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2022-2023年四川省内江市大学英语6级大学英语六级学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________
一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.
Mostpartiesofferfingerfood,butthereare______.
2.
Thecellphoneindustrysaysthatfuturecellphonescanprovide______basedonitsabilitytodetectitsexactlocationanywhereintheworld.
3.
Inpublic-relationssector,thejobtitlethatreflectsthedualityoftherequiredskillsetsis______.
A.computer-networkadministrator
B.interactivecreativedirector
C.chiefexecutiveofficer
D.e-commercespecialist
4.Themisunderstandingofawordcouldevenaffectthewayawarended.
5.
Assoonastheearthquakeended,peoplecangobackhomeimmediately.
A.YB.NC.NG
6.GiantPanda
CharacteristicsofGiantPandas
ThescientificnameofGiantPandaisAiluropodamelanoleuca,whichmeans"cat-footedanimalsinblackandwhitecolor".Anadultpandacanbeastallas1.6to1.8meterswithbodyweightrangingfrom60to160kg.MaleGiantPandasarelargerthanfemales,andtheyweighaboutl0to20%heavier.TheheadoftheGiantPandaislarge,withabroadroundface,flatnoseandroundprotrudingears.Surroundingtheeyesarethecharacteristicblackpatches.Theears,limbsandshouldersarecoveredwithblackfurwhilethefurontheotherpartsofthebodyiswhite.ScientistsbelievethattheblackandwhitecolorationhelpsGiantPandasavoidcontactwitheachother.However,atthesametime,thisdistinctivecolorationcanhelpthemfindeachothereasilyduringmatingseasons.ThefuroftheGiantPandaisactuallyrough,shortandverydense.Theoilynatureofthefurcanpreventpenetrationofmoisture,whichisanimportantadaptationtolivinginhumidenvironment.GiantPandas'abilitytoseefarisweak.However,theirauditoryandolfactory(嗅觉)sensesareverystrong.
HabitatofGiantPandas
TheyaresolelyfoundinSichuan,andthesouthwesternpartsofGansuandShanxiprovinces.TheGiantPandasliveinbambooforestsrangingfrom4,000to11,000feetabovesealevel,whereitishumid.Inwinter,theymigratelowerdownthemountains,whileinsummertheystayinthehigherreaches.Themale'shomerangeislargerthanthatofthefemale.Amale'shomerangecanbeupto30squarekilometers.
Behavior.ofGiantPandas
GiantPandasaremostactiveinthemorningandatdusk.GiantPandassleephiddenawayinsidecavesanddenswhichmaybeahollowatthebottomofalargetreetruck.GiantPandasaresolitaryanimals.Theyspendtheirlivesalone,exceptduringmatingseasonsorwhenfemalesreartheiryoung.GiantPandasliveinwell-definedterritories.GiantPandasurinate(小便)orscentontreestowarnothersoftheirpresenceintheterritory.Theyalsovocalize,producingsoundssuchasroaringorbleating(similartothatofadomesticgoat),toconveytotheotherstheirintentions.GiantPandasdefecate(排便)about48timesaday.Inthewild,defecatesareusefulresearchmaterialsforscientists,fromtheminformationregardingtheindividualpandas,suchashealthconditions,andthesizeofthepopulationinthearea,canbegained.
DietofGiantPandas
TheGiantPandas'dietisveryspecific,consistingentirelyofbamboo.Aspandascanonlyabsorbabout10-18%ofnutrientsavailableinthebambootheyeat,itisnecessaryforthemtocatmorethan10kgofbambooadaytomeettheirdailyrequirement.Wildpandasonlyeat40speciesofbamboo,andonly2-6aretheirfavorites.Theleavesofthebambooaremostnutritiousandbalancedinnutrients.However,thenutritionalvalueofdifferentpartsofthebamboochangesaccordingtoseasons.Seasonalchangesaffectthepanda'spreferenceofwhichpartofthebambootoeat.Forexample,beforewinterarrives,pandapreferstoeattherootsofthebamboobecausetheycontainmorewaterandprotein.
ReproductionofGiantPandas
ThematingseasonofGiantPandasrangesfromJanuarytoJune.Thefemalepandasmaymatewithmorethanonemaleinasinglematingseasontoensuresuccessfulfertilization.Thegestation(妊娠)periodrangesfrom83to163days,and135daysistheaverage.Itiscommontohave1to2cubs(幼崽)inalitter(窝).However,onlyonecubwillreceiveenoughcarefromthemothertosurvive.Apandacubisbornblind,andcompletelyhelpless,therefore,itdemandsundividedattention,leavingthemotherlittleornotimeandenergytocareforasecondcub.Tohavethreecubsinalitterisveryrare.Anewly-borncubweighsabout90gto130g(3-5oz),intheorderof1/900thoftheadult'sweight.AGi
A.YB.NC.NG
7.
WhenMoss-Tuckerbegansnoring。shewasabout______.
A.56yearsoldB.46yearsoldC.36yearsoldD.26yearsold
8.
Thewriterproposestousethesamerateforalltypesofmaterialandforallreadingpurposes.
A.YB.NC.NG
9.
Ifyoucanmakereadjustmentsinyourfitnessplanasyouage,youcanstaystrongandflexibleand______.
10.EndYourBackPain
Likeanexpensivebuttemperamentalsportscar,thehumanspinisbeautifullydesignedandmaddeninglyunreliable.Ifyouarealiving,breathinghumanbeing,youhaveprobablysufferedtheagonyofbackpain.Andaslongaspeoplecontinuetoleadoverweight,sedentaryandstressfullives,thenumberofsufferersisunlikelytogoanywhereotherthanup.
Asitdoes,armiesofnewback-painsufferers,manydesperateandevendisabled,willseekrelief.Whentheydo,they'llquicklydiscoverjusthowcomplicatedtheirproblemreallyis,withitsmystifyingmixofphysicalsymptomsandpsychologicalunderpinnings.Therealityisthattheagonywilloftengoawayonitsown—impossibleasthatmayseemwhenyouarewrithing(痛苦扭曲)onthekitchenfloor.TheGreatPainMystery
Backpaincanoriginateanywhereintheelaboratespinalarchitecture.Degenerateddiscs(椎间盘),whichmanyleadtoherniation(突出)andcompressednerves,areacommonproblem.Thentherethosewrenchingpainprovokedbymuscleinjuries,whichcandropgrownmentothefloor.What'smostmysteriousaboutbackproblemsisthefrequentdisconnectbetweenanatomicaldefectsandpain.Unlikebloodpressureandcholesterol(胆固醇),whichcouldbemeasuredwitharmcuffsandbloodtests,lower-backpainhasnoobjectiveway—thevolumeoftears?theintensityofagrimace?—tobegauged.
Manytimes,theprecisecauseofpainremainsunknown.Imagingtestsfoundthattwopeoplewithherniateddiscscanleadradicallydifferentlives:Onespendshisdayspoppingpainkillers,theotherwaltzesthroughlife.Inawell-knownstudy,researcherschecked98healthypeople:Two-thirdshadabnormaldiscseventhoughnonecomplainedofpain.Therealissueiswhysomepeoplehaveamildbackacheandsomehavereallycripplingpain.Inanotherresearch,expertscomparedagroupofpatientswhoreportedbackpainwithacontrolgroupwhodidnot.Closetotwo-thirdsifthepainpatientshadcracksintheirdiscs,so-calledhigh-intensityzones,orHIZs.Butsodid24percentofthenon-complainers.
Theanswerhasasmuchtodowiththemindaswiththebody.IntheHIZstudy,thebestpredictorofpainwasnothowbadthedefectlooked,butthepatient'spsychologicaldistress.Depressionandanxietyhavelongbeenlinkedtopain;arecentCanadianstudyfoundthatpeoplewhosufferfromseveredepressionarefourtimesmorelikelytodevelopintenseordisablingneckorlow-backpain.AtNewYork'sHospitalforSpecialSurgery,psychiatristGregoryLutzsaysheoftenseesmenwhohavetwothingsincommon:cripplingsciatica(坐骨神经痛)andanupcomingweddingdate.Theproblemintheirback,possiblyadegeneratedorherniateddisc,likelyalreadyexisted,saysDr.Lutz,butwasintensifiedbythepre-marriagejitters.
SpineSurgeryBreakthrough
Painispain,andmanywantaquickfixandthatmeanssurgery.Spinal-fusionsurgery,oneofthemostinvasiveandcostlyformsoftherapy(about$42,000)hasmorethandoubledintheUSsince1993,toabout350,000in2003.Discectomy,whichisdonelessinvasively,hasalsospikedto342,000surgeriesperyear.Buttheseproceduresdon'tworkforeveryone.
Theincreaseinallspinalsurgeryhasbeenpromotedinpartbytechnicaladvancespromisingbetteroutcomes.Perhapsthemostintriguingnewdevelopmentistheartificialcobalt-chromedisc.InOctober2004,theUSFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)approvedthefirstsuchdisc,theCharite,forpatientswithdegenerativediscdisease.Thethree-piecedevicehasaslidingmedical-gradeplasticcoresandwichedbetweentwometalplates,whichallowsthespinetomove.Itisbelievedthat,suchdiscs,likekneereplacements,willgivepatientsmoremobilitythantraditionalfusionsurgery.Andtheywillgetoutofbedalotsoonertoo.Thekeyistobev
A.plainageing
B.spinedefects
C.surgicalfailures
D.mentalstress
11.OlympicTorches
Everytwoyears,peoplearoundtheworldwaitinanticipationasatorch-beatingrunnerenterstheOlympicarenaandlightsthecauldron(主火炬).ThesymboliclightingoftheOlympicflamemarksthebeginningofanotherhistoricOlympicGames.
TheopeningceremonyistheendofalongjourneyfortheOlympictorah.Bythetimeitarrivesinthestadium,ithastraveledthousandsofmiles.Itmayhavecrossedoceansanddesertsandtraversedmountains.Itmayhavebeencarriedonplanes,trains,bicycles,boats,andevendogsleds.Anditwillhavepassedthroughthehandsofthousandsofdifferentpeoplearoundtheglobe.ThisarticlechroniclesthehistoryoftheOlympictorch,revealshowitisdesignedtostaylitthrougheventheharshestweatherconditions,andfollowsitspathfromOlympia,Greece,totheOlympicGames.
HistoryoftheTorch
Fireisalwaysheldgreatpowerforhumans.Itcooksourfood,keepsuswarm,andlightsourwaythroughthedark.
TheancientGreeksreveredthepowerandfire.InGreekmythology,thegodPrometheusstolefirefromZeusandgaveittohumans.TocelebratethepassingoffirefromPrometheustoman,theGreekswouldholdrelayraces.Athleteswouldpassalittorchtooneanotheruntilthewinnerreachedthefinishline.
TheGreeksheldtheirfirstOlympicGamesin776B.C.TheGames,heldeveryfouryearsatOlympia,honoredZeusandotherGreekgods.TheOlympicsalsomarkedthebeginningofaperiodofpeacefortheoftenwarringGreeks.AtthestartoftheGames,runnerscalled"heraldsofpeace"wouldtravelthroughoutGreece,declaringa"sacredtruce(休战)"toallwarsbetweenrivalcity-states.Thetrucewouldremaininplaceforthedurationofthegames,sothatspectatorscouldsafelytraveltotheOlympics.
AconstantlyburningflamewasaregularfixturethroughoutGreece.Itusuallygracedthealters(祭坛)oftheGreekgods.InOlympia,therewasanaltardedicatedtoHera,goddessofbirthandmarriage.AtthestartoftheOlympicGames,theGreekswouldigniteacauldronofflamesuponHera'saltar.Theylittheflameusingahollowdiscormirrorcalledaskaphia,which,muchlikethemodernovalmirror,focusedthesun'sraysintoasinglepointtolighttheflame.TheflamewouldburnthroughouttheGamesasasignofpurity,reason,andpeace.
TheGreeksstoppedholdingtheirOlympicGamesafteraboutathousandyears,andthetorch,relaysandlightingoftheflamealsostopped.TheOlympicGamesdidnotreemergeuntil1896,whenthefirstmodernGameswereheldinAthens.Thetorchrelaytookabitlongertoreemerge.
TheBirthoftheModernTorchRelay
TheflamewasreintroducedtotheOlympicsatthe1928AmsterdamGames.Acauldronwaslit,buttherewasnotorchrelay.
ThefirstOlympictorchrelaywasatthe1936BerlinSummerGames.CarlDiem,aGermanhistoryprofessorandSecretaryGeneraloftheOrganizingCommitteeoftheGamesinn,educedtherelayasawayofreconnectingthemodernOlympicswiththeGames'historicalroots.TheflamewaslitinOlympia,Greece,justasithadbeencenturiesbefore.ThenitwascarriedtoBerlin,Germany,forthestartoftheOlympics.
ThetorchrelaywasnotintroducedtotheWinterOlympicsuntilthe1952Games.ItwaslitthatyearnotinOlympia,Greece,butinNorway,whichwaschosenbecauseitwasthebirthplaceofskiing.Butsincethe1964OlympicsatInnsbruck,Austria,everyOlympicGames—WinterandSummer—hasbegunwithatorch-lightingceremonyinOlympia,Greece,followedbyatorchrelaytotheOlympicstadium.
TheLightingoftheOlympicTorch
TheOlympictorchislitseveralmonthsbeforethestartoftheactualGames.TheflamebeginsitsjourneyatthesiteoftheoriginalOlympicGames—Olympia,Greece.Itislit,just
A.YB.NC.NG
12.(10)
13.
Bywayofconclusiontheauthoremphasizesthatindesigningadvertisements,themostimportantfactorthathastobeconsideredis
14.
Globalwarmingcancausehurricanetotakeplace.
A.YB.NC.NG
15.
Retailersandmarketingfirmshavefoundthat______withpeopleinthevirtualworld.
16.Whendohighheadpowerplantsusesurpluselectricitytotransferwatertoasecondreservoir?
A.Inthemorning.B.Atnoon.C.Intheafternoon.D.Atnight.
17.Thecasesofthestudentsmentionedatthethreeschoolssuggestthattheywere______oftheirplagiarismmistakes.
A.innocentB.ignorantC.defensiveD.regretted
18.
Sincerainforestbacteriaandtreesdependoneachotherforlife,therelationshiptheyfromistermed______.
19.WhatmaybethereasonwhysomeHispanicshavejobsbutuninsured?
A.Theyarenotinterestedinhealthinsurance.
B.Theydonotbelieveintheinsurancesystem.
C.Theiremployersrefusetoenrolltheminthewelfaresystem.
D.Theirincomeisnotenoughfortheirshareofthepremium.
20.
RosaParkssaidthatsherefusedtoleaveherseatbecauseshewasfiredof______.
二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.
【B6】
22.(31)
A.Openstoresinbusyareasofcities.
B.Createspeciallanguage.
C.Provideacomfortableenvironment.
D.Sellavarietyofproducts.
23.(39)
24.(19)
A.Heshouldhavereadthebookinsteadofgoingtothemovie.
B.Heshouldhavegonetothemovieinsteadofreadingthebook.
C.Readingthebookwillhelpthemanunderstandthemoviebetter.
D.Shethinksthebookiseasiertounderstandthanthemovie.
25.【B8】
26.听力原文:M:Thatoperawasawful.Andyetitgotagreatreview.
W:Itwashardlyworththepriceofadmission.
Q:Whatdoesthewomanthinkoftheopera?
(19)
A.Shethinkstheticketpriceistoohigh.
B.Sheagreeswiththemanabouttheopera.
C.Shethinkstheoperawasworthseeing.
D.Shedoesn'tagreewiththemanabouttheopera.
27.听力原文:M:Goodnews.Iamnotgoingtoneedsurgeryafterall.ThedoctorsaysIcanstartworkingoutagainsoon.Andmaybeplaysocceragaininafewweeks.
W:That'ssogreat.Itwouldbeniceifyoucouldgetbackinshapeintimeforthestatetournament.
Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?
(13)
A.Thetournamentbeginsnextweek.
B.Shehopesthemanwillbeabletoplayinthetournament.
C.Shewantsthemantoattendthetournamentwithher.
D.Themanshouldcheckwithhisdoctoragain.
28.SectionB
Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.
听力原文:Manyscientiststodayareconvincedthatlifeexistselsewhereintheuniverse.Lifeprobablymuchlikethatonourownplanet.Asfarasastronomerscandetermine,theentireuniverseisbuiltofthesamematter.(26)Theyhavenoreasontodoubtthatmatterobeysthesamelawsineverypartoftheuniverse.Therefore,itisreasonabletoguessthatotherstars,withtheirownplanets,wereborninthesamewayasourownsolarsystem.Whatweknowoflifeonearthsuggeststhatlifewillarisewherevertheproperconditionsexist.
Ifwesupposethateverystarintheuniversehasafamilyofplanets,thenhowmanyplanetsmightsupportlife?(27)First,eliminatethosestarsthatarenotlikeoursun.Next.eliminatemostoftheirplanets;theyareeithertoofarfromortooclosetotheirsuns.Theneliminateallthoseplanetswhicharenotthesamesizeandweightastheearth.Finally,rememberthattheproperconditionsdonotnecessarilymeanthatlifeactuallydoesexistonaplanet.Itmaynothavebegunyet,oritmayhavealreadydiedout.
Thisprocessofeliminationseemstoleaveveryfewplanetsonwhichearthlikelifemightbefound.However.eveniflifecouldexistononlyoneplanetinamillion,(28)therearesomanybillionsofplanetsthatthiswouldstillleaveavastnumberonwhichlifecouldexist.
(27)
A.Matterhasdifferentlaws.
B.Matterhasonecommonlaw.
C.Mattersharesthesamelaws.
D.Mattersharesnocommonlaw.
29.听力原文:W:Hello,Steve?
M:Hi,Veronica.What'sgoingon?
W:Oh,mycar'shavingproblemsagain,butIdon'thavethetimeorthemoneytogetitfixed.
M:Isitreallybad?
W:It'sstartingtooverheatwheneverI'midlingorinheavytraffic,andtwodaysagoIhadtopullofftheexpresswayandwaituntiltheenginecooleddown.
M:Haveyoutakenitintoashop?
W:Wall,IwenttotwodifferentPlacesyesterday;onemechanicsaidhe'dcheckthecoolantlevelandlookforfluidleaks;theotherguysaidhethoughtitwasthethermostat.Ididn'tleavethecarwitheitherofthem,though,becauseIdidn'thavearideback.
M:Whatareyougoingtodo?
W:Ireallydon'tknow.I'llhavetofigureoutsomething;thebusserviceisterriblearoundwhereIlive.Anyway,couldIaskyouforafavor?
M:Ofcourse,whatisit'?
W:Youknow,tomorrow'sMondayandwe'resupposedtoturninourhomeworkinEnglish,butI'veonlygottenhalfwaythroughitI'vejustbeentoobusy.IfIcameover,wouldyouhelpmefinishit?
M:Sure,I'llbehereallevening.AndactuallyIhaven'tfinishedthehomeworkeither;I'vejustbeenputtingitoff,soit'sgoodyou'recomingover—Ineedsomeonetomotivateme.
W:Thankyousomuch,Steve.It'ssoniceofyou.Seeyoulater.
(20)
A.Shedecidedtothrowitawayandbuyanewone.
B.Shetookittotherepairshopbutrefusedtohaveitrepaired.
C.Shedidn'ttakeittotherepairshopatall.
D.Sheturnedtomechanicsforhelpbuttheycoulddonothingwithit.
30.听力原文:W:Ifwehurrywecantaketheexpresstrainandsaveanhour.
M:Yes.TheexpresstakesonlytwohourstogettoTokyo.
Q:HowlongdoesittakethelocaltraintoTokyo?
(17)
A.Onehour.B.Threehours.C.Twohours.D.Fourhours.
31.(32)
A.Thebillbecomeslawimmediately.
B.Thebillcan'tbecomelawunlessthewholeprocessbeginsagain.
C.Lawmakersmustreviewthebillwithintendays.
D.ThePresidentmustsignthebillifit'spassedagain.
32.
【B2】
33.(25)
A.TeachDavid'sclasswhileheisabsent.
B.GiveProfessorWinstonthekeytoDavid'soffice.
C.LeaveamessageontheboardinDavid'sclassroom.
D.BringDavidthehomeworkthatwasduetoday.
34.(36)
A.France.B.Russia.C.Poland.D.Germany.
35.
【B8】
36.听力原文:W:HowcomeJimlosthisjob?
M:Ididn'tsayhehadlostit.AllIsaidwasifhedidn'tgetoutandstartedsellingafewcarsinsteadofidlingaroundallday,hemightnotrindhimselflookingforanewjob.
Q:WhatdoesthemansayaboutJim?
(18)
A.Hehasmanagedtosellanumberofcars.
B.Heiscontentedwithhiscurrentposition.
C.Hemightgetfired.
D.Hehaslosthisjob
37.
【B4】
38.(17)
A.Theyhavetobuysomeumbrellas.
B.Theyshouldgobackandgettheumbrella.
C.Theyshouldstoptraveling.
D.Theycangoontraveling.
39.(22)
A.ByMay29th.
B.ByJune29th.
C.ByJuly29th.
D.ByApril29th.
40.(26)
A.Heansweredallherquestionscorrectly.
B.Hereceivedagoodgradeincookingclass.
C.Shelikeswhathehasjustcooked.
D.She'simpressedwithhisknowledge.
三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.Pleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.
In1791,theFrenchnation,inthemidstofarevolution,wishedtobreakwiththepast,especiallywiththoseaspectsofitwhichtheyconsideredillogicalanduseless.Oneofthesewasthetraditionalsystemofweightsandmeasurestheninuse.Notonlywasthesystemoverlycomplicate,butitalsovaried(47)______fromplacetoplace.
Inconstructingthenewsystem,theFrenchbeganbysettingupaUnitofdistance(48)______tooneforty-millionthpartoftheearth'scircumference.Unfortunately,latermeasurementsshowedthattheunitdesignatedwasnotexactlythatfraction,butthey(49)______touseit.(Todaytheunitisdefinedsimply(50)______thedistancebetweentwomarksonaplatinum-iridiumbarkeptinasuburbof(51)______).Theunitisthemeter,andthesystemofmeasurements(52)______onthisuntilisthemetricsystem,thesystem(53)______usedbyscientistsovertheworld.
Themetricsystemisbuiltinunitsof(54)______,GreekprefixedshowingmultiplesandLatinprefixedshowingfractions.TheGreekshadnowordforanumberlargerthantenthousandandtheRomanshadnone(55)______anumberlargerthanonethousand,butthesystemwasextendedbyusingless(56)______words;forinstance,megameter(onemillionmeters)isderivedfromaGreekwordthatmeanssimply"large".
WordBank:
A.widelyI.specific
B.equalJ.based
C.continuedK.divided
D.todayL.calculated
E.tenM.to
F.asN.London
G.forO.opposed
H.Paris
42.
Whenthegrandchildrencame,whatisthefirstthingthatmyparentsdo?
43.
Fromthethirdparagraph,wecanknowthat______.
A.therehasnotbeenatruehumanlikerobotyet
B.computersintherobotsareexpensive
C.robotsmaydowhattheyaretold
D.robotshavebeendesignedtoworkindependently
44.
HowdoesProfessorBhattfeelaboutmanyleadersincompanies?
A.TheydonotunderstandapossiblesecondproductivityrevolutioninBritain.
B.Theyareexcitedaboutchange.
C.Theyarereadyfore-business.
D.Theysometimesareagainstthechangeresultedfromnewtechnologies.
45.
IntheviewofNetpurists,______.
A.thereshouldbenomarketingmessagesinonlineculture
B.moneymakingshouldbegivenprioritytoontheWeb
C.theWebshouldbeabletofunctionasTelevisionset
D.thereshouldbenoonlinecommercialinformationwithoutrequests
46.SectionB
Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.
Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachyear,mergingintosupersystems,causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70%ofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyear,afteraseriesofmergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90%ofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarriers.
Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistances,truckingistoocostlyandtherailroads
Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyonerailcompany.Railroadstypicallychargesuch"captive"shippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeelthattheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportationBoardforratebelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases.
Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone'scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It'satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace?"asksMartinBercovici,aWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers.
Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.Yetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionsmacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail'snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostofthetransaction.Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill?Manycaptiveshippersfearthattheywill,asNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.
Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause______.
A.costreductionisbasedoncompetition
B.servicescallforcross-tradecoordination
C.outsidecompetitorswillcontinuetoexist
D.shipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat
47.What'sthemainpurposeofthispassage?
A.Tomakepeoplepaymoreattentiontolibraries.
B.TointroducetheWorldDigitalLibraryclearly.
C.Toarousepeople'sawarenessofprotectingourculture.
D.Totellpeoplehowtotakeadvantageofdigitallibraries.
48.
Whyisa"secondarysuccession"quicker?
A.Thegroundismoresuitable.
B.Thereismorespacefornewplants.
C.Birdsandanimalsbringnewseeds.
D.Itissupportedbytheforest.
49.
【C6】
50.(57)
51.
Howcanyoufindoutwhethertwopersonsareinagreementornot?
52.SectionA
Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.
ItseemslikeAmericansusecreditca
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