2019考研英语五夜十篇讲义何

英语一 第一篇：.....................................................................................第二篇：.....................................................................................第三篇：科学研 第四篇：科学研 第五篇：法 第六篇：法 第七篇：文 第八篇：教 第九篇：英国政 第十篇：数据...................................................................................英语二 第一篇：办公语 第二篇：独立董 第三篇：报 第四篇：使 第五篇：人机竞 附 第一篇：科学...................................................................................19第二篇：类 第三篇：英国福 第四篇：英国乡 第五篇：GDP之 第一篇Twoyearsago,RupertMurdoch’sdaughter,Elisabeth,spokeofthe“unsettlingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions".Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethatthemechanisminsocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But"it'sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,she:“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose，ofamorallanguagewithinernment,mediaorbusinesscould oneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismanddom.”Thissameabsenceofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompanies,suchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadephoneAsthehackingtrialconcludes-findingguiltyoneex-editoroftheNewsoftheWorld,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindingthepredecessor,RebekahBrooks,innocentofthesamecharge-thewiderissueofdearthofintegritystillstands.Journalistsareknowntohavehackedthephonesofupto5,500people.Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepoint forphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookce.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefensewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday’sworld,ithas enormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotbeaccountableforwhathappensintheorganizationsthattheyrun.Perhapsweshouldnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions-norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupset［A］theconsequencesofthecurrentsorting［B］companies’financiallossduetoimmoral ernmentalineffectivenessonmoral［D］thewidemisuseofintegrityamongItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3［A］GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasa［B］morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphone［C］AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthe［D］phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainTheauthorbelievesthatRebekah［A］revealeda ［B］centeredontrivial［C］washardly［D］waspartofaTheauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrine［A］generallydistorted［B］unfairwealth［C］amarginalized［D］arigidmoralWhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelast［A］Thequalityofwritingsisofprimary［B］Commonhumanityiscentraltonews［C］Moralawarenessmattersineditinga［D］Journalistsneedstricterindustrial第二篇AnewsurveybyHarvardUniversityfindsmorethantwo-thirdsofyoungAmericansdisapproveofTrump’suseof.TheimplicationisthatMillennialsprefernewsfromtheWhiteHousetobefilteredthroughothersources,nota’ssocialmediatform.MostAmericansrelyonsocialmediatocheckdailyheadlines.Yetasdistrusthasrisentowardallmedia,peoplemaybestartingtobeefuptheirmedialicyskills.Suchatrendisbadlyneeded.Duringthe2016ialn,nearlyaquarterofwebcontentsharedby usersinthepoliticallycriticalstateofMichiganwasfakenews,accordingtotheUniversityofOxford.AndasurveyconductedbyBuzzFeedNewsfound44percentofusersrarelyornevertrustnewsfromthemediaYoungpeoplewhoaredigitalnativesareindeed ingmoreskillfulatseparatingfactfromfictionincyberspace.AKnightFoundationfocus-groupsurveyofyoungpeoplebetweenages14and24foundtheyuse“distributedtrust”toverifystories.Theycross-checksourcesandprefernewsfromdifferents—especiallythosethatareopenaboutanybias.“Manyyoungpeopleassumeagreatdealof responsibilityforeducatingthemselvesandactivelyseekingoutopposingviewpoints,”thesurveyconcluded.Suchactiveresearchcanhaveanothereffect.A2014surveyconductedinAustralia,Britain,andtheUnitedStatesbytheUniversityofWisconsin-Madisonfoundthatyoungpeople’srelianceonsocialmedialedtogreaterpoliticalengagement.Socialmediaallowsuserstoexperiencenewseventsmoreintimayandimmediaywhilealsopermittingthemtore-sharenewsasaprojectionoftheirvaluesandinterests.Thissuserstobemoreconsciousoftheirroleinpassingalonginformation.AsurveybyBarnaresearchgroupfoundthetopreasongivenbyAmericansforthefakenewsphenomenonis“readererror,”moresothanmade-upstoriesorfactualmistakesinreporting.Aboutathirdsaytheproblemoffakenewsliesin“misinterpretationorexaggerationofactualnews”viasocialmedia.Inotherwords,thechoicetosharenewsonsocialmediamaybetheheartoftheissue.“Thisindicatesthereisareal alresponsibilityincounctingthisproblem,”saysRoxanneStone,editorinchiefatBarnaGroup.Sowhenyoungpeoplearecriticalofanover-tweeting,theyrevealamentaldisciplineinthinkingskills—andintheirchoicesonwhentoshareonsocialAccordingtotheParagraphs1and2,manyyoungAmericanscastdoubt.thejustificationofthenews-filteringpractice[B]people’spreferenceforsocialmediatforms[C]theadministrations’abilitytohandleinformation[D]socialmediawasareliablesourceofnewsThephrase“beerup”(Line2,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto AccordingtotheKnightFoundationsurvey,youngpeople [A]tendtovoicetheiropinionsincyberspace[B]verifynewsbyreferringtodiverseresources[C]haveastrongsenseofsocialresponsibility[D]liketoexchangeviewson“distributedtrust”TheBarnasurveyfoundthatamaincauseforthefakenewsproblemis [A]readers’misinterpretation[C]readers’outdatedvalues[D]journalists’made-upstoriesWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?[A]ACoun ctionAgainsttheOver-tweetingTrend[B]ARiseinCriticalSkillsforSharingNewsOnline[C]TheAccumulationofMutualTrustonSocialMedia[D]ThetformsforProjectionof alInterests第三篇：科Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperiences.Priorknowledgeandinterestsinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionConsequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectivescrutinyandacceptancetotransformadiscoveryclaimintoamaturediscovery.Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,now thecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaim espublic,thediscovererreceivesin lectualcredit.But,unlikewithminingclaims,thecommunitytakescontrolofwhathappensnext.Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblypanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinctionandbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsaboutthescienceandthetechnologyinvolvedtransformsanindividual’sdiscoveryclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.tofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas pleteorincorrect.Littlereward paniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnewsearch,notresearch.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-Gyorgyioncedescribeddiscoveryas“seeingwhateverybodyhasseenandthinkingwhatnobodyhasthought.”Butthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.SometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandIntheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsofthemind.“Wereasontogether,challenge,revise,andcompleteeachother’sreasoningandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.”Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedby uncertaintyandcomplexity[C]logicalityandobjectivity essandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires [A]strictinspection[B]sharedefforts[C]individualwisdomParagraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaim escredibleafterit [A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientistsAlbertAzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat [A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalmindWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery[C]EvolutionofCredibilityin ngScience[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoScience第四篇：科“TheancientHawaiianswereastronomers,wroteQueenLiliuokalani,Hawaii’slastreigningmonarch,in1897.StarwatcherswereamongthemostesteemedmembersofHawaiiansociety.Sadly,allisnotwellwithastronomyinHawaiitoday.shaveeruptedoverconstructionoftheThirtyMeterescope(TMT),agiantobservatorythatpromisestorevolutionizehumanity’sviewofthecosmos.AtissueistheTMT’snnedlocationonMaunaKea,adormantvolcanoworshipedbysomeHawaiiansasthePikothatconnectstheHawaiianIslandstotheheavens.ButMaunaKeaisalsohometosomeoftheworld’smostpowerfulescopes.RestedinthePacificOcean,MaunaKea’speakrisesabovethebulkofournet’sdenseatmosphere,whereconditionsallowescopestoobtainimagesofunsurpassedOppositiontoescopesonMaunaKeaisnothingnew.AsmallbutvocalgroupofHawaiiansandenvironmentalistshavelongviewedtheirpresenceasdisrespectforsacredlandandapainfulreminderoftheoccupationofwhatwasonceasovereignSomeblameforthecurrentcontroversybelongstoastronomers.Intheireagernesstobuildbiggerescopes,theyforgotthatscienceisnottheonlywayofunderstandingtheworld.TheydidnotalwaysprioritizetheprotectionofMaunaKea’sfragileecosystemsoritsholinesstotheislands’inhabitants.Hawaiiancultureisnotarelicofthepast；itisalivingcultureundergoingarenaissancetoday.Yetsciencehasaculturalhistory,too,withrootsgoingbacktothedawnofcivilization.ThesamecuriositytofindwhatliesbeyondthehorizonthatfirstbroughtearlyPolynesianstoHawaii’sshoresinspiresastronomerstodaytoexploretheheavens.CallstodisassembleallescopesonMaunaKeaortobanfuturedevelopmentthereignoretherealitythatastronomyandHawaiianculturebothseektoanswerbigquestionsaboutwhoweare,wherewecomefromandwherewearegoing.Perhapsthatiswhyweexplorethestarryskies,asifansweringaprimalcallingtoknowourselvesandourtrueancestralhomes.TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.TheTMTsitewaschosentominimizetheescope’svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberofescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudytheQueenLiliuokalani’sremarkinParagraph1 herconservativeviewonthehistoricalroleoftheimportanceofastronomyinancientHawaiiantheregrettabledeclineofastronomyinancientherappreciationofstarwatchers’featsinherMaunaKeaisdeemedasanidealastronomicalsitedue itsgeographicalitsprotectiveitsreligiousitsexisting itmayriskruiningtheir lectualitremindsthemofahumiliatingtheirculturewillloseachanceoftheyfearlosingcontrolofMauna isfulfillingthedreamsofancienthelpsspreadHawaiiancultureacrossthemayuncovertheoriginofHawaiianTheauthor’sattitudetowardchoosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisone severepassiveslightfull第五篇法Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweenthefederalernmentandthestates.InArizonav.UnitedStates,themajorityoverturnedthreeofthefourcontestedprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialntohavestateandlocalenfederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’sliberals,ruledthatthestateflewtooclosetothefederalsun.OntheoverturnedprovisionsthemajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberay“occupiedthefield”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonawouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenment.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenmentandexplicitlyencouragesstateofficerstoshareinformationandcooperatewithfederalcolleagues.TwoofthethreeobjectingJustice—SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas—agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesedwiththefederalstatute.TheonlymajorobjectioncamefromJusticeAntoninScalia,whoofferedanevenmorerobustdefenseofstateprivilegesgoingbacktotheAlienandSeditionActs.The8-0objectiontoObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona'slawsedwithitsenmentpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalernment,andcontrolofcitizenshipandthebordersisamongthem.ButifCongresswantedtopreventstatesfromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.Itneverdidso.Theadministrationwasinessenceassertingthatbecauseitdidn’twanttocarryoutCongress’simmigrationwishes,nostateshouldbeallowedtodosoeither.EveryJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.ThreeprovisionsofArizona’snwereoverturnedbecausethey [A]oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationlaw[B]disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates[C]deprivedthefederalofConstitutionalpowers[D]contradictedboththefederalandstatepoliciesOnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoParagraph4?[A]States’independencefromfederalimmigrationlaw.[B]Federalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants’information.[C]States’legitimateroleinimmigrationenment.[D]Congress'sinterventioninimmigrationenment.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActs [A]violatedtheConstitution[B]stoodinfavorofthestates[C]supportedthefederalstatute[D]underminedthestates'interestsTheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenment [A]outweighsthatheldbythestates[B]isestablishedbyfederalstatutes[C]isdependentonthestates’support[D]rarelygoesagainststatelawsWhatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?[A]ImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.[B]TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.[C]JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.[D]JusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministration.第六篇法Adealisadeal—except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.The ,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlastweekwhenitannounceditwasrenegingonalongstandingcommitmenttoabidebythestate’sstrictnuclearregulations.Instead,the hasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerntrunning.It’sastunningThehasbeensurfacingsince2002,whenthecorporationboughtVermont’sonlynuclearpowernt,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,the agreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionofthent’slicensebesubjecttotheVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,the wentalong.EitherEntergyneverreallyintendedtolivebythosecommitments,oritsimplydidn’tforeseewhatwouldhappennext.Astringofaccidents,includingthepartialcollapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemleakage,raisedseriousquestionsaboutbothVermontYankee’ssafetyandEntergy’smanagement—especiallyafterthe EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowthe issuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,legalscholarssaythatVermontcasewillofferaprecedent-settingtestofhowfarthosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint. seemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadysodamagedthatithasnotinglefttolosebygoingtowarwiththestate.Butthereshouldbeconsequences.Permissiontorunanuclearntisapublictrust.Entergyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,the hasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviews Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto [A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulatorsseekfavorfromthefederallegislature[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerntAccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits [A]managerialpractices[B]technicalinnovativeness[C]financialgoals[D]businessIntheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewilltest [A]Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitspromisesthenatureofstates’patchworkregulations[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissuesItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat [A]Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbeaffectedtheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamaged第七篇：文Themostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministersandpoliticalleadersofseventeenth-centuryNewEngland.AccordingtothestandardhistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas"Somuchimportantattachedtoinlectualpursuits"Accordingtomanybooksandarticles,NewEngland'sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericaninlectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans'theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeewithourexaminationofsoutherninlectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritansascarriersofEuropeancultureadjustingtoNewworldcircumstances.TheNewEnglandcolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandTheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoMassachusettschurchinthedecadeafter1629,therewerepoliticalleaderslikeJohnWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWorldandOldWorldaudiences,andgivingNewEnglandanatmosphereofinlectualWeshouldnotforget,however,thatmostNewEnglanderswerelesswelleducated.Whilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftlirycompositionstobeyzed,theirthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsquality.AtailornamedJohnDane,whoemigratedinthelate1630s,leftanaccountofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.ualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisfate,andreadthemagicalwords:"comeoutfromamongthem,touchnouncleanthing,andIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople."OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexiningtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane's,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion."Ourmainendwastocatchfish."Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNew PuritantraditiondominatedpoliticalinlectualinterestswerePoliticsbenefitedmuchfrominlectualinlectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalItissuggestedinparagraph2thatNew experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlybroughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldpaidlittleattentiontosouthern lectualwereobsessedwithreligiousTheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusetts werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirgainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousabandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewcreatedanewinlectualatmosphereinNewThestoryofJohnDaneshowsthatlesswell-educatedNewEnglanderswere.influencedbytroubledwithreligiouspuzzledbychurchfrustratedwithfamilyThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNew weremostlyengagedinpoliticalweremotivatedbyanillusorycamefromdifferentleftfewformalrecordsforlater第八篇教“TheHeartoftheMatter,”thejust-releasedreportbytheAmericanAcademyofArtsandSciences(AAAS),deservespraiseforaffirmingtheimportanceofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencestotheprosperityandsecurityofliberaldemocracyinAmerica.Regrettably,however,thereport’sfailuretoaddressthetruenatureofthecrisisfacingliberaleducationmaycausemoreharmthangood.In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAASaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby“federal,stateandlocalernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers”to“maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation.”Inresponse,theAmericanAcademyformedtheCommissionontheHumanitiesandSocialSciences.Amongthecommission’s51membersaretop-tier-universitys,scholars,lawyers,judges,andbusinessexecutives,aswellasprominentfiguresfromdiplomacy,filmmaking,musicandjournalism.Thegoalsidentifiedinthereportaregenerallyadmirable.Becauserepresentativeernmentpresupposesaninformedcitizenry,thereportsupportsfull cy;thestudyofhistoryand ernment,particularlyAmericanhistoryandAmericanernment;andencouragestheuseofnewdigital.Toencourageinnovationandcompetition,thereportcallsforincreasedinvestmentinresearch,thecraftingofcoherentcurriculathatimprovestudents’abilitytosolveproblemsandcommunicateeffectivelyinthe21stcentury,increasedfundingforteachersandtheencouragementofscholarstobringtheirlearningtobearonthegreatchallengesoftheday.Thereportalsoadvocatesgreaterstudyofforeignlanguages,internationalandtheexpansionofstudyabroadUnfortunay,despite2yearsinthemaking,“TheHeartoftheMatter”nevergetstotheheartofthematter:theilliberalnatureofliberaleducationatourleadingcollegesanduniversities.ThecommissionignoresthatforseveraldecadesAmerica’scollegesanduniversitieshaveproducedgraduateswhodon’tknowthecontentandcharacterofliberaleducationandarethusdeprivedofitsbenefits.Sadly,thespiritofinquiryonceathomeoncampushasbeenrecedbytheuseofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesasvehiclesforpublicizing“progressive,”orleft-liberalpropaganda.Today,professorsroutinelytreattheprogressiveinterpretationofhistoryandprogressivepublicasthepropersubjectofstudywhileportrayingconservativeorclassicalliberalideas—suchasmarketsandself-reliance—asfallingoutsidetheboundariesofroutine,andsometimeslegitimate,inlectualinvestigation.TheAAASdisysgreatenthusiasmforliberaleducation.YetitsreportmaywellsetbackreformbyobscuringthedepthandbreadthofthechallengethatCongressaskedittoilluminate.AccordingtoParagraph1,whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardtheAAAS’sInfluentialfiguresintheCongressrequiredthattheAAASreportonhow retainpeople’sinterestinliberaldefine ernment’sroleinkeepaleadingpositioninliberalsafeguardindividuals’rightstoAccordingtoParagraph3,thereportanexclusivestudyofAmericanagreateremphasisontheoret