2021-2022年内蒙古自治区兴安盟大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)

2021-2022年内蒙古自治区兴安盟大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.NewHopesforPreventingAIDS

Thesuccessofanti-retroviral(抑止肿瘤病毒)drugsintreatingHIVisgettingresearchersatthe16thInternationalAIDSconferenceexcitedattheprospectthatthepotent(效力大的)medicinesmightbeexploitedtoperform.doubleduty.WhynotusethepoweroftheseARVstopreventanHIVtransmissionorinfectionfromtakingholdinthefirstplace?BillandMelindaGatesaskedthatprovocativequestionontheopeningdayoftheconference,andarecommit-tingtheirconsiderablefinancialresourcestowardfindingananswer.Intheirremarks,theyhighlightedtheneedtodevelopmicrobicides(杀菌剂)andoralpreventiondrugswhilewewaitforavaccine.AndtheywillgettheirfirsthintathowsmarttheirdecisionwasthisThursday,whenscientistsfromWestAfricareporttheinitialresultsfromthefirsttrialstudyinganoralpreventiondrug.

SohowrealisticaretheGatesinexpectingevenmorefromtheARVs?"Idothinktherangeofpreventionoptionswehavewithinthenextdecadewillgreatlyexpand,"saysDr.HeleneGayle,PresidentofCareUSAandco-chairoftheconference."Thebiologicplausibility(似乎有理)forbothmicrobicidesandoralpreventiondrugsissogreat."Dr.MarkDybul,U.S.GlobalAIDSCoordinator,saidthatifamicrobicideorpreventiondrugbecomesavailabletoprotectpeoplefrominfections,theywouldbefundedunderthePresident'sEmergencyPlanforAIDSReliefifcountrieschosetousethem."Wewouldsupportallofthat;itwouldbeperfectlywithinourmandatetodoallthat,"hetoldTIME.

PreventingHIVistheonlywaytokeepthenumberofnewinfectionsthatoccureachyear—4million—fromgrowing.Andyetpreventionstrategies,alwaystheuglystepsistertotreatmentprograms,havenotreallytakenholdinthedevelopingnationswheretherateofinfectionishighest.Aneffectivevaccine,ofcourse,istheultimatepreventionweapon,butastheGates'pointedout,anHIVshotisstillalongwayoff.Inthemeantime,microbicidescouldbeone

waytoco-optARVsintothepreventionwar;thesearechemicalcompounds,usuallyintheform.ofagelorcream,thatwomencanusevaginallypriortointercoursetostopthetransmissionofHIV—it'sthesameideabehindspermicides(杀精子剂),whicharechemicalbarrierstospermenteringthevaginaandcausingpregnancy.It'sanelegantlysimpleapproach,madeevensimplerbythefactthatresearchersdidn'treallyhavetostartfromscratchtocomeupwithnewanti-HIVcompounds;theyalreadyhavethemintheARVs,whichnowinterruptthevirusfrominfectingcellsatvariouspointsinitslifecycle.

Thekeydifferenceisthatinamicrobicide,thedrugsarebeingusedinhealthypeopleratherthaninthoseinfectedwithHIV.WhenARVsareusedfortreatment,bothdoctorsandpatientsarewillingtotolerateahigherlevelofsideeffects—afterall,ifthechoiceisbetweendyingfromHIV-AIDSandsideeffects,mostpatientsoptforthelatter.Ifthedrugsaretobeusedtopreventinfection,however,everythingchanges;understandably,healthypeoplearen'taslikelytoacceptthesamelevelofsideeffectsandtoxicitiesasthosealreadyinfected.

That'swhyclinicaltrialsaresosignificant.Sofar,thereare30—40differentmicrobicidecandidatesbeingtestedinanimals,andfivetrialsinGhana,Nigeriaandotherdevelopingnationsatthemostadvancedstagesoftestinginwomen.Dr.GitaRamjee,oftheHIVPreventionResearchUnitinDurban,SouthAfrica,hasworkedwithallfive,andishopefulthattheywillproveeffectiveandmakeanimpactonthedisease.BecausetheselatestmicrobicidesarereformulatedARVs,however,theproblemofthevirusbecomingresistanttothemisapotentialdrawback.Dr.PeterPiot,ofUNAIDS,suggestsbasingmicrobicidesonlyonthedrugsdonotmakeitthroughthepharmaceuticalpipeline—manyarerejectedbecaus

A.YB.NC.NG

2.

Sincetaughenedglasscanreplaceshuttersindowntownstores,itprovidesthestorewith______.

3.

Youshould______afterselectingyourtoolsandasuitablemedium.

A.findadistantplacetostoreyourbackups

B.bouncebackquickly

C.trustInternet-basedbackupservice

D.resteasy

4.

Asubstantialfiberlinkdamagedbyatrainderailmentaffected______.

5.

antisocialbehavior.

6.

Pregnantwomenareaskedto"eatfortwo"asthebabywillconsumesomeofherenergy.

A.YB.NC.NG

7.

_______________carriesthesameburdenofpermanence,expressedthistimeinanegativeway.

8.

Dihydrogenmonoxidecanacceleratecorrosionandrusting,andcauseseverburnsandevendeathfrominhalation.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.

Wal-Mart'sfrugalculturefindsfullexpressioninthepoorwagesandhealthcareplansitofferstoaverageemployeesand______.

10.

Admissionofficersevaluateapplicationsinthesameway.

A.YB.NC.NG

11.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Don'tDestroytheEssentialCatalystofRisk

Sincethespring,andmostacutelythisautumn,aglobalcontagion(传染)offearandpanichaschokedoffthearteriesoffinance,compoundingabroaderdeteriorationintheglobaleconomy.

Financialinstitutionshaveanobligationtothebroaderfinancialsystem.Wedependonahealthy,well-functioningsystembutwefailedtoraiseenoughquestionsaboutwhethersomeofthetrendsandpracticesthathadbecomecommonplacereallyservedthepublic'slong-terminterests.

Sevenimportantlessons

Aspolicymakersandregulatorsbegintoconsidertheregulatoryactionstobetakentoaddressthefallings,Ibelieveitisusefultoreflectonsomeofthelessonsfromtiffscrisis.

Thefirstisthatriskmanagementshouldnotbeentirelypredicatedonhistoricaldata.Inthepastseveralmonths,wehaveheardthephrase"multiplestandarddeviationevents"morethanafewtimes.Ifeventsthatwerecalculatedtooccuroncein20yearsinfactoccurredmuchmoreregularly,itdoesnottakeamathematiciantofigureoutthatriskmanagementassumptionsdidnotreflectthedistributionoftheactualoutcomes.Ourindustrymustdomoretoenhanceandimprovescenarioanalysisandstresstesting.

Second,toomanyfinancialinstitutionsandinvestorssimplyoutsourcedtheirriskmanagement.Ratherthanundertaketheirownanalysis,theyreliedontheratingagenciestodotheessentialworkofriskanalysisforthem.Thiswastrueattheinception(初期)andovertheperiodoftheinvestment,duringwhichtimetheydidnotconsiderotherindicatorsoffinancialdeterioration.

Thisover-dependenceoncreditratingscoincidedwiththedilutionofthedesiredtripleA-rating.InJanuary2008,therewere12tripleA-ratedcompaniesintheworld.Atthesametime,therewere64,000structuredfinanceinstruments,suchascollateralizeddebtobligations,ratedtripleA.Itiseasyandappropriatetoblametheratingagenciesforlapsesintheircreditjudgments.Buttheblamefortheresultisnottheirs'alone.Everyfinancialinstitutionthatparticipatedintheprocesshastoacceptitsshareoftheresponsibility.

Third,sizematters.Forexample,whetheryouowned$5billionor$50billionof(supposedly)low-risksuperseniordebtinaCDO,thelikelihoodoflosseswas,proportionally,thesame.Buttheconsequencesofamiscalculationwereobviouslymuchbiggerifyouhada$50billionexposure.

Fourth,manyriskmodelsincorrectlyassumedthatpositionscouldbefullyhedged.AfterthecollapseofLong-TermCapitalManagementmidthecrisisinemergingmarketsin1998,newproductssuchasvariousbasketindicesandcreditdefaultswapswerecreatedtohelpoffsetanumberofrisks.However,wedidnot,asanindustry,considercarefullyenoughthepossibilitythatliquiditywoulddryup,makingitdifficulttoapplyeffectivehedges.

Fifth,riskmodelsfailedtocapturetheriskinherentinoff-balancesheetactivities,suchasstructuredinvestmentvehicles.Itseemsclearnowthatmanagersofcompanieswithlargeoff-balancesheetexposuredidnotappreciatethefullmagnitudeoftheeconomicriskstheywereexposedto;equallyworrying,theircounterpartieswereunawareofthefullextentofthesevehiclesand,therefore,couldnotaccuratelyassesstheriskofdoingbusiness.

Sixth,complexitygo

A.Commercialbanks.

B.Financialinstitutions.

C.Theministryoffinance.

D.TheWallStreet.

12.

Shynessmaybeindicatedby______.

13.

Thereasonforgovernmentstoimposetoilsfortheuseofcarsisthat______.

14.

Whatispeople'sattitudetowardsamixtureofbloodbetweendogsandwolves?

A.It'snotencouraged.

B.It'sstronglyprotested.

C.It'swarmlywelcomed.

D.It'srespondedindifferently.

15.

Earbud-relatedhearinglosssufferedbypeoplewho______.

A.developthetypeofhearinglosslikemucholderadults

B.exposethemselvestomusicforlongerperiodsoftime

C.useportableplayersmoretimeandturnupthevolume

D.spendmuchmoretimelisteningtotheirmusicplayers

16.

Ifyourpotentialclientsarealllocal,youstillmustdevelopandmaintainaWebsite.

A.YB.NC.NG

17.

Themanagementofficial______theblue-collarrobotsthattheunionsrevoltedagainst.

A.willwelcomeB.won'twelcomeC.supportedD.opposed

18.GENETICALLYMODIFIEDFOODS

Aregeneticallymodifiedcropsanenvironmentaldreamcome-trueoradisasterinthemaking?Scientistsarelookingforanswers.

Theworldseemsincreasinglydividedintothosewhofavorgeneticallymodified(GM)foodsandthosewhofearthemAdvocatesassertthatgrowinggeneticallyalteredcropscanbekindertotheenvironmentandthateatingfoodsfromthoseplantsisperfectlysafe.And,theysaygeneticengineeringwhichcaninduceplantstogrowinpoorsoilsortoproducemorenutritiousfoodswillsoonbecomeanessentialtoolforhelpingtofeedtheworld'sburgeoningpopulation.SkepticscontendthatGMcropscouldposeuniqueriskstotheenvironmentandtohealthriskstootroublingtoacceptplacidly,Takingthatview,manyEuropeancountriesarerestrictingtheplantingandimportationofGMagriculturalproducts.Muchofthedebatehingesonperceptionsofsafety.Butwhatexactlydoesrecentscientificresearchsayaboutthehazards?Theanswers,toooftenlostinreportsonthecontroversy,areservedupinthepagesthatfollow.

TwoyearsagoinEdinburgh,Scotland,eco-vandalsstormedafield,crushingcanolaplants.LastyearinMaine,midnightraidershackeddownmorethan3000experimentalpoplartrees.AndinSunDiego,protesterssmashedsorghumandsprayedpaintovergreenhousewalls.

Thisfar-flungoutragetookaimatgeneticallymodifiedcrops.Buttheprotestsbackfired:allthedestroyedplantswereconventionallybred.Ineachcase,activistsmistookordinaryplantsforGMvarieties.

It'seasytounderstandwhy.Inaway,GMcrops—nowonsome109millionacresoffarmlandworldwide—areinvisible.Youcan'tsee,tasteortouchageneinsertedintoaplantorsenseitseffectsontheenvironment.Youcan'ttell,justbylooking,whetherpollencontainingaforeigngenecanpoisonbutterfliesorfertilizeplantsmilesaway.Thatinvisibilityispreciselywhatworriespeople.How,exactly,willGMcropsaffecttheenvironment—andwhenwillwenotice?

AdvocatesofGM,ortransgenic,cropssaytheplantswillbenefittheenvironmentbyrequitingfewertoxicpesticidesthanconventionalcrops.Butcriticsfearthepotentialrisksandwonderhowbigthebenefitsreallyare."Wehavesomanyquestionsabouttheseplants,"remarksGuentherStotzky,asoilmicrobiologistatNewYorkUniversity."There'salotwedon'tknowandneedtofindout."

AsGMcropsmultiplyinthelandscape,unprecedentednumbersofresearchershavestartedfanningintothefieldstogetthemissinginformation.Someoftheirrecentfindingsarereassuring;otherssuggestaneedforvigilance.

FewerPoisonsintheSoil?

EveryyearU.S.growersshowercropswithanestimated971millionpoundsofpesticides,mostlytokillinsects,weedsandfungi.Butpesticideresidueslingeroncropsandthesurroundingsoil,leachingintogroundwater,runningintostreamsandgettinggobbledupbywildlife.Theconstantchemicaltrickleisanoldworryforenvironmentalists.

Inthemid-1990sagribusinessesbeganadvertisingGMseedsthatpromisedtoreduceafarmer'suseoftoxicpesticides.TodaymostGMcrops-mainlysoybean,com,cottonandcanola-containgenesenablingthemtoeitherresistinsectpestsortolerateweed-killingherbicides.Theinsect-resistantvarietiesmaketheirowninsecticide,apropertymeanttoreducetheneedforchemicalsprays.Theherbicidetoleranttypessurvivewhenexposedtobroad-spectrumweedkillers,potentiallyallowingfarmerstoforgomorepoisonouschemicalsthattargetspecificweedspecies.Farmerstolimittheuseofmorehazardouspesticideswhentheycan,butGMcropsalsoholdappealbecausetheysimplifyoperations(reducingthefrequencyandcomplexityofpesticideapplications)and,insomecases,increaseyields.

&

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

Nearlyallthefamiliescanmanagetomeetthesoaringtuitioncoststhroughvariousinvestmentplans.

A.YB.NC.NG

20.

ThewithdrawingofVioxxonlyledtosomeaccusationsaboutsomeotherpainrelievers.

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.听力原文：W:Well,theexaminationisovernow,andwecangotothepicnic.

M:Goingtothepicnicistootiring.Whynotcometomyhometohaveaparty?

Q:Wherewillthemanoffertogo?

(13)

A.Tohishome.

B.Toherhome.

C.Togotothepicnic.

D.Togoshopping.

22.(32)

A.IttrainedAmericanathletes.

B.Ithelpedkeepthejournalistsinformedoftheresults.

C.Itkepttrackofschedules.

D.Itmadethejudges'decisionsfinal.

23.(21)

A.Learnfromhersinceshetooktheclass.

B.Concentrateonthesectiononprostaglandin.

C.Studytheexampapers.

D.Workharder.

24.(36)

A.Encouragethegrowthofreading.

B.Changepeople'sattitudestoreading.

C.Showhowreadingmethodshavebeenimproved.

D.Explainhowpresent-dayreadinghabitsdeveloped.

25.(23)

A.Friends.

B.Brotherandsister.

C.Colleagues.

D.Husbandandwife.

26.听力原文：M:IwishIdidn'thavetomakeaspecialtriptothepostofficetogetmypackage.

W:Well,ifyoucalltheminthemorningthey'llgiveyourpackagetoyourmailcarrier-tobringouttoyou.

Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggestthemando?

(15)

A.Deliverthepackageinperson.

B.Pickupthepackageatthepostoffice.

C.Findoutthehoursthepostofficeisopen.

D.Asktohavethepackagedeliveredtohishome.

27.

【B5】

28.听力原文：W:Jackseemstofancypainting.Onthewallsofhisbedroom,therearesomanyfamouspictures.Someofthemarepriceless.

M:However,hedoesnotlikevisitingtheartmuseumbecauseheconsidersitanoisyplace.

Q:WhatcanweconcludeaboutJackfromtheconversation?

(19)

A.Heisgoodatdrawingpictures.

B.Helikespicturesverymuch.

C.Helikesvisitingtheartmuseumverymuch.

D.Hethinkstheartmuseumisaveryquietplace.

29.听力原文：W:Hi,I'dliketosendthispackagebyexpressmailtoSanFranciscoandIwouldliketobuyasheetofstamps,please.

M:Hereareyourstamps,andjustputthepackageonthescale.

Q:Wheredoestheconversationmostprobablytakeplace?

(17)

A.InSanFrancisco.

B.Atanairport.

C.Atatravelagency.

D.Inapostoffice.

30.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：Nomancanchangetheweather.Nobodycancontroltheweather.Butifyoustudycorrectlythesignsarounduswecantellimportantchangesinweather.Thiswayoftellingwhattheweatherwillbeonthefollowingdayortwoiscalledweatherforecasts.

Formanycenturiesandinallcountriespeoplehavestudiedtheweatherandtriedtomakeweatherforecasting.[26]Sometimesdistantobjectssuchashillsandtalltreesseemtobeveryclearandnear.Thisisasignofmuchwatervaporintheair,andthereforerainwillprobablycome.Ringsroundthesunareasignofcomingrain.Manypeoplefeelpainintheirbones.Thisisasignofthecomingofwetweather.Somebirdsflyhighiffineweatheriscoming.[27]Theflynearthegroundifrainorstormyweatherisontheway.Itisprobablybecauseoftheinsectswhichtheyarehuntingthattheyflylow.Ifyouseearainbowduringrainyweather,thisisasignthattheweatherwillbecomeclearandfine.Suchrainbowsalwayscomeintheevening.Ifafogappearsinthemorningjustaboutsunrisethenthedaywillbewarm.[28]Ifthestarstwinkleclearlyatnight,thenfineweatherwillcontinue.Ifthesunsetismostlyredincolor,thenthefollowingdaywillbefine.Iftherainbowappearsinthemorning,rainyweatherwillprobablycome.

Mostoftheabovesayingshavebeenmadebypeoplewhohaveusedtheireyesandbrainstomakeweatherforecasting.

(27)

A.Theweatherwillbefine.

B.Rainwillprobablycome.

C.Therewillbeafog.

D.Fineweatherwillcontinue.

31.听力原文：M:CanImakeaflightreservationforLosAngelesonJuly17th.

W:Sorry,Sir.It'sfullybookedonthe17th.Butyoucancatchaflightthenextday.

Whatdoesthewomantelltheman?

(17)

A.Hecantakeanotherflightonthesameday.

B.Hecantakeaflightonanotherday.

C.Hecangethisticketthenextday.

D.Hecangetaconfirmationfilenextday.

32.(22)

A.Itisn'treliable.

B.Itneedschecking.

C.Itisdefinitelytrustworthy.

D.Itwon'thurttotry.

33.(25)

A.Becausethey'requiteimpressivewithastrongeffect.

B.Becausetheyarenotsofrustratingasotherexpressions.

C.Becausetheyarepracticedandrepeatedonceandagain.

D.Becausetheyaremostpeople'sfavoritewords.

34.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Aftereachquestiontherewillbeapause.Duringthepause,youmustreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.

听力原文：M:Idon'tthinkyou'llhavetimetosandoutinvitationstoallthenewstudents.

W:Oh,yes.Iwill.

Whatdowelearnaboutthewomanfromthisconversation?

(12)

A.Sheplanstoinviteallthenewstudents.

B.She'sanewstudent.

C.Shethinksthemanisright.

D.Sheinvitedthemantoaparty.

35.

【B10】

36.(29)

A.Therewasalongintervalbetweencauseandeffect.

B.Theweatherwasdifficultforustoforecast.

C.Weatherforecastwasinaccurate.

D.Ecologistsdidn'tappearuntilmoderntimes.

37.听力原文：W:ThisisKateJohnsonfromChannel13News.Wenowinterruptourregularschedulednewsprogramtobringyouliveup-to-datecoverageonafirebreakingoutatathree-storybuildinginthewestofNewYorkcity,whereourmanBobisreportingthestory.Bob...

M:ThisisBobSmithreportinglivefromthesuburbsoftheNewYorkcity.Afirebrokeoutatthethree-storybuildingbehindmeearlytoday.RightnowFmatthesceneofanamazingresucethatoccurredinvolvingthefire,a3-month-oldbaby,andthebaby'sdogrightthefirebrokeout.

W:Whatwasabouttherescue?

M:Oneoftheresidents,SusanO'Connor,whenshehadreturnedandnoticedthefire,shepanicked,realizingthather3-month-oldbabywasstillinside.However,witnessesreportseeingthedog,uh,thefamilydog,pullingthebabytosafetyby,uh,thebaby'sclothes.

W:Thenhowisthebabynow?

M:Thebabywastakentothehospital,uh,aswellasthedog,butwe'rehappytosaythatatthistime,itwillbefine.

W:Arethereanycasualtiesinthisaccident?

M:Itwasbelievedthateveryonehadbeenevacuatedtosafety.Fortunately,everyoneisreportedfine.

W:Whatisnowhappeninginthebuilding,Bob?

M:Uh,unfortunately,we'renotabletogetanycloserbecausethepossibilityofanexplosion.Uh,however,witnessessaythattheynoticedfirecomingfromthebuildingearlierthismorning.

W:Isthereanystoryaboutthecauseofthefire?

M:No.Itisunderinvestigation.

W:OK.Thankyou,Bob.ThisisChannel13Newsreports.

(23)

A.Abombthreatatahospital.

B.Afloodataschool.

C.Afireatanapartmentbuilding.

D.Atrafficaccidentnearabuilding.

38.(26)

A.Sheisafraidhemaydiscoverherignorance.

B.Sheisafraiditmayaffecthergrade.

C.Sheisnotcompletelysureofherownopinion.

D.Sheistoobusyandhasnotimetowaste.

39.听力原文：W:Iheardyournewcarcameintothedealertoday.Whenwillyougettodriveit?

M:Oh,itcameintwodaysago,butI'mbeginningtowonderwhenI'llgettorideinitmyself.Thedealeristakinghistimegettingitready.

Q:Howdoesthemanfeelaboutthedealer?

(14)

A.Hefeelshurriedtodeliverthecar.

B.He'stooslowingettingthecarready.

C.Heshouldhavedeliveredthecartwodaysago.

D.Heishavingatrialdrivinghimself.

40.听力原文：M:Didyoumakeareservationonthe9:00flight?

W:Ithoughtyouwantedtotakethe8:00one.It'stoolatetochangenow.

Q:Whathappenedtothewoman?

(15)

A.Shemadeareservationforthe9:00flight.

B.Shechangedthereservation.

C.Shefoundtheywerelateforthe8:00flight.

D.Shemisunderstoodtheman.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Althoughthegreenmovementisstillinitsearlyage,ithasbeen______.

42.

SomeplanetologistsbelievedtherehadneverbeenlivesonVenusbecause______.

A.theycouldn'tfindanytraceofwateronit

B.theyfoundVenusistoohotforanylives

C.Venusiscoveredbydirtyandpoisonouscloud

D.theatmosphericpressureonVenusistoomuch

43.【S8】

44.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Aproblemmorespecifictoschoolsthemselvesispervasivestudentpassivity—alackofactiveparticipationinlearning.Thisproblemiscommonlyfoundinbothpublicandprivateschoolsandallgradelevels.

Manystudentsdonotperceivetheopportunitiesprovidedbyschoolingasaprivilege,butratherasaseriesofhurdlesthataremechanicallyclearedinpursuitofcredentials(文凭)thatmayopendoorslaterinlife.StudentsareboredandmuchofthepervasivepassivityofAmericanstudentsiscausedbytheeducationalsystem.

Duringthiscentury,expandingstateandfederalgovernmentsfavoredlargeregionalschoolsasmoreefficientmeansofsupervisingeducationalcurriculaandensuringuniformity.Schoolstoday,therefore,reflectthehighlevelofbureaucraticorganizationfoundthroughoutAmericansociety.Suchrigidandimpersonalorganizationcannegativelyaffectadministrators,teachers,andstudents,andthisbureaucraticeducationalsystemfostersfiveseriousproblems.

First,bureaucraticuniformityignorestheculturalvariationwithincountlesslocalcommunities.Ittakesschoolsoutofthelocalcommunityandplacesthemunderthecontrolofoutside"specialists"whomayhavelittleunderstandingoftheeverydaylivesofstudents.

Second,bureaucraticschoolsdefinesuccessbynumericalratingsofperformance.Schoolofficialsfocusonattendancerates,dropoutrates,andachievementscores.Theyoverlookdimensionsofschoolingthataredifficulttoquantify,suchasthecreativityofstudentsandenergyandenthusiasmofteachers.Suchbureaucraticschoolsystemstendtodefineanadequateeducationintermsofthenumberofdaysperyearthatstudentsareinsideaschoolbuildingratherthantheschool'scontributiontostudents'personaldevelopment.

Third,bureaucraticschoolshaverigidexpectationsofallstudents.Forexample,fifteen-year-oldsareexpectedtobeinthetenthgrade,eleven-gradestudentsareexpectedtoscoreatacertainlevelonastandardizedverbalachievementtest.Thehighschooldiplomathusrewardsastudentforgoingthroughthepropersequenceofeducationalactivitiesintheproperamountoftime.Rarelyareexceptionallybrightandmotivatedstudentsallowedtograduateearly.Likewise,thesystemdemandsthatstudentswhohavelearnedlittleinschoolgraduatewiththeirclass.

Fourth,theschool'sbureaucraticdivisionoflaborrequiresspecializedpersonnel.High-schoolstudentslearnEnglishfromoneteacher,receiveguidancefromanother,andarecoachedinsportsbyothers.Noschoolofficialcomestoknowthe"full"studentasacomplexhumanbeing.Studentsexperiencethisdivisionoflaborasacontinualshufflingamongrigidlydividedfifty-minuteperiodthroughouttheschoolday.

Fifth,thehighlybureaucraticschoolsystemgivesstudentslittleresponsibilityfortheirownlearning.Similarly,teachershavelittlelatitudeinwhatandhowtheyteachtheirclasses;theydarenotacceleratelearningforfearofdisrupting"thesystem."Standardizedpoliciesdictatingwhatistobetaughtandhowlongtheteachingshouldbetakenrenderteachersaspassiveandun-imaginativeastheirstudents.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?

A.MostAmericanstudentstodayarelackinginreadinessforactiveparticipationinlearning.

B.TheprevalentpassivityofAmericanstudentshasmuchtodowiththeexistingeducationalsystem.

C.ThebureaucraticstructureofAmericanschoolshasnegativelyaffectedadministrators,teachers,andstudents.

D.Thesolutiontotheproblemofstudentpassivityliesinhumanizingschools.

45.

Theunderlinedword"parochialism"inthethirdparagraphcanbestbereplacedby______.

A.open-mindednessB.provincialismC.colonialismD.optimism

46.

Howcanweaccountfortheformationofaniceberg?

47.Whatwaspossiblyassumedabouthumansandthefruitflyinthepast?

A.Theywereequallycomplicatedintermsofgene.

B.Humansweremuchmoregeneticallycomplicatedthanthefruitfly,geneticallyspeaking.

C.Humansweretwiceascomplicatedasthefruitflyingene.

D.Thefruitflywaslessstablythanhuman