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EarlyChildhood早期儿童教Preschools—educationalprogramsforchildrenundertheageoffive—differsignificantlyfromonecountrytoanotheraccordingtotheviewsthatdifferentsocietiesholdregardingthepurposeofearlychildhoodeducation.Forinstance,inacross-countrycomparisonofpreschoolsin,Japan,andtheUnitedStates,researchersfoundthatparentsinthethreecountriesviewthepurposeofpreschoolsverydifferently.Whereasparentsintendtoseepreschoolsprimarilyasawayofgivingchildrenagoodstartacademically,Japaneseparentsviewthemprimarilyasawayofgivingchildrentheopportunitytobemembersofagroup.IntheUnitedStates,incomparison,parentsregardtheprimarypurposeofpreschoolsasmakingchildrenmoreindependentandself-reliant,althoughobtainingagoodacademicstartandhavinggroupexperiencearealsoimportant.，，学前班中者发现这三个国家的父母对学前教育的看法大相径庭。中国的父母大都认为上学前班可以帮孩子们打开学术上的大门父母则把它们看做是一个使孩子融入集体的一个好机会。相比之下父母认为学前班最主要，，Whilemanyprogramsdesignedforpreschoolersfocusprimarilyonsocialandemotionalfactors,somearegearedmainlytowardpromotingcognitivegainsandpreparingpreschoolersfortheformalinstructiontheywillexperiencewhentheystartkindergarten.IntheUnitedStates,thebest-knownprogramdesignedtopromotefutureacademicsuccessisHeadStart.Establishedinthe1960swhentheUnitedStatesdeclaredtheWaronPoverty,theprogramhasservedover13millionchildrenandtheirfamilies.Theprogram,whichstressesparentalinvolvement,wasdesignedtoservethe"wholechild",includingchildren’sphysicalhealth,self-confidence,socialresponsibility,andsocialandemotionaldevelopment.要是为提升学龄前孩子们的认知能力和给他们提供开始上后会经历的正Start它是在20世纪60年代开始“对贫穷开战”时建立的。这个项目已经为WhetherHeadStartisseenassuccessfulornotdependsonthelensthroughwhichoneislooking.If,forinstance,theprogramisexpectedtoprovidelong-termincreasesinIQ(inligencequotient)scores,itisadisappointment.AlthoughgraduatesofHeadStartprogramstendtoshowimmediateIQgains,theseincreasesdolotlast.Ontheotherhand,itisclearthatHeadStartismeetingitsgoalofgettingpreschoolersreadyforschool.PreschoolerswhoparticipateinHeadStartarebetterpreparedforfutureschoolingthanthosewhodonot.Furthermore,graduatesofHeadStartprogramshavebetterfutureschoolgrade.Finally,someresearchsuggeststhatultimayHeadStartgraduatesshowhigheracademicperformanceattheendofhighschool,althoughthegainsaremodest.HeadStart的成功与否取决于人们看待的角度。比如说，如果人们希望它可以带来智商的长期增长，那它终将是令人失望的。因为尽管HeadStart可以使智力迅速地提高，但这种增长并不会持续太久。而另一方面，很显然，HeadStart的目标是让学龄前儿童做好上学的准备。相对那些没参加HeadStart的孩子Start的毕业生今后的学习成绩会更好。最后，一些表明，虽然收获一般，HeadStart的毕业生在高中结束时会取得更高的学术成就。Inaddition,resultsfromothertypesofpreschoolreadinessprogramsindicatethatthosewhoparticipateandgraduatearelesslikelytorepeatgrades,andtheyaremorelikelytocompleteschool,foreverydollarspentontheprogram,taxpayerssavedsevendollarsbythetimethegraduatesreachedtheageof27.者在这个项目上花费的每1都可省下7Themostrecentcomprehensiveevaluationofearlyinterventionprogramssuggeststhat,takenasagroup,preschoolprogramscanprovidesignificantbenefits,andthaternmentfundsinvestedearlyinlifemayultimayleadtoareductioninfuturecosts.Forinstance,comparedwithchildrenwhodidnotparticipateinearlyinterventionprograms,participantsinvariousprogramsshowedgainsinemotionalorcognitivedevelopment,bettereducational es,increasedeconomicself-sufficiency,reducedlevelsofcriminalactivity,andimprovedhealth-relatedbehaviors.Ofcourse,noteveryprogramproducedallthesebenefits,andnoteverychildbenefitedtothesameextent.Furthermore,someresearchersarguethatless-expensiveprogramsarejustasgoodasrelativelyexpensiveones,suchasHeadStart.Still,theresultsoftheevaluationwerepromising,suggestingthatthepotentialbenefitsofearlyinterventioncanbe，益在早期投入的最终会减少未来的花销。比如说，与没有参与早期介善了教育成果提高了经济的自足性减少了行为的发生改进了健康行为。，Noteveryoneagreesthatprogramsthatseektoenhanceacademicskillsduringthepreschoolyearsareagoodthing.Infact,accordingtodevelopmentalpsychologistDavidElkind,UnitedStatessocietytendstopushchildrensorapidlythattheybegintofeelstressandpressureatayoungage.Elkindarguesthatacademicsuccessislargelydependentuponfactorsoutofparents’control,suchasinheritedabilitiesandachild’srateofmaturation.Consequently,childrenofaparticularagecannotbeexpectedtomastereducationalmaterialwithouttakingintoaccounttheircurrentlevelofcognitivedevelopment.Inshort,childrenrequiredevelopmentappro