专八改错专项训练

(1)Oneimportantoutcomeoftheworkontheexpressionofgenesindevelopingembryosissuretobeknowledgethatcanhelppreventingbirthdefects.Justaspromising(26)isthepossibilityofunravelingthecomplicatedwriting(27)ofthebrain.Amechanicgetsvaluableinsighthowan(28)automobileworksbyrebuildingcarengines;similarly,neuroscientistscanlearnhowthebrainfunctionsfrom(29)thewayitisputtogether.Thenextsteppursuingthe(30)goalistofindouthowtheblueprintgenes,thehomeboxgenes,controltheexpressionofothergenesthatcreatethevalvesandpistonoftheworkingcerebralengine.Theproteinencodedbythelattergenescouldchangethe(31)stickinessofthecellsurface,theshapeofthecelloritsmetabolismtocreatethecharacteristicpeculiarto,say,neuronsorneural-crestcell.Surfaceproteinsmaybethe(32)mechanism,wherebysimilarprogrammedcellssticktogethertoformspecificstructures;theymightalsosense(33)thelocalenvironmenttohelpthecelldecidewhatistodo.Clarifyingthosemechanismswillengagethebesttalentsin(34)embryologyandmolecularbiologyforsometimestocome.(35)Whatisperhapsthemostintriguingquestionofallisifthebrainispowerfulenoughtosolvethepuzzleofitsowncreation.5.26.preventing改为plicated改为complexion28.sight后加into29.neuroscientist改为aneuroscientist30.pursuing后加in31.later改为latter32.similar改为similarly33.去掉is34.times改为time35.if改为whether(2)Vitamins,likeminerals,arechemicals.Thereisabsolutelynotdifferenceinthechemicalstructure(26)ofthenaturevitaminCandthechemicalstructure(27)ofthesyntheticvitaminC.Also,whilemostsub-stancesareharmlessatverylowlevelofintake,all(28)substance--eventheelementsthatareessentialtolife--canbedangerousifyouoverdothem.Takewaterforexample.Sixoreightglassesadaywillkeepyourbodyingoodfluidbalance.Butyoucanalsobedrown(29)init.Somepeoplearguethatindividualsvarygreatly(30)intheirneedfornutrients,itcannotnecessarilybestatedanygivenamountistoomuch;thatisall(31)relative.Butsincethereislittlesolidinformationonwhatistheoptimalintakeofanyessentialnutrientinhealthyindividuals,itwouldbeimpossibletogiveguidelinesthattaketheseproportionalneedsintothe(32)account.Justaswithotherdrugs,therelationto(33)differentvitamindosagesvaries,withsomepeoplebetterablethanotherstotoleratelargeamounts.Whilewedoknowthatveryspecificallywhatthetoxiclevel(34)isforvitaminsAandD,wearefarlesssureaboutvitaminE,eventhoughit,too,isfat-soluble,andwestilldon’tunderstandthewater-solublevitamin,theC(35)andtheBgroups,whichthebodycantstore.

5.26.not改为no27.nature改为natural28.at后加a29.去掉be30.that后加31.stated后加that32.去掉the33.relation改为reaction34.去掉that35.vitamin改为vitamins(3)Thetelephonesystemisacircuit-switchednetwork.Formuchofthehistoryofthesystem,whenyouplaced(26)acall,youwererentingapairofcopperwiresthatrancontinuouslyfromyourtelephonetotheotherparty’sphone.Youhadexcludinguseofthosewiresduringthe(27)call;whenyouhungup,theywererentedtosomeoneelse.Todaythetransactionismorecomplicated.(yourcallmaywellpossessafiber-opticcableorasatellitewithhundredsofothercalls),butmoreconceptuallythesystem(28)stillworksthesameway.Whenyoudialthephone,yougetaprivateconnectionofoneotherparty.Thisisanalternativenetworkarchitecturecalled(29)packetswitching,inwhichallstationsarealwaysconnectedtothenetwork,buttheyreceiveonlythemessagesaddressedtothem.Itisasifyourtelephonewasalwaystunedinto(30)thousandsofconversationsgoingonthewire,butyou(31)heardonlytheoccasionalwordintendedtoyou.Most(32)computernetworksemploypacketswitching,becauseitismoreefficientthancircuitswitchingwhentrafficisheavy.Itseemsreasonabletheexistingpacket-switched(33)networkwillgrow,andnewonemaybecreated;theycould(34)wellabsorbtrafficthatwouldotherwisegotothetelephonesystemandtherebyreducetheneedfortelephonenumbers.(35)5.26.much改为most27.excluding改为exclusive28.more29.This改为There30.was改为were31.going后加by32.to改为for33.reasonable后加that34.one改为ones35.need改为demand(4)TheGermanpoetandpolymathJohannWolfgangvonGoetheponderedthequestionofhoworganismsdevelopinhisscientificstudiesofformandstructureimmatureplantsandanimals,afieldhefoundandnamedmorphology.Hissearchforasinglebasicbodyplan(26)acrossalllife-formsledhimtothinkabouttheprevalenceofrepeating(27)segmentsinbodystructures.Thespinalcolumnsoffish,reptiles,(28)birdsandmammals,forinstance,allaremadeoflongstringsof(29)repeatedvertebrae.Amonginvertebratesthegrowthofvirtuallyidenticalsegmentsishowstriking:inearthworms,forexample,even(30)internalorgansarerepeatedinserialsegments.Likewise,theabdomenoffliesandotherinsectsaresegmented,asarethe(31)successivewormlikearticulationsincrabs,shrimpsandothercrustaceans.ToGoethetheevidencesuggestedthatnaturetakesabuilding-blockapproachtogeneratelife,repeatingabasicelement(32)againandagaintoarriveatacomplicatedorganism.Theonlyglaring(33)holehecouldseeinthetheorywastheapparentlackofsortof(34)segmentationinthevertebrateheads.In1790hehypothesizedthat(35)spinalvertebrateismodifiedduringthedevelopmenttoformtheskull.5.26.found改为founded27.repeating改为repeated28.fish改为fishes29.made后加up30.去掉how31.abdomen改为abdomens32.generate改为plicated改为complex34.heads改为head35.is改为are(5)Literatureisameansbywhichweknowourselves.Byitwe(26)meetfutureselves,andrecognizepastselves;againstitwematchourpresentself.Itsprimaryfunctionistovalidateandre-createtheselfinallitsindividualityanddistinctness.Indoingso,itcementsasenseofrelationshipbetweentheselfandtheothernessofthebook,andallowsusanotionofourselvesassociable.Itssharedknowledgeisvicariousexperience;bythismeansweenlargeourunderstandings(27)ofwhatitmeanstobehuman,ofthecorporateandindependent(28)natureofhumansociety.Theactofreadingthebookmarksbothourdifferenceinandourplaceinthehumanfabric.Themoreweread,(29)themoreweare.Intheactofreadingsilentlywearealonefromthe(30)book,separatefromonesownimmediatesurroundings.Yetinthe(31)actofreadingweenterothermindsandotherplaces,enlargeour(32)dialoguewiththeworld.Thusparadoxically,whiledisengagingfromtheimmediateweareincreasingitsscope.Insilence,readingactivatesadeeplycreativefunctionofconsciousness.Wearedeeplycommittedtothenarrativewhichwecoexistwhileengagedin(33)reading.Allkindsofpresentphysicaldiscomfortnessmaybe(34)unnoticedwhilewearereading,andactualtimeisreplacedbynarrativetime.Toimaginativelyenterafictionalworldbyreadingit(35)isthenbothaliberationfromselfandanexpansionofself.4.35.26.By改为In27.understandings改为understanding28.independent改为interdependent29.去掉in30.from改为with31.ones改为our32.enlarge前加and33.which前加with34.discomfortness改为discomfort35.去掉it(6)Becausetheairinthecountryisreallyclean,weoughttolivetheremuchasispossible.Since,however,agreatdealoftheworlds(26)workmustbedoneindoorincities,itisimportantthatwetakeevery(27)precautiontoventilateourhousesproperly.Somepeoplehavethoughtthatnightairisinjurious.Butcarefulstudyshowsthatnightairisidenticalwiththatwhichwebreathduringtheday.Infacethe(28)properventilationofabedroomisoneofthefirstnecessityforgood(29)health.Sincetheexhaledairisusuallywarmerandlighterthantheinhaledair,itrisestothetopoftheroom.Thereforeitisbettertoopenawindowbothatthetoptoletthewarmupairoutandalsoat(30)thebottomtoadmitthefreshairin.Ofcourse,thisdoesnotmean(31)thatoneshouldsleepinastrongdraft.Inmanyplacesitisfeasibletosleepout-of-the-doorsonasleepingporchandsotosecureperfect(32)ventilation.Inrecentyearswehaveseensteadyprogressmadeinthedevelopmentofequipmentstosupplyproperconditionedairnotonlyinlarge(33)auditoriums,class-rooms,andfactories,butalsoinrailroadtrainsandinprivatehomes.Thisequipmentcleanstheairoffdust,keeps(34)thetemperaturecomfortable,holdsthehumidityattherightpoint,andkeepstheairinthemotion.Suchaconditionisconductiveto(35)efficiencyaswellasgoodhealth.26.6.much前加as27.indoor改为indoors28.breath改为breathe29.necessity改为necessities30.up改为upper31.去掉in32.out-of-the-doors改为out-of-doors33.equipments改为equipment34.off改为of35.去掉the(7)HenryFielding,thefamousnovelistwhowasalso26)aLondonmagistrate,oncemade

anightraidtotwoknownhideoutsinthiscity-within-a-city;hefoundsevenmen,

women,andchildrenpackedawayinafewtiny27)stinkingrooms.Allofthesepeople,

includedlittlechildrenoffiveandsixwhoweretrainedaspick-pockets,werewanted

forcrime.Conditionslikethesebredmorecriminals.Oneofthe28)typicalcaseswas

thatJackShepard,whoseexecutionin1724waswatchedbytwohundredthousandpeople.

Shepard,thesonofhonestworkingpeople,wasan29)apprenticeinarespectfultrade.

Heranawayfromitbecausehefanciedthathehadbeenill-treated,andsoon30)found

itwaseasytomakemoremoneybythieving31)ashisfatherhaddonebyalifetimeof

honestwork.32)InShepard’sdayhighwaymencommittedrobberiesatbroaddaylight,in

sightofacrowd,androdesolemnlyand33)triumphantlythroughthetownwithdangerof

molestation.Iftheywerechased,twentyorthirtyarmedmenwereready34)tocometo

theirassistance.Murderwasaeverydayaffair,35)andthereweremanypeoplewhomade

heroesfromthemurderers.5.26.to*on27.included*including28.Jack*ofJack29.respectful*respectable30.waseasy*easy31.as*than32.at*in33.with*without34.a*an35.from*of(8)Ithinkitistruetosayingthat,ingeneral,languageteachers(26)havepaid

littleattentiontothewaysentencesareusedincombinationtoformstretchesof

disconnecteddiscourse.Theyhavetendedtotake(27)theircuefromthegrammarianand

haveconcentratedtotheteaching(28)ofsentencesasself-containedunits.Itistrue

thattheseareoftenrepresentedin"contexts"andstrungtogetherindialoguesand(29)

readingpassages,buttheseareessentiallysettingtomaketheformalpropertiesofthe

sentencesstandoutmoreclearly,propertieswhicharethenestablishedinthelearners

brain(30)bymeansofpracticedrillandexercises.Basically,thelanguageteaching

unitisthe(31)sentenceasaformallinguisticobject.Thelanguageteachersviewof

whatthatconstitutesknowledgeofalanguageisessentiallythesame(32)asChomskys

knowledgeofasyntacticstructureofsentences,(33)andofthetransformational

relationswhichholdthem.Sentencesareseenasparadigmaticallyratherthan

syntagmaticallyrelated.Suchaknowledge"providesthebasisfortheactualuseof

languagebythespeaker-hearer".Theassumptionthatthelanguageappearstomake(34)

isthatoncethisbasisisprovided,thenthelearnerwillhavenodifficultyinthe

dealingwiththeactualuseoflanguage.(35)5.26.saying改为say27.disconnected改为connected28.to改为on29.represented改为presented30.brain改为mind31.drill改为drills32.去掉what后面的that33.去掉knowledge后的a34.language后加teacher35.去掉dealing前面的the(9)Thechangesinlanguagewillcontinueforever,butnooneknowssure(26)whodoes

thechanging.Onepossibilityisthatchildrenareresponsible.Aprofessorof

linguisticattheUniversityofHawaii,(27)exploresthisinoneofhisrecentbooks.

Sometimesaround1880,a(28)languagecatastropheoccurredinHawaiiwhenthousandsof

emigrant(29)workerswerebroughttotheislandstoworkforthenewsugarindustry.

Thesepeoplespeakingdifferentlanguageswereunabletocommunicatewitheachotheror

withthenativeHawaiiansorthedominantEnglish-speakingownersoftheplantations.So

theyfirstspokeinPidginEnglish--thesortofthingsuchmixedlanguage(30)

populationshavealwaysdone.Apidginisnotreallyalanguageatall.Itismorelike

asetofverbalsignalsusedtonameobjectsand(31)withoutthegrammaticalrules

neededforexpressingthoughtandideas.Andthen,withinasinglegeneration,thewhole

massofmixedpeoplebeganspeakingatotallynewtongue:HawaiianCreole.The(32)new

speechwascontainedready-madewordsborrowedformallthe(33)originaltongues,but

bearedlittleornoresemblancetothe(34)predecessorsintherulesusedforstringing

thewordstogether.Althoughgenerallyregardedasprimitivelanguage,HawaiianCreole

(35)hadahighlysophisticatedgrammar.5.26.sure前加for27.linguistic改为linguistics.28.sometimes改为sometime.29.emigrant改为immigrant30.去spoke后的in31.and改为but.32.people改为peoples.33.去speech后的was.34.beared改为bore.35.as前加a(10)Wheneveryouseetheoldfilm,evenonmadeasearly(26)astenyearsbefore,you

can’thelpbeingstrucked(27)bytheappearanceofthewomantakingpart.Theirhair-

stylesandmake-uplookdated;theirshirtslookeithertoolongnortooshort;their

generalappearance(28)is,infact,slightlyludicrous.Thementakingpart,onthe

otherhand,areclearlyrecognizable.Thereissomethingabouttheirappearanceto

suggesttheybelong(29)toanentirelydifferentage.Thisillusioniscreatedby

changedfashions.Overtheyears,thegreat(30)majorityofmenhassuccessfully

resistedallattempts(31)tomakethemtochangetheirstyleofdress.The(32)same

cannotbesaidforwomen.Eachyearafewso-calltopdesignersinParisandLondonlay

down(33)onthelawandwomenthewholeworldoverrunto(34)obey.Thedecreesofthe

designersareunpredictableanddictatorial.Sometimestheydecidearbitrarilythat

skirtswillbeshortandwaistswillbeheight;hips(35)areinandbuttonsareout.5.26.the改为an27.strucked改为struck28.nor改为or29.something改为nothing30.changed改为changing31.has改为have32.去掉to33.so-call改为so-called34.去掉on35.height改为high(11)WhenZhouliangansweredthedoorbellrecently,hewasratherastonishedtoseewhat

hehadpurchasedontheInternetonlytwodaysbeforesittingonhisdoorstep."Inever

expectedtogetmybookssoquickly,"hetoldBusiness(26)weekly.LiQiang,an

employeeofaBeijing-basedelectronicscompanysharedZhousexperience.Hesaidonline

shoppingwasverygoodandalwaysofferedcomparativelylowerpricesthanordinary

retailer(27)stores.AlongwithChinasrapidlydevelopingITindustry,onlineshopping

isattractingtheinterestofmoreandmorepeople.WangJuntao,generalmanagerofthe

ElectronicBusinessDepartmentofBeijing-basedFederalSoftwareCoLtd,saidonline

shoppinghadtremendousmarketpotentialgivingChinaslarge(28)population.Inmid-

March,WangscompanyestablishedanonlineshoppingcenterforInternetsurfers.More

than14,000kindsofgoodsareavailableontheFederalwebsite,includingcomputers,

software,booksanddailynecessity.(29).Itsonlineser