientpaintings.“It’slike(23)_____(add)bellsandwhistlestotea,givingpeopleastrongersenseofoccasion,sodrinkingteaismorefun,”Hansays.It’salsohisintentiontobringtheoldritualbacktomodernlifeandhavemorepeople(24)_____(appreciate)itscharm.Dianchaenhancesthetasteoftea,Hansays.“Itissimilartothefoam(泡沫)ontopofacupofcoffee,except(25)_____itismadeoftearatherthanmilk.”ChineseteaculturestartedtoenjoypopularityduringtheTangDynastyandboomedthroughouttheSongDynasty,(26)_____teabecameanecessityforalmosteveryone,fromnoblesandscholarstocommonpeople,justlikeotheressentialitems,suchasrice,oilandsalt,assuggestedbySongpoliticianandthinkerWangAnshi.DifferentfromthemethodofmakingteaduringtheTangperiod,intheSongDynasty,thepopularwayofhavingteawasthroughdiancha.Theprocessbeginswithhotwaterbeingpouredoverfine(27)_____(powder)teacreatingamixture.Thenmorehotwaterisaddedslowly(28)_____theteaisconstantlybeatenbyhandwithabamboostick.ItisbelievedthatthismethodlaterspreadtootherpartsofEastAsia,includingJapan,wheresimilarities(29)_____beseeninthewaymatcha(抹茶)ispreparedtoday.Thisactionofpouringhotwateriscalleddian;hencethenamediancha(30)_____(list)asanintangibleculturalheritage(非物质文化遗产)ofRunzhoudistrict,Zhenjiangcity,Jiangsuprovince,in2019.SectionBDirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillineachblankwithaproperwordgiveninthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.applicationsB.connectionsC.emotionsD.identifyE.interveneF.notificationsG.sacredH.sharedI.specializeJ.stressedK.technologicalAnimalCommunicationManypetownerslongtotalkwiththeiranimals.Afterall,ifpetswereabletotalk,peoplecouldtakecareofthemmoreeasilyandhavecloseremotional31tothem,soanumberofcompaniesareworkingondevicesandappsthatcouldtranslatewhatanimalssay.OnesuchappiscalledMeowTalk.Usingvoicerecognitionsoftware,thisapprecognizesdifferentsoundsacatmakesandoffersEnglishtranslationsofthem.Forexample,onetypeofsoundmightmean“feedme”whileanothercouldbetranslated“letmeoutside.”Theappcanusemachinelearningtoassessitstranslationsandimproveatrecognizingoneparticularcat’svoice.Inotherwords,itcan32inunderstandingyourcatinparticular.Thisisimportantbecausecatsdonotallhavea(n)33language,butindividualcatsfrequentlyuseparticularsoundstomeancertainthings.Inthefuture,MeowTalkcouldconnecttoasmartcollarthatwouldhearthecatmeowandplaythetranslationoutloud.Perhapsifthecatisoutsideandneedstobeletin,itcouldevensend34totheowner’sphone.Fordogs,aJapanesecompanycalledInupathyhasdevelopedaharness(保护带)withaheartratemonitorandanapp.Theheartratemonitorisusedtoassessadog’s35.Thisispossiblebecause,likehumans,dogs’heartratesgoupwhentheyareexcitedor36.Theharnessalsohasalightthatturnsredwhenthedogisexcited,butwhenthedogisrelaxed,thelightisblue.Themostobvioususeofthistechnologyistohelppetowners37withandprovidefortheirpetsbetter.Themoreownersknowabouttheirpets,theeasieritistomeettheirneeds.Thereareother38oftechnologythathelpusunderstandanimals.Forexample,somesheepfarmersareusingartificialintelligencetoscananddetermineiftheyareinpain,whichhelpsthemfindoutsickanimals.Asaresult,theycan39morequicklytotreattheanimal.Anyonewhointeractsregularlywithanimalscouldbenefitfromunderstandingtheiranimalsbetter.Thusthese40developmentsmighttransformthewayweinteractwiththecreaturesaroundus.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.It’slongbeenknownthatsugarydrinkshelppeoplepackonunwantedkilograms.Butnewresearchsuggeststhat41drinksandeven100%fruitjuicemightraiseyourriskforsomecancers.Thestudycouldn’tprovecauseandeffect,butitfoundthatdrinkingaslittleas90-120mlofsugarydrinkseachdaywas42toan18%riseinoverallriskforcancer.ThenewstudywasledbyMathildeTouvier,researchdirectorattheUniversityofParis.Herteamcollecteddataonmorethan100,000Frenchmenandwomen,averageage42,whotookpartinanational43.Theparticipantsansweredquestionsabouthowmuchof3,300differentfoodsanddrinkstheyconsumedeachday,andwere44foruptonineyears.Thestudyuncoveredlinksbetweentheconsumptionofsugarydrinksandtheriskofcancer45,andforbreastcancerspecifically.Theinvestigatorsfoundnoassociationbetweensugarydrinksandprostateorcoloncancers(前列腺或结肠癌),buttheauthorsstressedthattoofewpeopleinthestudydevelopedthesecancerstomakethisfinding46.Theresearch47nolinksbetweendietsodas(无糖汽水)andcancer,althoughmorestudyisneededtoconfirmthat,theauthorsnoted.Theconnectionbetweensugarydrinksandcancerremainedthesameevenaftertheteam48forage,sex,educationallevel,familyhistoryofcancer,smokingandphysicalactivity,theresearcherssaid.So,whythe49?AccordingtoTouvier’steam,high-caloriedrinksmayraisecancerriskbecausesugarhelpsbuildbodyfat,inadditiontoraisingbloodsugarlevelsandinflammation(发炎)—allofwhicharerisk50forcancer.It’salsopossiblethatchemicalsfoundinthesedrinksmightplayapartin51cancerrisk,theresearcherstheorized.Agrouprepresentingthedrinksindustrysaidsugarydrinkscanstillbeapartofthe52diet,however.Inastatement,theAmericanBeverageAssociationsaid:“It’simportantforpeopletoknowthatalldrinks—eitherwithsugarorwithout—are53toconsumeaspartofabalanceddiet.America’sleadingdrinkscompaniesareworkingtogethertosupportconsumers’effortsto54thesugartheyconsumefromourdrinksbyprovidingmorechoiceswithlesssugarorzerosugar,smallerpackagesizesandclearcalorieinformationrightupfront.”SamanthaHellerisaseniorclinicalnutritionistatNYULangoneMedicalCenterinNewYorkCity.Shesaidshewasn’t55bythefindings.Shenotedthat,fordecades,thesedrinkshavebeenlinkedwithdiseasessuchasheartdisease.Ontheotherhand,“mostofusshouldbedrinkingmorewaterthanwedo,”Hellersaid.41.A.iced B.mineral C.bottled D.sweetened42.A.tied B.devoted C.reduced D.limited43.A.game B.study C.ceremony D.examination44.A.checked B.caged C.occupied D.followed45.A.ingeneral B.withoutexception C.onthecontrary D.byaccident46.A.unreliable B.unexpected C.authoritative D.original47.A.uncovered B.anticipated C.established D.hid48.A.hunted B.adjusted C.prepared D.mounted49.A.research B.similarity C.connection D.impact50.A.behaviors B.assessments C.perceptions D.factors51.A.explaining B.increasing C.preventing D.predicting52.A.local B.nutritional C.average D.conventional53.A.safe B.impossible C.exceptional D.effective54.A.neutralize B.digest C.remove D.reduce55.A.annoyed B.surprised C.embarrassed D.delightedSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Iwasputtingonmybootsjustnowinwhatthenovelistscall“abrownstudy.”Therewasnourgentreasonforputtingonmyboots.Iwasnotgoingout,andmyslippersweremuchmorecomfortable.Butsomethinghadtobedone.Iwantedasubjectforanarticle.Nowifyouareaccustomedtowritingarticlesforaliving,youwillknowthatsometimesthedifficultyisnotwritingthearticle,butchoosingasubject.Itisnotpovertyyousufferfrom,butanembarrassmentofriches.Butwhathasthistodowithputtingonmyboots?ItisareasonablequestionandIwilltellyou.ForanhourIhadpacedmyroominmyslippersinsearchofasubject.Ihadlookedoutofthewindowoverthesunlitvalley,andwatchedthesmokeofadistanttraindisappearingtowardsthewest.IhadsharpenedeverypencilIhadonmewithgreatcare.ButthemoreIsharpenedmypencils,themoreanxiousIgrewaboutthethemeforanarticle.ItwasatthismomentthatIrememberedmyboots.Theactofbendingmybodychangedthecurrentoftheblood.Yousawthingsinanewlight.SoIfetchedmybootsandsatdowntoputthemon.Thethingworkedlikeacharm.ForinmypreoccupiedconditionIpickedupmyrightbootfirst.ThenmechanicallyIputitdownandseizedtheleftboot.AndthenthefactflashedonmethatallmylifeIhadbeenputtingonmyleftbootfirst.IfyouhadaskedmefiveminutesbeforewhichbootIputonfirst,Ishouldhavesaidthattherewasnofirstaboutit;yetnowIfoundIwasinahabitsofixedthattheattempttoputonmyrightbootfirstaffectedme.Thethingcouldn’tbedone.AndthencameintomymindthatfascinatingbookofSamuelButler’sonLifeandHabit.Yes,certainly,herewasasubjectthatwould“go.”Itookoutapencil,seizedsomewritingpaper,andsatdowntowriteon“TheForceofHabit.”56.By“Itisnotpovertyyousufferfrom,butanembarrassmentofriches.”inparagraph1,theauthormeans_____.A.somesubjectsaretoocomplicatedorembarrassingtowriteonB.povertyisnolongeraproblemnowadays,butembarrassmentisC.poorpeopledon’tencounterasmanyembarrassmentsastherichD.there’resomanysubjectsthatit’shardtodecidewhichtochoose57.Whydidtheauthorsharpenhispencilswithgreatcare?A.Tohelphimselfpromotethinking. B.Todrawwhathesawoutofthewindow.C.Towritehisarticlemoresmoothly. D.Torelievehimselfofanxietyaboutwriting.58.Puttingonthebootshelpedtheauthor_____.A.getridofhisfixedhabit B.lowerhisbloodpressureC.seethingsfromanewangle D.freehispreoccupiedmind59.Thepassageismainlyabouttheauthor’s_____.A.personalattitudetowardshabits B.dailyroutinesasaprofessionalwriterC.writingprocessofaspecialarticle D.decisionmakingonthethemeforanarticle(B)HOWWEHELPisanindependenttherapy(治疗)directoryandinformationresourceforpeoplewhowanttoenhancetheirhealthandwellbeing.Ouraimistohelpyoufindprofessionalexpertstosupportyou,whatevertheissuesyouoryourfamilyaredealingwithinyourliferightnow.HowtofindatherapistorcoachusingTherearevariouswaystofindatherapist,counsellor(顾问)orcoachonandthebestroutewilldependonhowmuchhelpyouneed.Fromasimplepostcodesearchtoapersonalmatchingservice,wecanhelpyoufindtherightprofessionaltoseeinpersonoronline.QuicksearchIfyouknowwhattypeoftherapyortypeofcoachingyouarelookingfor,usethequicksearchoptionspagetosearchbytypeoftherapyorcoachingandthenpostcode.Youcanleavethelocationboxblanktosearchforonlinetherapistsandcoaches.Questionnaire(问卷)Ifyouaren’tsureexactlywhatyouarelookingfor,oureasy-to-usequestionnairewilltakeyouthroughahandfulofquestionstogiveyouthetopselectionsofsuitabletherapistsinyourareaofchoice.PersonalisedMatchingServiceShortontime,orsimplycan’tmakeupyourmind?Completeanextendedassessmentwhichiskeptsecretbeforebeingreviewedbyamentalhealthprofessional.Thereisachargeof£66forthispopularhigh-qualityservice.TherapytailoredtoyourindividualneedsSavetimeandmoneywithourPersonalisedMatchingServiceGetmatchedtotherighttherapistTalkonline,byphoneorinperson100%secretandsecureHowitworks1.TellusaboutyourselfAnswerafewquickquestionstohelpusmatchyoutotherighttherapistorcounsellorforyourneeds,budgetandgoals.Thiswillonlytake5minutes.2.WefindyourtherapistOurmentalhealthexpertwillreviewyourprofileandsearchourdatabaseofcertificatedprofessionalstofindthetherapistwhobestfitsyourrequirements.3.WebookasessionOncethematchisapproved,we'llmakeabookingthatsuitsyou.Andifyouarenothappywithyourfirstsession,we'llfindanothermatchforfree.Ifwedon'tfindyourperfectmatchwithin5attempts,yougetyourmoneyback.60.Thewebsitemainlyaimsto_____.A.guidepeopletofindsuitableexpertstoimprovewelfareB.helppeoplefindouttheirownpersonalisedrequirementsC.offerpeoplegoodapproachestodealingwithfamilyissuesD.provideinformationonhowtoenhancehealthandwellbeing61.Thewebsiteprovides_____optionsforpeopletochoosefromtogetwhattheyneed.A.one B.two C.three D.four62.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthepersonalisedmatchingservice?A.Youneedtopay66poundstothetailoredtherapistfortheservice.B.Youcanclaimarefundifyoufailtofindasatisfyingmatchafter5attempts.C.Thematchesarearrangedbycertificatedprofessionalstoyourspecialneeds.D.Theresultofyourassessmentwillbekeptsecretfromthematchedtherapist.(C)Gentlesoundstimulation,alsoknownaspinknoise,maysignificantlyenhancedeepsleepinolderadultsandimprovetheirabilitytorecallwords,anewstudyhasfound.Deepsleepiscriticalformemoryconsolidation(巩固).However,beginninginmiddleage,deepsleepdecreasessubstantially,whichscientistsbelievecontributestomemorylossinaging.Thesoundstimulationsignificantlyenhanceddeepsleepinparticipantsandtheirscoresonamemorytest.“Thisisaninnovative,simpleandsafenon-medicationapproachthatmayhelpimprovebrainhealth,”saidPhyllisZee,professoratNorthwesternUniversityintheUS.“Thisisapotentialtoolforenhancingmemoryinolderpopulationsandattenuatingnormalage-relatedmemorydecline,”saidZee.Zeeandateamofresearchersgathered13adults,60andolder,andmonitoredtheirsleepinalabfortwonights.Onbothnights,theparticipantstookamemorytest,wenttobedwhilewearingheadphonesandaspecialcap,andtookanothermemorytestinthemorning.Butwithouttheparticipants’awareness,researchersonlyplayedpinknoiseintotheheadphonesononenight.Morespecifically,theytimedthesoundstomatchtheparticipants’slow-waveoscillations(振动).Duringdeepsleep,brainwavesslowtoaboutoneoscillationpersecond,comparedtoabouttenoscillationspersecondduringwakefulness.Thesystemtheyemployedinthestudyallowedtheteamtodeliveralowburstofpinknoiseatthe“precisemoment”whentheparticipants’slowwavesrose—apatternthatisuniquetoeachperson.Thestudyfoundthatparticipants’slowwavesincreasedafterthenightofsoundstimulation,suggestingthattheyweregettingmoredeepsleep.Andonthemorningafterhearingpinknoise,theyperformedthreetimesbetteronmemoryteststhantheydidaftersleepingwithoutanysoundstimulation.Previousresearchshowedpinknoiseduringdeepsleepcouldimprovememoryconsolidationinyoungpeople.Butithasnotbeentestedinolderadults.Thenewstudytargetedolderindividualsandusedanovelsoundsystemthatincreasedtheeffectivenessofthesoundstimulationinolderpopulations.Thestudywasarelativelysmallone,sofurtherresearchisneededtoconfirmitsfindingsandtostudyhowlonger-termuseofpinknoiseaffectssleep.ButNorthwesternhastakenstepstopatenttheresearchers’technology,whichseemstohavehituponawaytostimulateslowwavesattherightmoment.Theteamhopestodevelopanaffordabledevicethatpeoplecanuseathome,fromthecomfortoftheirbeds.63.Thenewstudymainlyrevealsthat_____.A.deepsleepconsolidatesoldadults’memoryB.pinknoiseboostsmemoryamongtheelderlyC.sleepdisordersplayakeyroleinmemorylossD.soundstimulationincreasesthelengthofsleep64.Theword“attenuating”inthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans_____.A.worsening B.reversing C.slowingdown D.bringingabout65.Whatcanbelearnedaboutthenewstudy?A.Itemployedasoundsystemprogrammedinstepwithbrainwaves.B.Itcomparedtheeffectsonolderadultsandonyoungerpopulations.C.Itrepeatedtheexperimentseveraltimeswithouttheparticipants’notice.D.Itadjustedtheparticipants’slow-waveoscillationstomatchthestimulations.66.Itcanbeinferredthattheapproachusedinthestudy_____.A.mayputoldadultsinriskinthelongrunB.hasthepotentialtobeappliedinpracticeC.requiresaninnovativeandaffordabledeviceD.needsNorthwestern’spatentforconfirmationSectionCDirections:Readthefollowingpassage.Fillineachblankwithapropersentencegiveninthebox.Eachsentencecanbeusedonlyonce.Notethattherearetwomoresentencesthanyouneed.Itisn’tjustaboutremovingthegarbagefromtheocean’ssurface.Hopefully,theycanbeabigpartofthesolutiontooceanpollution.Thissmallrobotgathersupeverythingitencounters,includinggasolineandoil.Forlarger,moreopenareas,amuchlargerrobotcalledtheInterceptorhasasimilarfunction.Ifallgoeswell,they’rehopingtoexpandthenumberofrobotsandtakethetechnologytootherwaterwaysinneedofcleanup.Cleaninguptrashthatlitterstheoceanisgood,buttokeeptheoceansclean,newgarbagemustbestoppedfromgettingthere.Trash-EatingRobotsIthasbecomecommonknowledgethatouroceansarefilledwithgarbage.Brokenobjects,usedplasticbottlesandsoonfillourbeachesandcovertheoceanfloor,doingimmensedamagetooceancreatures.Manyindividualsandorganizationsareworkingtoremovethisgarbageandrecenttechnologicaldevelopmentshavegiventhemanewtooltodoso:trash-eatingrobots.Robotsofvariousshapeshavebeendesignedtocollectgarbagethattheyfindfloatingintheocean.Forexample,theFrenchcompanyIADYShasdevelopedwhatitcallsthejellyfishbot.67Thejellyfishbotisremotelycontrolledandcancleanupto1,000squaremetersperhour.Itcontainsanetthatcanholdupto30liters.Thejellyfishbots’smallsizeandabilitytobeeasilycontrolledmakethemidealforcleaningupcrowdedareassuchasports.68Designedforuseonrivers,theInterceptorlookslikeaboatwithaconveyorbeltthatpicksuptrash.AshallowbarrierattachedtotheInterceptorguidesfloatingtrashtotheconveyorbelt,butfishcanswimunderitsafely.Onceasensorindicatesthatthedustbinsarefull,theInterceptorautomaticallysendsatextmessagetoonshoreoperators.Theseoperatorscollectandemptythedustbins,sendingthegarbagetolocalwastemanagementfacilities.Mostofthegarbageintheoceanscomesdownrivers.69HencetheInterceptorisusedtostoppollutionbeforeitenterstheocean.TheInterceptoriscompletelysolar-poweredandoperatesonitsown,whichminimizestheneedforhumaninvolvement.Robotsareabletocleanuplargeamountsofgarbagewithouthumansstrugglingwithbeachcleanupbyhand.70IV.SummaryWritingDirections:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.

71.TheDunning-KrugerEffectIn1999,socialpsychologistsDavidDunningandJustinKrugerdidaseriesofstudiesevaluatingpeople’scompetenceincertainareas.Thepeopleinthestudieswerealsoaskedtoevaluatetheirownabilitiesineacharea.DunningandKrugerfoundthatpeoplewhoscoredverylowonthetesttendedtooverestimatetheirabilities.Laterresearchhasindicatedthatasimilarprincipleappliestootherareasaswell.ThisprinciplehasbecomeknownastheDunning-Krugereffectaftertheresearcherswhodiscoveredit.TheDunning-Krugereffectoccursbecauseonlywhenpeoplehaveskillsinagivenareaaretheyequippedtoevaluatetheirownskills.Forexample,insomesituationsittakesascientisttorecognizebadscience.TheoppositeoftheDunning-Krugereffectalsohappens:capablepeoplehaveamoreaccurateviewoftheirownabilities,andsometimestheyevenunderestimatethemselves.Anextremecaseofthiswouldbeimpostorsyndrome,whichiswhenaskilledpersonfeelsasiftheyarefakingtheirskillsdespiteknowingwhattheyaredoing.It’stemptingtothinkoftheDunning-Krugereffectasaproblemthatotherpeoplehave.Peoplemayevenlaughatthosewhothinkthemselvesmorecompetentthantheyare.Buteveryonehasareaswheretheylackcompetence—andtheDunning-Krugereffectmeanstheymaybeespeciallybadatidentifyingthoseareas.Evenifsomeoneisveryintelligentingeneral,therearestillthingstheydon’tknowmuchabout.Expertise(专业知识)inoneareacannotalwaysbetransferredtootherareas.That’swhyit’simportanttokeepdiggingforinformationevenwhenyouthinkyou’vefoundanswers.Itcanalsobehelpfultocheckyourideaswithotherpeople.Receivingnegativefeedbackcanhurt,butifyou’rewillingtolisten,itcanhelpyougrow.EvenjustkeepinginmindthattheDunning-Krugereffectexistscanhelpyoustayhumble,acceptcriticismand,thus,