2021高考英语阅读专项精练-含详解+译文

高考英语-阅读专项精练-含详解+译文①NASAKellytwinsstudyshowsharsheffectsofspaceflightandabrutalreturntoEarth②AstronautScottKellymadehimselfaguineapig（天竺鼠）forallthepeoplewhodreamofhumanjourneystoMarsandotherdestinationsinspace.In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.③Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.Hisimmunesystemwentonhighalert,bothwhenhewenttospaceanduponreturningtoEarth.Hisbodyactedasifitwereunderattack.④Oneofthemostdramaticfindingsconcernedepigenetics—howgenesareturnedonorofftoproduceproteins.GeneexpressionchangedinbothKellysduringthestudybutinsignificantlydifferentways.Thestudyfoundthatmorethan90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangesrevertedtonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.⑤Histelomeres(（染色体）端粒lengthenedinspace.Butthat'snofountainofyouth,thestudyfound,becausethetelomeresshorteneddramaticallywhenhereturnedtoEarth.⑥Monthslater,hestillshowedaslightlyincreasingnumberofcellswithshortenedtelomeres(染色体端粒),possiblyaneffectofradiationexposure."Hemightbeatsomeincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer,"saidSusanBailey,abiologistatColoradoStateUniversitywholedoneoftheinvestigationsinthestudy.1.Whatareepigenetics?2.Whathappenstoanastronaut'sbodyafteraspaceflight?3.Whatwasthemoststrikingaspectofthestudy?4.Whatdoestheword"revert"meaninparagraph4?Usemoreexamplestoexplainit5.WhatcanyoulearnfromSusanBailey'swords?A.90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangescanreturntonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.B.ScottKellywillappearyoungerbecausehistelomeres(（染色体）端粒lengthenedinspace.C.Workinginspacewillhavenoeffectonone'simmunesystem.D.Kelly'smightbemorelikelytodevelopcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer.①NASAKellytwinsstudyshowsharsheffectsofspaceflightandabrutalreturntoEarth【结构剖析】第一段点出文章的主旨：美国航空航天局对凯利双胞胎的研究内容和结果：太空飞行和直接返回地球（会对人体）产生严重影响【阅读词汇】★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。1.harsh/hɑːrʃ/adj.刺激的；严重的；令人不快的英文释义：severe,cruelorunkindHistoryisaharshjudge:itwillnotforgiveusifweletthismomentpass.历史会做出严酷的评判：如果我们错过这一时机，它是不会原谅我们的。Oneharshwordwouldsendherintothedepthsofdespair.一句严厉的话就会使她陷入极度的绝望之中。Youhavetofacetheharshrealitybravely.你必须勇敢地面对严峻的现实。2.brutal/ˈbruːtl/adj.残忍的；直截了当的Shespoketomewithbrutalhonesty,"Idon'twanttoseeyouagain!"她对我直言不讳地说："我不想再见到你了！"abrutalattack/murder/killing野蛮的攻击/谋杀/杀害Withbrutalhonestyshetoldhimshedidnotlovehim.她冷酷地直接告诉他，她不爱他。【派生词】brutalitynoun[U,C]【不规则形式】pl.-iespolicebrutality警察的粗暴thebrutalitiesofwar战争的残酷【派生词】brutallyadv.Hewasbrutallyassaulted.他遭到毒打。Letmebebrutallyfrankaboutthis.让我把这件事无情地挑明说吧。②AstronautScottKellymadehimselfaguineapig（天竺鼠）forallthepeoplewhodreamofhumanjourneystoMarsandotherdestinationsinspace.In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.【结构解析】本段是对实验过程的细节补充。指出实验的具体内容和原因：对比分别工作在近地轨道上的国际空间站和留在了地球表面的双胞胎。该研究旨在了解太空飞行对人体的影响。【阅读词汇】★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。1.★guineapig豚鼠；实验对象，供做实验的人英文释义：apersonusedinexperimentsThey'reaskingforstudentstobeguineapigsforthenewteachingmethods.他们要求学生成为新教学方法的实验对象。2.orbit/ˈɔːrbɪt/n.（天体围绕行星或恒星运行的）轨道theearth'sorbitaroundthesun地球绕太阳运行的轨道3.identical/aɪˈdentɪkl/adj.完全相同的；极为相似的英文释义：exactlyWehadnomaps,noGPSandnoknowledgeofthedozensofidentical-lookingislandsaroundus,butIhadtogosomewhere.我们没有地图，没有GPS，也不了解我们周围那一群看起来一样的岛屿，但是我必须去某个地方。Everybodybutcooperatesfortheidenticalgoaltostruggletogethermutually,thisisnothappy?大家为了同一个目标而互相协作一起奋斗，这不是幸福吗？4.ridearocketintospace乘火箭进入太空In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.【解析】while用在句中，在…期间；当…的时候duringthetimethatsthishappening；designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody为过去分词短语后置定语，修饰twinsstudy.【翻译】2015年，凯利乘坐火箭前往太空，并在近地轨道上的国际空间站待了近一年。与此同时，为了进行美国航空航天局著名的"双胞胎研究"，他的孪生兄弟，马克·凯利，留在了地球表面。该研究旨在了解太空飞行对人体的影响。③Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.Hisimmunesystemwentonhighalert,bothwhenhewenttospaceanduponreturningtoEarth.Hisbodyactedasifitwereunderattack.【阅读词汇】★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。1.chromosomal染色体的2.geneexpression基因表达3.immunesystem免疫系统4.asif好像…一样,仿佛Shetalkedasifsheknewallaboutourplans.她说得就好像完全知道我们的计划似的。Itseemsasifheknewnothingabouther.看样子他好象一点也不了解她。5.underattack遭到攻击Ifyousmokethenthewholerespiratorysystemisconstantlyunderattack.如果抽烟，整个呼吸系统就会一直受到损害。Thetownhasbeenunderattackbyrebelgroupsforaweeknow.一周来，该镇一直受到叛军的袭击。Thepolicecameunderattackfromangrycrowds警察遭到愤怒的人群的袭击。Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.【解析】为过去分词短语后置定语，publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,修饰特thefullresults.句子的主干为thefullresultsshowedthat………..为主谓宾结构。【翻译】周四发布在《科学》期刊上的完整结果显示，斯科特·凯利在（近地）轨道长期逗留期间，经历了许多生理上的和染色体上的变化，其中包括基因表达上的变化。④Oneofthemostdramaticfindingsconcernedepigenetics—howgenesareturnedonorofftoproduceproteins.GeneexpressionchangedinbothKellysduringthestudybutinsignificantlydifferentways.Thestudyfoundthatmorethan90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangesrevertedtonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.【结构解析】本段是对太空实验结果的细节描述。【阅读词汇】★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。1.dramatic突然的;巨大的;给人印象深刻的;戏剧的;Wehaveworkoutsomeofthemostdramaticandeffectivesaledisplaymaterial.我们已经设计出了一些最有效和最引人注目的推销展览材料。Sherentedthecountryvillahaveadramaticspiralstairs,aseriesofstrangeeventsinthishappenon.她租住的乡间别墅有座引人注目的螺旋楼梯，一连串诡异事件接连在此发生。Whatmakesthisshotworkisthedramaticburstofbluespurtingintothecrowd.促成这次拍摄工作的，是那蓝色喷射进入人群时激动人心的爆发。Hehadexpressedhissenseofurgencyabouttheneedfordramaticnewrecommendations.他表达了有必要提出激动人心的全新建议的迫切心情。2.findings调查发现;调研结果;判决;裁决;finding的复数·epigenetics实验胚胎学3.genes基因;gene的复数4.proteins蛋白质;protein的复数5.significantly有重大意义地;显著地;明显地;有某种意义;Buttheyperformedsignificantlybetterinallothertests.但他们在所有其他测试中明显表现的更好。Wesignificantlyinfluenceorcontroltheselection,organization,preservation,anddisseminationofinformation.我们相当影响或者控制选择，组织，保存和信息的传播。Inaddition,wecanapplycertainprogramminganddesigntechniquestosignificantlyminimizetheoccurrenceofthesepatterns.另外，我们可以应用某些编程和设计技巧来显著减少这些类型错误的出现。Ofcourse,therearenoperfectgarbagecollectors,butgarbagecollectorshaveimprovedsignificantlyoverthepasttenyears.当然，没有十全十美的垃圾收集器，但是垃圾收集器在过去十年中已经有了很大改进。Hesmiledsignificantlyathisstudents.他意味深长地对他的学生笑了。morethan比…更;比…更重要;超出需要;超乎寻常6.revert恢复，回复;回到7.concernvt影响；涉及affect/involve[VN][oftenpassive]Don'tinterfereinwhatdoesn'tconcernyou.不要管与自己无关的事。Thelosswasatragedyforallconcerned(=allthoseaffectedbyit).这损失对有关各方来说都是极大的不幸。Whereourchildren'seducationisconcerned,nocompromiseisacceptable.在事关我们的孩子的教育问题上，那是毫无妥协余地的。Everyonewhowasdirectlyconcernedin(=hadsomeresponsibilityfor)theincidenthasnowresigned.所有与该事件有直接牵连的人现在均已辞职。⑤Histelomeres(（染色体）端粒lengthenedinspace.Butthat'snofountainofyouth,thestudyfound,becausethetelomeresshorteneddramaticallywhenhereturnedtoEarth.他的（染色体）端粒在太空中变长了。但是研究发现，这并没有使他重获年轻，因为当他返回地球时，端粒又急剧缩短了。【结构解析】本段是对太空实验结果的细节描述。【阅读词汇】★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。1.lengthened变长;lengthen的过去分词和过去式Theeveningshadowswerelengthening.残阳下的影子越拉越长。V-ERG（使）（时间）延长；（使…）持续更长时间Vacationshavelengthenedandtheworkweekhasshortened...假期延长，工作周就缩短了。2.inspace宇宙中；空中3.study学习;研究;功课；书房4.shortened变短，缩短;shorten的过去分词和过去式5.dramatically戏剧地;显著地AfifthyearofdroughtisexpectedtohavedramaticeffectsontheCaliforniaeconomy...第五年遭受旱灾预计会对加利福尼亚的经济产生巨大的影响。ADJ-GRADED激动人心的;引人注目的;令人印象深刻的Hewitnessedmanydramaticescapesaspeoplejumpedfromashighasthefourthfloor...他目睹了许多人从五层高的楼上跳下来逃生的惊险场面。6.Earth地球;陆地;土;泥;泥土⑥Monthslater,hestillshowedaslightlyincreasingnumberofcellswithshortenedtelomeres(染色体端粒),possiblyaneffectofradiationexposure."Hemightbeatsomeincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer,"saidSusanBailey,abiologistatColoradoStateUniversitywholedoneoftheinvestigationsinthestudy.【结构解析】本段是对太空实验结果的细节描述以及生物学家对其潜在危害的看法。【阅读词汇】★星号标记为超纲词汇，学生可以凭兴趣记忆。1.shortened变短，缩短;shorten的过去分词和过去式2.typesof类型;的型态;3.biologist生物学家4.investigations调查，侦查;科学研究;学术研究;investigation的复数5.atsomeincreasedriskfor在某种程度风险上增加了完成下面的语法填空题目。话题：基因编辑技术ForthepastfourbillionyearsorsotheonlywayforlifeonEarthtoproduceasequenceofDNA—agene—wasby_______(copy)asequenceitalreadyhadtohand.Sometimesthegenewould__________(damage)thecopyingimperfectorundertakenrepeatedly.Thatisnolongertrue.Nowgenescanbewrittenfromscratch从零开始andedited______________(repeat),liketextinawordprocessor.Immunecellscanbetoldtofollowdoctors'orders;stemcellscanbeturnintonewtissues;fertilizedeggsprogrammedtogrowinto___________(creature)quiteunliketheirparents.Thescaleofthepotentialchangesseemshard________(imagine).Tominimizetherisk,itpaystolearnthelessonsofthepast.The_________(early)biologicaltransformation—domestication驯化—produced_______wasthebiggestchangeinhowhumanslivedtheirlives.Thisallowednewdensitiesofsettlementandnewformsofsocialorganization:themarket,______city,thestate.Synthetic合成biologywillhaveasimilareffect,_________(transform)humans'relationshipswitheachotherand,potentially,theirownbiologicalnature.Theabilitytoreprogramtheembryois,rightly,thesiteofmostoftoday'sethicalconcerns.Howhumansmaychoosetochangethemselvesbiologicallyishardtosay;thatsomechoiceswillbecontroversialisnot.Itwillchallengethehumancapacityforwisdomandforesight.Itmightdefeatit.Butcarefullynurtured,itmightalsohelpexpand________.1._______2.________3.______4.__________5._________6.___________7.________8.__________9.________10.___________【词汇辅助】syntheticbiology合成生物学synthetic搭配短语：syntheticmaterials（合成材料）asequenceof一连串，一系列aseriesofaccidents一连串的事故，但事故发生的顺序就不那么重要了。Youuseherasashouldertocryon.Shetextsyoubackwithcasualjokes.Butshe,Xiaoice,isonlyavirtualchatbot（虚拟聊天机器人）.Xiaoice,Microsoft'slatestartificialintelligencerobot,wasbrieflyreleasedin2014,andreturnedtoWeChatin2015,whereshebecameabighit.MillionsofyoungChinesenowexchangemessageswithherdaily,TheNewYorkTimesreported.OnWeChat,Xiaoiceisanofficialaccount.Afterfollowingit,userscanstarttext-basedconversationswithXiaoice."HerincrediblelearningabilitywaswhypeoplelovedtotalkwithXiaoice,"LiuJinchang,aresearcheratHigh-techResearchandDevelopmentCenterundertheMinistryofScienceandTechnology,toldChinaDaily.Apartfromherabilitytoidentifyphotosandsendemojis（表情符号）inconversations,Xiaoicegains45percentofherknowledgefrominteractingwithusers,ChinaDailyreported.Chatbotprogramsfirstappearedinthemid-1960sintheUS.Drivenbytoptechcompanies,theyarebecomingsmarterandmorecommon.Forinstance,IBM'slatestartificialintelligenceprogramservedasanacademicconsultantatAustralia'sDeakinUniversity,answeringstudents'questionsaboutcourseschedulesandfinancialaid.Apple'sSiriandAmazon'sAlexahavebeenusedasvoiceassistantswhocanreadnews,playmusicandevenmakejokesfortheirusers.Theseprogramsareexpectedtomovebeyondsmartphones,intotelevisions,carsandlivingrooms,TheNewYorkTimespointedout.However,itmaytakedecadesbeforescientistsdevelopa"Samantha",theadvancedchatbotseeninthefictionfilmHer.Inthefilm,SamanthahasaromanticrelationshipwithheruserplayedbyUSactorJoaquinPhoenix.Manyviewerswereenthusiasticaboutthisfantasyofvirtualsoulmates.1．WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph2mean?A.Shebecameabestseller.B.Shebecameverypowerful.C.Shebecameamoneymaker.D.Shebecameverypopular.2．WhichofthefollowingcanXiaoicedo?A.Dohousework.B.Spreadmessages.C.Identifyvariousphotos.D.Readnewstoitsusers.3．Whichcompany'schatbotprogramcanactasanacademicconsultant?A.Microsoft.B.IBM.C.Apple.D.Amazon.4．Whatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?A.Chatbotswillbeappliedtocarssoon.B.Chatbotsmainlyrunonsmartphonesnow.C.SamanthaisplayedbyaUSactorinthefilm.D.ThefilmHerdoesn'tinterestmanyaudience.NASAKellytwinsstudyshowsharsheffectsofspaceflightandabrutalreturntoEarth美国航空航天局凯利双胞胎研究显示，太空飞行和直接返回地球（会对人体）产生严重影响AstronautScottKellymadehimselfaguineapig（天竺鼠）forallthepeoplewhodreamofhumanjourneystoMarsandotherdestinationsinspace.In2015,KellyrodearocketintospaceandspentnearlyayearontheInternationalSpaceStationinlowEarthorbit,whilehisidenticaltwinbrother,MarkKelly,stayedonEarth'ssurfaceforNASA'scelebrated"twinsstudy,"designedtoseewhatspaceflightdoestothehumanbody.为了所有那些梦想前往火星或者太空中的其它目的地的人，宇航员斯科特·凯利把自己变成了试验品。2015年，凯利乘坐火箭前往太空，并在近地轨道上的国际空间站待了近一年。与此同时，为了进行美国航空航天局著名的"双胞胎研究"，他的孪生兄弟，马克·凯利，留在了地球表面。该研究旨在了解太空飞行对人体的影响。Thefullresults,publishedThursdayinthejournalScience,showedthatScottKellyexperiencednumerousphysiologicalandchromosomalchangesduringhislongstayinorbit,includingchangesingeneexpression.Hisimmunesystemwentonhighalert,bothwhenhewenttospaceanduponreturningtoEarth.Hisbodyactedasifitwereunderattack.周四发布在《科学》期刊上的完整结果显示，斯科特·凯利在（近地）轨道长期逗留期间，经历了许多生理上的和染色体上的变化，其中包括基因表达上的变化。在他去往太空和回到地球后，他的免疫系统都处于高度戒备状态。他的身体好像是在遭受到攻击一样。Oneofthemostdramaticfindingsconcernedepigenetics—howgenesareturnedonorofftoproduceproteins.GeneexpressionchangedinbothKellysduringthestudybutinsignificantlydifferentways.Thestudyfoundthatmorethan90percentofScottKelly'sgeneexpressionchangesrevertedtonormalwhenhereturnedtothesurface.最引人注目的结果之一和表观遗传学有关，表观遗传学展示了基因是如何被表达或被阻遏以产生蛋白质的。在研究期间，凯利两兄弟体内的基因表达都发生了变化，但是方式大相径庭。研究显示，当斯科特回到地面时，他体内超过90%的基因表达变化恢复到了正常状态。Histelomeres(（染色体）端粒lengthenedinspace.Butthat'snofountainofyouth,thestudyfound,becausethetelomeresshorteneddramaticallywhenhereturnedtoEarth.他的（染色体）端粒在太空中变长了。但是研究发现，这并没有使他重获年轻，因为当他返回地球时，端粒又急剧缩短了。Monthslater,hestillshowedaslightlyincreasingnumberofcellswithshortenedtelomeres(染色体端粒),possiblyaneffectofradiationexposure."Hemightbeatsomeincreasedriskforcardiovasculardiseaseorsometypesofcancer,"saidSusanBailey,abiologistatColoradoStateUniversitywholedoneoftheinvestigationsinthestudy.几个月后，斯科特·凯利体内的端粒变短的细胞数量依旧稍有增加，这可能是因为（他）暴露在了辐射下。科罗拉多州立大学的生物学家苏珊·贝利领导了该研究中一个项目，她表示："他患有心血管疾病或某些癌症的风险可能会有所增加。"ForthepastfourbillionyearsorsotheonlywayforlifeonEarthtopro