2021-2022年云南省丽江市大学英语6级大学英语六级

2021-2022年云南省丽江市大学英语6级大学英语六级学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.TheScienceofAnxiety

Allanimals,especiallythesmallkind,appeartofeelanxiety.Humanshavefeltitsincethedaystheysharedtheplanetwithsaber-toothedtigers.Butweliveinaparticularlyanxiousage.ArecentstudyfoundthateightmonthsaftertheSeptember11event,nearlytwo-thirdsofAmericansthinkabouttheterrorattacksatleastseveraltimesaweek.Anditdoesn'ttakemuchforalltheoldfearstocomerushingback.Whatwassurprisingabouttherecentdrumbeatofterrorwarningswashowquicklyittriggeredtheanxietysomanyofusthoughtwehadputbehindus.

Thisisoneofthemysteriesofanxiety.Whileitisanormalresponsetophysicaldangerandcanbeausefultoolforfocusingthemindwhenthere'sadeadlinelooming-anxietybecomesaproblemwhenitpersiststoolongbeyondtheimmediatethreat.Sometimesthere'sanobviouscause.Othertimes,wedon'tknowwhywecan'tstopworrying.

Anxietydisorder—whichiswhathealthexpertscallanyanxietythatpersiststothepointthatitinterfereswithone'slife—isthemostcommonmentalillnessintheUSwhichinitsvariousforms,afflicts19millionAmericans.

Inrecentyears,researchershavemadesignificantprogressinnailingdowntheunderlyingscienceofanxiety.Injustthepastdecade,theyhavecometoappreciatethatwhateverthefactorsthattriggeranxiety,itgrowsoutofaresponsethatisrootedinourbrains.Theyhavelearned,amongotherthings:

-Thereisageneticcomponenttoanxiety;somepeopleseemtobebornworriers.

-Brainscanscanrevealdifferencesinthewaypatientswhosufferfromanxietydisordersrespondtodangersignals.

-Duetoashortcutinourbrain'sinformation-processingsystem,wecanrespondtothreatsbeforewebecomeawareofthem.

-Therootofananxietydisordermaynotbethethreatthattriggersitbutabreakdowninthemechanismthatkeepstheanxietyresponsefromcareeringoutofcontrol.

Beforewedigintothelatestresearch,let'sdefineafewterms.Thoughweallhaveourownintuitivesenseofwhatthewordsstressandfearmean,scientistsusethesewordsinveryspecificways.Forthem,stressisanexternalstimulusthatsignalsdanger,oftenbycausingpain.Fearistheshort-termresponsesuchstressesproduceinmen,womenorlabrats.Anxietyhasalotofthesamesymptomsasfear,butit'safeelingthatlingerslongafterthestresshasliftedandthethreathaspassed.

Ingeneral,sciencehasahardtimepinningdownemotionsbecausetheyarebynaturesoslipperyandsubjective.Mostpeopleareascluelessaboutwhytheyhavecertainfeelings.Butfearistheoneaspectofanxietythat'seasytorecognize.Humansbreakoutinacoldsweat.Heartbeatsrace,andbloodpressurerises.Thatgivesscientistssomethingtheycancontrolandmeasure.

Indeed,alotofwhatresearchershavelearnedaboutthebiologyofanxietycomesfromscaringratsandthencuttingthemopen.Theresearchersdestroysmallportionsoftherats'brainstoseewhateffectthathasontheirreactions.Bypainstakinglymatchingthedamagedareaswithchangesinbehavior,scientistshave,bitbybit,createdaroadmapoffearasittravelsthroughtherat'sbrain.

Thejourneybeginswhenaratfeelsthestress,inthiscaseanelectricshock.Therat'ssensesimmediatelysendamessagetothecentralportionofitsbrain,wherethestimulusactivatestwoneuralpathways.Oneofthesepathwaysisarelativelylong,circuitousroute(迂回径路)throughthecortex(脑皮层),wherethebraindoesitsmostelaborateandaccurateprocessingofinformation.Theotherrouteisakindofemergencyshortcutthatquicklyreachesaclusterofcellscalledtheamygdale(扁桃体).

What'sspecialabouttheamygdalaisthatitcanquic

A.YB.NC.NG

2.Thestoryofappleorchardsuggeststhat______.

A.youshouldfindaorchardwithenoughapples

B.themoreyouchange,themorechancesyouwillget

C.youcanpickmoreapplesbecauseofyourluck

D.youshouldtryhardertofindapplesintheplacesyou'vevisitedbefore

3.

OnlylargecompaniesandbusinessesusetheInternettodobusiness.

A.YB.NC.NG

4.

Inordertobreakthebadhabitofprocrastination,weshouldadoptthesolutionsprovidedoneafteranotherinsteadof______atonce.

5.

Ifyouwanttoanswerthe12questionshonestly,youshouldknowwhatmakesyounotblindlyblameyourdepartmentfor______.

6.

______millioncarsareabandonedinNewYorkCityeveryyear.

7.

WhenIfirstlearnedLisp(表处理语言),whatIlikedmostaboutitwasthatitconsideredme______.

8.

It'sadvisedtoextendyourprofessionalintereststofieldsthatcomplementandleveragethework

9.

Theauthorcomparesourmemoryfirstto"filecabinets"(Paragraph5)andthentoan"ever-greentree"(thelastparagraph).Thisspecialcomparisonisknownas

10.

Winstondeclaresthatsharpeningyourtimemanagementskillsisveryimportantandcanmakeyou______.

11.

TheheadeconomistArnoldBakerbelievedthattheworldisgoingthroughthemostfundamentalchangesince______.

12.

ThereasonwhyMr.Kayehopedtogethisjobbackisthatheclonedhewasindeedill.

A.YB.NC.NG

13.

Accordingtothispassage,thereseemstobenodisagreementover______betweencouples.

14.

WhatcanwelearnaboutthenewcarfactoryinWestBengal?

A.Itwillprovidecarsfortherich.

B.Mr.Tataisbusywiththisproject.

C.Industrialneedisthesolereasonofchoosingthefactoryaddress.

D.Governmentandfarmersreachanagreement.

15.

TheconceptofEPRensuresthat______takemoreresponsibilitiesformanagingtheenvironmentalimpactsoftheirproductsthroughouttheirlife.

16.

Accordingtotheauthor,inoneyearofaveragereadingbyanaveragereaderfor15minutesaday,______bookswillberead.

17.FactsaboutDepression

Inanygivenone-yearperiod,9.5%ofthepopulation,orabout18.8millionAmericanadults,sufferfromadepressiveillness.Theeconomiccostforthisdisorderishigh,butthecostinhumansufferingcannotbeestimated.Depressiveillnessesofteninterferewithnormalfunctioningandcausepainandsufferingnotonlytothosewhohaveadisorder,butalsotothosewhocareaboutthem.Seriousdepressioncandestroyfamilylifeaswellasthelifeoftheillperson.Butmuchofthissufferingisunnecessary.

Mostpeoplewithadepressiveillnessdonotseektreatment,althoughthegreatmajority—eventhosewhosedepressionisextremelysevere—canbehelped.Thankstoyearsoffruitfulresearch,therearenowmedicationsandpsychosocialtherapiessuchascognitive/behavioral"talk"orinterpersonalthateasethepainofdepression.

What'saDepressiveDisorder?

Adepressivedisorderisanillnessthatinvolvesthebody,mood,andthoughts.Itaffectsthewayapersoneatsandsleeps,thewayonefeelsaboutoneself,andthewayonethinksaboutthings.Adepressivedisorderisnotthesameasapassingbluemood.Itisnotasignofpersonalweaknessoraconditionthatcanbewilledorwishedaway.Peoplewithadepressiveillnesscannotmerely"pullthemselvestogether"andgetbetter.Withouttreatment,symptomscanlastforweeks,months,oryears.Appropriatetreatment,however,canhelpmostpeoplewhosufferfromdepression.TypesofDepression

Depressivedisorderscomeindifferentforms,justasisthecasewithotherillnessessuchasheartdisease.Briefdescriptionsofthemostcommontypesofdepressivedisordersaregivenbelow.However,withinthesetypestherearevariationsinthenumberofsymptoms,theirseverity,andpersistence.

Majordepressionismanifestedbyacombinationofsymptoms(seesymptomlist)thatinterferewiththeabilitytowork,study,sleep,eat,andenjoyoncepleasurableactivities.Suchadisablingepisodeofdepressionmayoccuronlyoncebutmorecommonlyoccursseveraltimesinalifetime.

Alessseveretypeofdepression,dysthymia,involveslong-term,chronic(慢性的)symptomsthatdonotdisable,butkeeponefromfunctioningwellorfromfeelinggood.Manypeoplewithdysthymiaalsoexperiencemajordepressiveepisodesatsometimeintheirlives.

Anothertypeofdepressionisbipolardisorder.Notnearlyasprevalentasotherformsofdepressivedisorders,bipolardisorderischaracterizedbycyclingmoodchanges:severehighs(mania)andlows(depression).Sometimesthemoodswitchesaredramaticandrapid,butmostoftentheyaregradual.

Wheninthedepressedcycle,anindividualcanhaveanyorallofthesymptomsofadepressivedisorder.Wheninthemaniccycle,theindividualmaybeoveractive,over-talkative,andhaveagreatdealofenergy.Maniaoftenaffectsthinking,judgment,andsocialbehavior.inwaysthatcauseseriousproblemsandembarrassment.Forexample,theindividualinamanicphase(状态)mayfeelelated,fullofgrandschemesthatmightrangefromunwisebusinessdecisionstoromanticsprees(放纵).Mania,leftuntreated,mayworsentoapsychoticstate.

SymptomsofDepressionandMania

Noteveryonewhoisdepressedormanicexperienceseverysymptom.Somepeopleexperienceafewsymptoms,somemany.Severityofsymptomsvarieswithindividualsandalsovariesovertime.Depression

-Feelingsofhopelessness,pessimism

-Feelingsofguilt,worthlessness,helplessness

-Lossofinterestorpleasureinhobbiesandactivitiesthatwereonceenjoyed,includingsex

-Decreasedenergy,fatigue,being"sloweddown"

-Difficultyconcentrating,remembering,makingdecisions

-Insomnia,earlymorningawakening,oroversleepi

A.YB.NC.NG

18.

ThestoryofJasonshowsthatalthoughgossipsareusuallyincredible,peopletendtobelieveinthe______.

19.Automation

Thetermautomationwascoinedaround1946bytheautomobileindustrytodescribetheincreaseduseofautomaticdevicesandcontrolsinmechanizedproductionlines.Today,itiswidelyusedinamanufacturingcontextbutisalsoappliedoutsideofmanufacturinginconnectionwithavarietyofsystemsinwhichthereisasignificantsubstitutionofmechanical,electrical,orcomputerizedactionforhumaneffortandintelligence.AnoperationiscommonlydescribedasautomatedifitisSubstantiallymoreautomaticthanitspredecessor.

Initsmostgeneralusage,automationcanbedefinedasatechnologyconcernedwithcarryingoutaprocessbymeansofprogrammedcommandscombinedwiththeautomaticfeedbackofdatarelatingtotheexecutionofthosecommands.Theresultingsystemiscapableofoperatingwithouthumanintervention.Thedevelopmentofthistechnologyhasbecomeincreasinglydependentontheuseofcomputersandcomputer-relatedtechnologies.Asaconsequence,automatedsystemshavebecomesophisticatedandcomplex.Advancedsystemsofthissortnowrepresentalevelofcapabilityandperformancethatsurpassinmanywaystheabilitiesofhumanstoaccomplishthesameactivities.

Automationtechnologyhasmaturedtoapointwhereanumberofothertechnologieshavedevelopedfromitandhaveachievedarecognitionandstatusoftheirown.Roboticsisonesuchtechnology.Itisaspecializedbranchofautomationinwhichtheautomatedmachinepossessescertaincharacteristics.Themosttypicalhumanlikecharacteristicofamodernindustrialrobotisitspoweredmechanicalarm.Therobot'sarmcanbeprogrammedtodoasequenceofmotionstoperform.usefultasks,suchasloadingandunloadingpartsataproductionmachineormakingasequenceofspot-weldsonthebodyofanautomobile.Therobotwillrepeatthemotionpatternuntilitisreprogrammedtoperform.somealternativetask.Astheseexamplesofrobotapplicationssuggest,anindustrialrobotistypicallyusedtoreplaceahumanworkerinafactoryoperation.

Thefieldofroboticshasitsrootsinthedevelopmentofautomationtechnology.Numericalcontrol(NC)andtelechericsaretwoimportantareasoftechnologythatconstitutethefoundationsofroboticstechnology.

Overtheyears,thesocialmeritsofautomationhavebeenarguedbylabourleaders,governmentofficials,businessexecutives,andcollegeprofessors.Nodoubtthebiggestcontroversyhasfocusedontheemploymentissue:Whatistheeffectofautomationonemployment?Thereareotherimportantaspectsoftheautomationissueaswell,includingitseffectonproductivity,economiccompetition,education,andqualityoflife.

Theadvantagescommonlyattributedtoautomationincludeincreasedproductionrates,moreefficientuseofmaterials,betterproductquality,improvedsafety,shorterworkweeksforlabour,andreductionoffactoryleadtimes.

Automatedmachinesareusuallydesignedtooperateathigherproductionratesthanhumansarecapableofachieving.Thisincreasedproductivityhasbeenoneofthebiggestreasonsforjustifyingtheadoptionofautomatedsystems.Notwithstandingtheclaimsofhighqualityfromgoodworkmanshipbyhumans,automatedsystemsaregenerallycapableofcarryingoutthemanufacturingprocesswithlessvariabilitythathumansmake,thusyieldinggreatercontrolandconsistencyofproductquality.Inaddition,theincreasedprocesscontrolmakespossiblemoreefficientuseofmaterials,resultinginlesswaste.

Automatedmanufacturingsystemsoften,removeworkersfromtheworkplace,thussafeguardingthemagainsthazardsintheworkenvironment.IntheUnitedStates,theOccupationalSafetyandHealthActof1970(OSHA)wasenactedwiththeobjectiveofmakingworksaferandprotectingthephysicalwell-beingoftheworkerona

A.YB.NC.NG

20.

Nearlyallthefamiliescanmanagetomeetthesoaringtuitioncoststhroughvariousinvestmentplans.

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.

【B2】

22.(45)

23.(21)

A.Becauseitservesonlyafewspecialties.

B.Becauseit'stoocrowded.

C.Becauseit'stoocostly.

D.Becausetheserviceistooslow.

24.听力原文：W:Johncertainlyhasbeeninabadmoodtoday.

M:I'llsayhehas.

Q:Whatdoesthemanmean?

(19)

A.Johnisalwayssad.

B.Hethinksthewomanisright.

C.HewilltalktoJohn.

D.Johnisactuallyhappy.

25.

【B8】

26.听力原文：M:Thisisridiculous.I'vebeenwaitingformymealformorethanhalfanhour,butstillIhavenothingtoeat.Iamstarvingtodeath!Canyouexpeditemyorderfirst?

W:Iknow.Butyousee,therestaurantisfullandweareshorthandedtoday.Wearequiteexhausted.Sorryforthat.

Q:Howdoesthemanfeel?

(13)

A.Heiscurious.

B.Heisimpatient.

C.Heisexhausted.

D.Heissatisfied.

27.

【B3】

28.(28)

A.In1873.B.In1875.C.In1893.D.Between1900and1934.

29.(39)

30.(18)

A.Hedidn'tbuyanythingwhileTommyboughtalot.

B.Hegotsomemedicineforhishurtingfoot.

C.Hetwistedhisfootandcouldn'tgoshopping.

D.Heboughteverythingexceptthestorybook.

31.听力原文：M:IamsorryIforgottoreturnyourhistorybooklastnight.

W:Itdoesn'tmatterbecausethetestisn'tuntilthecomingMonday.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanimply?

(19)

A.Themanhasn'tcausedaproblem.

B.Themanshouldhavereturnedthebookearlier.

C.Shewillprobablywon'tdowellonthecomingMonday'stest.

D.Themanshouldhavebeenmorethoughtful.

32.听力原文：M:Theymaybeproudoftheirnewfacility,butfranklyI'mdisappointed.Thenursesarefriendly,buteverythingseemstoberunningbehindschedule.

W:Nottomentionthefactthatit'snoisybecausenooneobservesvisitinghours.

Q:Whataretheydiscussing?

(15)

A.Anewrestaurant.

B.Anewhospital.

C.Anewhotel.

D.Anewairport.

33.(35)

A.Theylosttheirway.

B.Theyforgotwhattheyweredoing.

C.Theyweresleepy.

D.Theyhadmentalmistakes.

34.(26)

A.Sheisauniversitystaff.

B.Shesometimesdrivestotheuniversity.

C.Sheisveryfondofplayingcomputergames.

D.Sheisworkingparttimeinthelibrary.

35.(36)

A.Artislosingitsaudienceinmodernsociety.

B.Artshouldbeencouragedinhospitals.

C.Worksofartshouldhaveplacesforexhibition.

D.Doctorsandpatientsshouldlearnpainting.

36.听力原文：W:IhadprepareddinnerforsixpeoplebeforeMarycalledandsaidthatshecouldn'tmakeit.

M:That'sallfight.IwasjustgoingtotellyouIhaveinvitedJohn.

Q:Howmanypeoplearecomingtothedinner?

(14)

A.Six.B.Eight.C.Seven.D.Nine.

37.(25)

A.Uselesssauceonthefood.

B.Servesomelessexpensivefood.

C.Makesomeofthemealslessfattening.

D.Stopservinghamburgersandfriedchicken.

38.

【B5】

39.(31)

A.Becausetheyconsumeenormousquantityoffoodandwater.

B.Becausetheyhavebeencaughtformanyhundredsofyears.

C.Becauseithasbeennotedthattheyhavegoodmemories.

D.BecausetheyaredifferentfromAfricanelephants.

40.

【B9】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Whatdoesthelastparagraphindicate?

A.ThefindingswillhaveinfluencebeyondtheNorwichcampus.

B.Thepublicshouldhaveaccesstodata.

C.TheUKpublichaveinvestedmuchmoneyinscientificstudy.

D.Governmentshouldtakeresponsibilityinclimatestudies.

42.

"printmedia"inthepassage(Para.5)probablyrefersto"______".

A.radioandtelevision

B.newspaperandradio

C.magazineandtelevision

D.newspaperandmagazine

43.

Whyshouldn'tsecuritymeasuresdependentirelyonmachines?

44.

WhatwasthebigtroublethatthenewlyopenedTennesseeBunCompanymet?

45.

What'ssystematicphonicsfirstandnecessarystep?

46.

【C5】

47.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Sleepisafunnything.We'retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanight,butalotofusgetbyjustfineonless,andsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozing(睡)soundly.

Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residents(住院医生)arefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeaneurosurgeon,itwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookkinstride,confidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn'thavebeensosumofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessness,aperson'smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiously,surgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon'tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughdeep.

"Icouldtellyouhorrorstories,"saysJayaAgrawal,presidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociation,whichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying."Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours,"onewrites."Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound."

"PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork,"writesanother."Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcats.Anotherhita'Jerseybarrier'ontheNewJerseyTurnpike,going65m.p.h.""Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy,"writesathird,bemusetheyare"theonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep."

Agrawal'sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001,introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.Itskeyprovisions,modeledonNewYorkState'sregulations,includean80-hourworkweekanda24-hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctors,however,resistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkley,aseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichigan,agreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves"doctorsshouldbehoundbytheirconscience,notbythegovernment."

TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctors,patientsareontheirown.Ifyou'reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouoralovedone,youshouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehadandifmore-restedstaffersareavailable.Doctors,fortheirpart,havetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibility(不出错)andgettheresttheyneed.

WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph1?

A.Peoplewhosleeplessthan8hoursadayaremorepronetoillness.

B.Poorsleepqualitymaybeasignofphysicaldisorder.

C.Strokeisoftenassociatedwithsleep.

D.Toomuchsleepcanbeasharmfulaslackofdeep.

48.

Accordingtothepassage,whatcontributedtothedevelopmentofrealestate?

49.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

TheChineseof3500yearsagobelievedthattheearthwasachariot,andthesky,acurvedcanopystretchedaboveit.Thecanopywasninelayersthick,anditslopedslightlytothenorthwest,asacataclysmhadbrokenoneofitssupportingcolumns.Thisgentleslopeexplainedthemovementofthestarsfromeasttowest.

AccordingtotheseancientChinesebeliefs,thesunspentthenightonearthandascendedtotheskyeachmorningfromtheluminousvalleyoftheeastbyclimbingthebranchesofanimmenselytallsacredtree.TotheChinesepeople,thesunwastheincarnationofgoodness,beauty,andtruth.Inpopularimagination,thesunwasrepresentedasacockthatlittlebylittleassumedhumanform.Hisbattleswiththedragons,whichwaspersonifiedevilintheirbeliefs,accountedforthemomentarydisappearancesofthesunthatmennowcalleclipses.ManyoftheChinesepeopleworshipedthesun,butinthevastandcomplicatedorganizationoftheChinesegods,thesunwasofonlysecondaryimportance.

Alongwiththeseunsophisticatedbeliefsaboutthesun,theChineseevolvedascienceofastronomybaseduponobservation,thoughessentiallyreligious-whichenabledthemtopredicteclipsesofthesunandthemovementsofthestars.Suchpredictionswerebasedoncalculationsmadebyusingagnomon—anobjectwhoseshadowcouldbeusedasameasure,aswithasundial(日晷仪)orsimplershadowpointers.Moreover,withthenakedeye,theChineseobservedsunspots,aphenomenonnotthenknowntotheircontemporaries.

TheancientChinesebelievedthattheearth______.

A.wasachariot

B.slopedtothenorthwest

C.wassupportedbycolumns

D.hadninelayers

50.Afewyearsago,AnnandWalterTaylorthoughtitmightbetimetomoveoutoftheirNewYorkCityapartmenttothesuburbs.Theyhadoneyoungsonandanotherchildontheway.Butaftermonthsoflooking,theybecamediscouragedanddecidedtobuyanoldtownhouserightinthemiddleofBrooklyn,whichisapartofNewYorkCity.Totheirdelight,theydiscoveredthattheyweren'ttheonlyyoungcoupletohavemadesuchadecision.Infact,theentireareainBrooklynhadbeensettledbyyoungfamilies.Andasaresult,theneighborhood,whichhadbeendecliningforyears,wasnowbeingrestored.

Brooklynisn'ttheonlycityintheUnitedStatestoexperiencethiskindofrenewal.SoarePhiladelphiaandSt.Louis.AndCharleston,SouthCarolina,hassosuccessfullyrebuiltitsoldcentralareathatitnowranksasoneofAmerica'smostcharmingcities.TherestorationoftheoldportcityofSavannah,Georgia,isalsolivingproofthatdowntownareasdonotneedtodie.Butencouragingasthesedevelopmentsmaybe,theyareamongthefewbrightspotsinamassofdifficultiesthattoday'scitiesface.Indeed,theirwoesaresomanythatitisfairtoaskwhetherornottheinnercity,thecoreofmosturbanareaswillmanagetosurviveatall.

Inthe1940a,urbanAmericansbeganamassmovetothesuburbsinsearchoffreshair,elbowroom,andprivacy.Suburbsbegantosprawloutacrossthecountryside.Sincemostofthosemakingthemoveweremiddle-class,theytookwiththemthetaxmoneythecitiesneededtomaintaintheneighborhoodsinwhichtheyhadlived.Thepeopleleftinthecitieswereoftenthosewhoweretoooldortoopoortomove.Thus,manycitiesbegantofallintodisrepair.Crimebegantosoar,andpublictransportationwasneglected.(InthepastsixtyyearsSanFranciscoistheonlycityintheUnitedStatestohavecompletedanewmasstransitsystem.)Meanwhile,housingconstructioncostscontinuedtorisehigherandhigher.Middle-classhousingwasallowedtodecay,andlittlenewhousingwasconstructed.

Eventually,manydowntownareasexistedforbusinessonly.Duringthedaytheywouldbefilledwithpeopleworkinginoffices,andatnighttheywouldbedeserted.Giventhesecircumstances,somebusinessexecutivesbeganasking,"Whybotherwithgoingdowntownatall?Whynotmovetheofficestothesuburbssothatwecanliveandworkinthesamearea?"Gradually,someofthelargercompaniesbeganmovingoutofthecites,withtheresultthaturbancentersdeclinedevenfurtherandthesuburbsexpandedstillmore.ThismovementofbusinessestothesuburbsisnotconfinedtotheUnitedStates.BusinesseshavealsobeenmovingtothesuburbsinStockholm,Sweden,inBonn,Germany,andinBrussels,Belgium,aswell.

Butitmaywellbethatthismovementtothesuburbshasreacheditspeak.Somepeoplemaybetiredofspendinglonghourscommuting,andtheymayhavebeguntomisstheadvantagesofcultureandcompanionshipprovidedbycitylife.PerhapsthedecisionmadebytheTaylorsisasignthatpeoplewillreturntothecitiesandbegintorestorethem.hbeginstolookasifsuburbansprawlmaynothavebeentheanswertoman'sneedtocreateanidealenvironmentinwhichtoliveandwork.

Theauthorofthepassagesuggeststhat______.

A.movingtosuburbsisnottheanswertoanidealenvironment

B.citiesarelikelytobereplacedbythesuburbs

C.downtownareasaretoocrowdedtolive

D.Americanpeoplemoveslotinhistory

51.

Thenavigationcomputerfunctions______.

A.bymeansofadirectionfinderandaspeeddetector.

B.basicallyonsatellitesignalsandmapdatabase.

C.mainlythroughthereceptionofturn-by-turndirections.

D.byusingascreentodisplaysatellitesignals.

52.Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowareluctantconsensusthat,whoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowon,highunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhav