新公共管理的现状-本科毕业设计外文翻译

#味着遵从他人的指令，因此要求有一个秩序井然的收发方法。指令的发出者与实施者之间有一个明确的划分。但是这并不现实，并且随着公共服务规模和领域的扩大而愈加不可能。传统模式的另一理论支柱一一官僚制理论也不再被认为是组织的特别有效形式。正式的官僚体制可能有它的优势，但人们也认为它往往培养墨守成规者而不是创新者；鼓励行政人员规避风险而不是勇于冒险，鼓励他们浪费稀缺资源而不是有效利用。韦伯曾把官僚制看成是“理想类型”，但现在这种理想类型却培养了惰性、丧失进取心、导致平庸和低效率，这些被认为是公共部门的特有病。它也由此遭受批评。实际上“官僚”这个词在今天更多地被看成是低效率的同义词。三、新公共管理模式世纪八九十年代，在公共部门出现了一种针对传统行政模式的缺陷的新管理方法。这种方法可以缓解传统模式的某些问题，同时也意味着公共部门运转方面发生了引人注目的变化。这种新的管理方法有很多名称“管理主义”、“新公共管理”、“以市场为基础的公共行政”“后官僚制典范”或“企业型政府”。到年代后期，人们越来越倾向于使用“新公共管理”的概念。尽管新公共管理的名称众多，但对于公共部门管理发生的实际变化而言，人们还是有一种共识。第一，无论这种模式叫什么，它都代表着一种与传统公共行政不同的重大变化，它更为关注结果的实现和管理者的个人责任。第二，它明确表示要摆脱古典官僚制，从而使组织、人事、任期和条件更加灵活。第三，它明确规定了组织和人事目标，这就可以根据绩效指标测量工作任务的完成情况。同样，还可以对计划方案进行更为系统的评估，也可以比以前更为严格地确定政府计划是否实现了其预定目标。第四，高级行政管理人员更有可能带有政治色彩地致力于政府工作，而不是无党派或中立和透明度。宽泛的服务预算和管理制度支持和鼓励着这些变化的发生。新公共管理并没有认为实现某结果有一条最好的途径。管理者在被赋予责任之前并没有被告知如何获得结果。决定工作方式是管理者的一个职责，如果没有实现预定的目标，管理者对此应当承担责任。四、结论政府管理在过去的一百五十年里经历了三种模式。首先是人格化或前现代行政模式，当该模式日益暴露其缺陷以及出于提高效率的目的，它就被第二种模式即传统的官僚行政模式所取代。同样，当传统行政模式问题重重时，它就为第三种模式即新公共管理取代，从政府转向替代性市场。 世纪年代以来，市场的主导地位就如同世纪年代到年代官僚制度居主导地位一样。在任何一种政府制度中，官僚和市场都是共存的，只是在某个阶段一种形式占主导地位，而在另一阶段，另一种形式占主导地位。新公共管理时代是官僚制日益削弱而市场在公共行政领域占据统治地位的时期。在现实中，市场和官僚体制相互需要，相互补充。新公共管理不可能完全代替官僚制，正如 年以前的东欧，官僚制不可能代替市场一样。但新公共管理运动表明的是，早期传统官僚制的许多功能都可以而且现在经常由市场来执行。在一个官僚制作为组织原则日益削弱的环境下，市场解决方案就会被推出。当然不是所有的市场药方都能成功，但这不是问题的核心。政府将从新公共管理这一工具箱中探寻到解决方案。如果这些方案行之无效，政府就会从同一来源中寻找其他方案。政府管理背后的理论基础已经发生了变革，我们完全可以用“范式”这一术语来描述它。在公共行政学术界，有许多对新公共管理持否定态度的批评家。但是他们的批评对迅速开展的政府改革影响很小。在新公共管理模式之后，会出现另一种新的模式，但肯定不会回到传统的行政模式。译文成绩（百分制）:英文原文：ofeconomicpower,Technologychangesmadedecentralizationandbettercontrolgloballybecomespossible.Theadministrativemanagementcanbedividedintothreestages:thedevelopmentofdistinctphases,andpublicadministrationbeforetraditionalpatternandpublicmanagementreformstage.Eachstagehasitsownmanagementmode.Fromastageoftransitiontothenextstageisnoteasy,fromthetraditionalpublicadministrationtopublicadministrationhasnotyetcompletedthetransition.Butitwasonlyamatteroftime.Becausethenewmodeoftheoreticalbasisisverystrong.Thenewpublicmanagementmovement","althoughthisname,butitisnotonlyadebateinthebooming,andinmostdevelopedcountrieshavetakenthebestmanagementmodeofexpression.Thetraditionaladministrativemodethanit'sageisagreatreform,butthattimehaspassed.AtraditionalpatternObviously,inthelate19thcenturybureaucracysystemtheory,notsoundalreadyexistssomeformofadministrativemanagement.Publicadministrationhasalonghistory,anditistheconceptofagovernmentandtheriseofcivilizationashistory.AsthecaseGladdenOsamabinladen(point),amodelofadministrativesincethegovernmentappearshasexisted.Firstisendowedwithfounderorleader,thenisthesocialoradministrativepersontoorganizersofeternity.Administrationmanagementorbusinessisallinsocialactivities,althoughnotamongfactors,buttheglowofsocialsustainabledevelopmentisofvitalimportance.RecognizedadministrativesysteminancientEgyptisalreadyexists,itsjurisdictionfromtheNilefloodingcausedbytheyeartobuildthepyramidsirrigationaffairs.Chinaisadoptedinthehandynasty,Confuciannormsthatgovernmentshouldbeelected,notaccordingtothebackground,butaccordingtothecharacterandability,thegovernment'smaingoalistoseekthewelfareofthepeople.InEurope,variousempire-Greek,Roman,andtheholyRoman,Spain'sadministrativeempire,theyfirstbythecentralthroughvariousrulesandprocedures.Weber'sthought,"modern"medievalcountriesdevelopsimultaneouslywith"bureaucraticmanagementstructuredevelopment".Althoughthesecountriesindifferentways,buttheyhavecommonfeatures,itcanbecalledbeforemodern.Namely,theadministrativesystemofearlyessenceisthepersonificationof,ortheestablishmentinMaxWeber's"nepotism"basis,i.e.toloyaltothekingorministercertainhumanfoundation,notispersonified,Withallegiancetotheorganizationorindividualbasisratherthanforthefoundation.Althoughtherearesuchaviewpointthatadministrationitselfnotonlypraisefromtraditionalmode,thecharacteristicofearlybutoftenleadstoseekpersonalinterestscorruptionorabuseofpower.Intheearlyadministrativesystem,wenowfeelverystrangeapproachhasthefunctionsofgovernmentadministrationisgenerallybehavior.Allthosewhowalkofficialtendtorelyonfriendsorrelativesforworkorbuyofficer,whichmeansthemoneytobuythefirstofficerortaxofficials,andthenouttothecustomertomoney,whichisthefirsttobuyofficerrecoveryinvestmentcost,andcanmakeafortune.Americainthe19thcenturyFenFeisystemof"politicalparties"meansintherulingchangedatthesametime,thegovernmentofalladministrativepositionischanged.Modernbureaucracyisbefore"personal,traditional,diffusionandsimilarandspecial",andaccordingtotheargument,modernWeberbureaucracyis"impersonal,rational,concrete,achievementorientationandcommon".Personalizedgovernmentisofteninefficient:nepotismmeansincompetentnotcapablepersonwasarrangedtopositionsofleadership,FenFeipoliticalcorruption,inadditiontomakingoftenstillexistseriouslowefficiency.Theenormoussuccessoftraditionaladministrativepatternthatearlypracticelooksstrange.Specializationandnotpoliticizedadministrativeinouropinionissodifficulttoimaginethattrace,thereexistothersystem.Westernadministrativesystemevensimpleselectionofofficialstopasstheexam,until1854,BritainandnorthG..M.TrevelyanreportafterNorthcote-begantoestablishinChina,althoughthesystemhaslongpassage.ThetraditionalpublicadministrativepatternInthelate19thcentury,additionallyonekindofpatternontheworldpopular,thisistheso-calledtraditionaladministrativepattern.Itsmaintheoreticalbasisfromseveralcountries,namely,theAmericanscholarsandGermanyWoodrowWilsonofMaxWeber's,peopleputtheirassociatedwithbureaucracymodel,FrederickTylersystematicallyelaboratedthescientificmanagementtheory,thetheoryoftheprivatesectorfromAmerica,forpublicadministrationmethodwasprovided.Andtheothertheorists,Taylorwithoutfocusingonpublicsector,buthistheorywasinfluentialinthisfield.Thethreetraditionalpublicadministrationmodeistheoristofmaineffect.Inothercountries,plusG..M.TrevelyanandNorthAmerica,thestateadministrationofadministrativesystem,especiallytheWilsonhasproducedimportantinfluence.Inthe19thcentury,thenorthG..M.Trevelyanandputforwardthroughtheexaminationandcharacter,andappointedofficialsputforwardbiasandadministrativeneutralpointofview.Thetraditionaladministrativepatternhasthefollowingfeatures:Thebureaucracy.Thegovernmentshall,accordingtotheprincipleofbureaucraticrankandorganization.TheGermansociologistMaxWeberbureaucracysystemofaclassic,andanalysis.Althoughthebureaucracyinbusinessorganizationsandothertissues,butitisinthepublicsectorgotbetterandlonger.Thebestwayofworkingandproceduresareinfullmanualdetailcodes,foradministrativepersonneltofollow.Strictlyabidebytheseprincipleswillrunfortheorganizationprovidesthebestway.Bureaucraticservice.Oncethegovernmentpolicyareasin,itwillbethroughthebureaucracytoprovidepublicproductsandserviceproviders.Inpoliticalandadministrativetworelations,politicalandadministrativemanagersgenerallythinkofadministrativeaffairscanbeseparated.Administrationistheimplementinstruction,andanymatterpolicyorstrategicaffairsshallbedecidedbythepoliticalleaders,whichcanensurethatthedemocraticsystem.Publicinterestsareassumedtoindividualcivilservants,theonlymotiveforpublicserviceisselflesspaying.Professionalbureaucracy.Publicadministrationisviewedasakindofspecialactivities,thusrequirements,obscure,civilservantsneutralequalemploymentandlifelongservicetoanypoliticalleaders.Theadministrativetaskistocarryoutthemeaningofthewritteninstructionsandnotothersassumethepersonalresponsibility.Throughthecomparisonoftheearlyadministrativepattern,wecanbetterunderstandthemainadvantagesandWebbersystemdifferences.Webbersystemanditisthemostimportantmodeofvariousbeforethedifference:therule-basedimpersonalsystemreplacedthepersonificationofadministrativemanagementsystem.Anorganizationanditsrulesthananyofthepeopleareimportantorganization.Bureaucracyisitsoperationandhowtorespondtocustomermustispersonified.AsWeberhasdemonstratedthatthemodernofficemanagement",willbeincorporatedintovariousregulationsdeeplytouchedit.Themodernpublicadministrationbylawtheory,tocommandcertainaffairsauthorityhasbeenawardedthelegitimatepublicauthority.Thisdoesnotgrantaninstitutionspecificcasesthroughsomeinstructions.Itonlymattersisabstractlycontrolsomeissues.Incontrast,throughpersonalprivilegesandgiveconcessionregulationofallaffairs.Thelatteriscompletelydominatedbythehereditarysystem,atleasttheseaffairsisnotthetraditionalinfringementisthissituation."Itisveryimportant.Earlyadministrationbasedonpersonalrelationships,beloyaltorelatives,protect,leadersorpolitical,ratherthanonthesystem.Sometimes,theearlyadministrationispoliticallysensitive,becauseoftheadministrativeorgansofthestaffisappointed,theyalsopoliticiansarmsormainstreamclass.However,itisoftenautocratic,autocraticadministrationmaybeunfair,especiallyforthosewhocan'torunwillingtoinputpersonalandpoliticalgame.Oneofthebasicprinciplesforwithweberimpersonalsystemtocompletelyeliminateautocratic-atleastinidealconditionisso.Fileexists,thereferenceprincipleofparallelandlegalbasisinthesameenvironmentmeanswillalwaysmakethesamedecision.Belowthiskindofcircumstanceisnotonlymoreefficient,andthecitizenandbureaucratichierarchyknowmyself.Otherdifferenceswereassociatedwiththis.Invariousregulationsandimpersonalbasis,willnaturallyformedstricthierarchy.Personalratingsystemanditsprovisionsintheleftunchanged.AlthoughWebberemphasizestheentiresystem,buthealsonoticedthebureaucracyoftheorganizationandindividualterm.Thetraditionaladministrativemodewongreatsuccess,itiswidelyadoptedbygovernmentsaroundtheworld.Theoreticallyorinpractice,itshowstheadvantage.Andbeforethecorruptionflourished,itismoreefficientthansystem,andthethoughtofindividualprofessionalizationcivilservantsandamateurservicehasagreatprogress.However,thismodelisalsoexposedtheproblemsthatshowsthatthemodelcanevensaidoutdated,alsocansayisoutdated.Thetheoryofpublicadministrationhasbeendifficulttodescribethepillar.Politicalcontroltheoryhasproblems.Administrativemeansfollowinstructions,sopeopledemandawell-orderedtransceivermethod.Instructionbetweenimplementersandhasacleardivision.Butthisisnotthereality,andwiththepublicservicedomainexpandsthescaleandmoreimpossible.Thetraditionalmodeofanothertheoreticalpillar-bureaucracytheoryisnolongerconsideredparticularlyeffectiveformoforganization.Formalbureaucracycouldhaveitsadvantages,butpeoplethinkitoftentrainingtoroutineerandinnovators,Encourageexecutivesratherthanriskaversionrisk-taking,encouragethemtowasteinsteadofeffectiveuseofscarceresources.Webbwasthebureaucracyisregardedasanidealtype","butnowthisidealtypeisinert,cultivatetheprogressive,leadstolowefficiency,thesemediocrityandisbelievedtobethepublicsectorofthespecialdisease.Itisalsocriticized.Actually,theword"bureaucracyintoday'smorelikelyaslowefficiencyofsynonyms.ThenewpublicmanagementmodeInthe1980s,thepublicsectorisatraditionaladministrativepatternofnewmanagementmethodsofdefects.Thismethodcanalleviatesomeoftheproblemsoftraditionalpattern,alsomeansthatthepublicsectoroperationaspectshaschangedsignificantly.Thenewmanagementmethodhasmanynames:managementof"individualism","thenewpublicadministration",basedonthemarketofpublicadministration",afterthebureaucracymodel"or"entrepreneurialgovernment".Tothelate1990s,peopletendtouse"andtheconceptofnewpublicadministration".Althoughthenewpublicmanagement,butformanyofthenamesofpublicmanagementofdepartmentofactualchangeshappened,peoplestillhaveaconsensus.First,nomatterwhat,itiscalledmodewithtraditionalrepresentsasignificantchangeofpublicadministration,differentmoreattentionandmanagersoftheindividualresponsibility.Second,itiscleartogetridoftheclassicalbureaucracy,therebyorganization,personnel,termandconditionsmoreflexible.Third,itstipulatestheorganizationandpersonnel,anditcantargetaccordingtotheperformanceindicatorsmeasuringtaskcompletion.Also,toplantheassessmentsystemformorethaneverbefore,andalsocanbemorestrictlydeterminewhetherthegovernmentplanstoachieveitsobjectives.Fourth,theseniorexecutivesaremorelikelytocolorwithpoliticalgovernmentwork,ratherthanindependentorneutral.Fifth,themorelikelytheinspectionbythemarket,buyersofpublicserviceprovideranddistinguish"helmsman,withtherowertodistinguish".Governmentinterventionisnotalwaysreferstothegovernmentbymeansofbureaucracy.Sixth,appearedthroughprivatizationandmarketmeanssuchasinspection,contractofgovernmentfunctionreducetrend.Insomecases,itisfundamental.Oncehappenedduringthetransformationfromtheimportantchangestoallconnectedwiththis,thecontinuityofthestepsarenecessary.HolmesandShandasausefulcharacteristicsofgeneralization.Theyputthenewpublicmanagementparadigm,thegoodasmanagementmethodhasthefollowingfeatures:(1)itisamorestrategicorstructureofdecision-makingmethod(aroundtheefficiency,qualityandservice).(2)decentralizationtypemanagementenvironmentreplacedconcentrationlevelstructure.Theresourceallocationandservicedeliveryclosertosupply,wecangetmoreitselffromthecustomersandrelatedinformationandotherinterestgroups.(3)canbemoreflexibletoreplacethemethodofpublicproductssupplydirectly,soastoprovidecostsavingsofthepolicy.(4)concernedwiththeresponsibility,authorityasthekeylinkofimprovingperformance,includingemphasizeclearperformancecontractmechanism.(5)inthepublicsector,andbetweeninternaltocreateacompetitiveenvironment.(6)strengthenthestrategicdecision-makingability,whichcanquickly,flexibleandlowcosttomanagemultipleinterestsoutsidechangeandtheresponse.(7)byrequestrelevantresultsandcomprehensivecostreportstoimprovetransparencyandresponsibility.(8)generalservicebudgetandmanagementsystemtosupportandencouragethechange.Thenewpublicmanagementandrealizearesultthatnooneinthebestway.Managersinendowedwithresponsibilityandwithoutbeingtoldtogetresults.Decisionisamanagementjobduties,ifnotforachievinggoals,managersshouldassumeresponsibility.ConclusionThegovernmentmanagementoverthepast150yearsexperiencedthreemodes.Firstisthepersonificationofmodernadministrativemode,orwhenthepatternof