稀土CeO2对橡胶材料耐磨性的影响

稀土CeO2对橡胶材料耐磨性的影响Inrecentyears,ceriumdioxide(CeO2)hasemergedasapromisingadditiveforimprovingtheperformanceofrubbermaterials.Inparticular,CeO2hasbeenfoundtoenhancethewearresistanceofrubbermaterials,whichisacriticalpropertyformanyindustrialapplications.ThispaperaimstoreviewtheliteratureontheeffectsofCeO2onthewearresistanceofrubbermaterialsandtoprovideinsightsintotheunderlyingmechanisms.

Firstly,abriefintroductiontoCeO2isprovided.CeO2isarareearthmetaloxidewiththechemicalformulaCeO2.Ithasremarkablephysicochemicalproperties,includinghighthermalstability,excellentcatalyticactivity,andgoodbiocompatibility.Inrecentyears,CeO2hasgainedincreasingattentionduetoitspotentialforvariousapplications,includingenergystorage,environmentalremediation,andbiomaterials.

Next,theeffectofCeO2onthewearresistanceofrubbermaterialsisreviewed.AnumberofstudieshavereportedthatCeO2cansignificantlyenhancethewearresistanceofrubbermaterials.Forinstance,El-Sherbinyetal.(2014)investigatedtheeffectofCeO2onthewearresistanceofnaturalrubber(NR)andfoundthattheadditionofCeO2resultedinasignificantimprovementinwearresistance.Similarly,Dingetal.(2016)reportedthatCeO2additioncouldimprovethewearresistanceofchloroprenerubber(CR)andnitrile-butadienerubber(NBR).

TheunderlyingmechanismsbywhichCeO2enhancesthewearresistanceofrubbermaterialsarecomplexanddependonseveralfactors,includingthetypeofrubber,theconcentrationofCeO2,andtheprocessingconditions.SomepossiblemechanismsfortheimprovementofwearresistancebyCeO2arediscussedhere.

Firstly,CeO2isthoughttoactasareinforcingfillerinrubbermaterials,whichcanimprovethemechanicalpropertiesoftherubbermatrix.Thiseffectcanincreasetheresistanceoftherubbermaterialtoabrasionandwear.Secondly,CeO2canreducethefrictioncoefficientbetweentherubbermaterialandthecontactingsurface,whichcandecreasethewearrateoftherubbermaterial.Finally,CeO2canscavengefreeradicalsgeneratedduringtherubberdegradationprocess,whichcanslowdowntheagingandwearofrubbermaterials.

Inconclusion,CeO2hasbeenshowntobeapromisingadditiveforimprovingthewearresistanceofrubbermaterials.ThemechanismsbywhichCeO2enhanceswearresistancearecomplexandmaydependonvariousfactors.FurtherresearchisneededtofullyelucidatethemechanismsandtooptimizethemethodofaddingCeO2torubbermaterials.Nevertheless,theapplicationofCeO2isexpectedtocontinuetogrowandwillplayanessentialroleinthedevelopmentofhigh-performancerubbermaterials.Besidesitsadvantagesinimprovingwearresistance,CeO2hasalsobeendemonstratedtoenhancevariousotherpropertiesofrubbermaterials.Forexample,CeO2hasbeenfoundtoincreasethetensilestrengthandmodulusofelasticityofrubbercomposites,leadingtoimproveddurabilityandtoughness.ThiseffectisattributedtothereinforcingeffectofCeO2ontherubbermatrix,whichisduetoitshighaspectratioandlargesurfacearea.

Inaddition,CeO2hasbeenshowntoenhancethedampingandviscoelasticpropertiesofrubbermaterials,resultinginreducednoiseandvibrationinvariousapplicationssuchasautomotiveandindustrialmachinery.ThiseffectismainlyattributedtotheformationofamorehomogenousrubbermatrixduetotheadditionofCeO2,whichcanreducetheenergydissipationduringdeformationandenhancethemechanicaldamping.

AnotherinterestingapplicationofCeO2inrubbermaterialsisinimprovingtheirflameretardantproperties.CeO2hasbeenfoundtoefficientlyinhibitthecombustionbehaviorofvarioustypesofrubbers,suchasEPDM,SBRandNBR,duetoitsabilitytocaptureandscavengefreeradicalsgeneratedduringthecombustionprocess.Thiseffectisparticularlysignificantinreducingthereleaseoftoxicsmokeandotherhazardousgases,whichcanresultinserioussafetyhazardsincertainapplicationssuchastransportationandconstruction.

Overall,theapplicationofCeO2inrubbermaterialsoffersawiderangeofbenefitsandhasreceivedincreasingattentioninrecentyears.Withthedevelopmentofnewtechnologiesandadvancedprocessingmethods,itisexpectedthattheutilizationofCeO2inrubbercompositeswillcontinuetoexpandandwillcontributetothedevelopmentofhigh-performancerubbermaterialswithenhancedproperties.Inadditiontotheaforementionedadvantages,CeO2nanoparticleshavealsobeenreportedtoexhibitanti-agingeffectsinrubbermaterials.RubbermaterialsarepronetoagingduetoexposuretoenvironmentalfactorssuchasUVradiation,heat,andoxygen.Thiscanleadtoreducedperformance,suchasdecreasedelasticityandincreasedhardness.However,byaddingCeO2nanoparticlestotherubbermatrix,theagingprocesscanbesloweddown,resultinginimprovedlong-termperformance.

CeO2nanoparticleshavealsobeenusedtoimprovetheelectricalconductivityofrubbermaterials.Rubbermaterialsaretypicallyinsulatingandhavelimitedelectricalconductivity.However,byincorporatingCeO2nanoparticles,theelectricalconductivityofrubbercompositescanbesignificantlyincreased.Thisenablesthedevelopmentofnewapplications,suchasconductiverubberforelectricalcontactsandsensors.

Furthermore,CeO2nanoparticleshavebeenfoundtoenhancethebarrierpropertiesofrubbermaterials.ByaddingCeO2nanoparticlestotherubbermatrix,thepermeabilityofgasessuchasoxygenandcarbondioxidecanbegreatlyreduced.Thismakesitpossibletodeveloprubbermaterialswithimprovedshelflifeforfoodpackagingandotherapplicationswheregaspermeabilityisacriticalfactor.

Inconclusion,theuseofCeO2nanoparticlesinrubbermaterialsoffersawiderangeofbenefitsthatcanimprovetheirpropertiesandexpandtheirpotentialapplications.Asresearchinthefieldcontinuestoadvance,itisexpectedthatnewandinnovativeapplicationsofCeO2inrubbercompositeswillbedeveloped,leadingtothecreationofnewhigh-performancematerialsthatmeettheneedsofvariousindustries.AnotherpotentialapplicationofCeO2nanoparticlesinrubbermaterialsistheiruseasaflameretardant.Rubbermaterialsarehighlyflammableandposeasignificantrisktosafetyinmanyapplications.However,theadditionofCeO2nanoparticleshasbeenshowntoimprovethefire-resistantpropertiesofrubbercompositesbyreducingflammabilityandlimitingthespreadofflames.Thismakesthemidealforuseinapplicationswherefiresafetyisacriticalconcern,suchasintheconstructionindustry.

CeO2nanoparticleshavealsobeenreportedtohaveantibacterialpropertiesthatcanbebeneficialforvariousapplications.Inthemedicalindustry,antibacterialrubbermaterialscanbeusedformedicalequipmentanddevicestohelppreventthespreadofinfections.Additionally,antibacterialrubbermaterialscanalsobeusedinfoodprocessingplants,restaurants,andotherplaceswherehygieneiscrucial.

Onepotentialconcernwiththeuseofnanoparticlesinrubbercompositesistheirpotentialimpactontheenvironmentandhumanhealth.However,studieshaveshownthatCeO2nanoparticleshavelowtoxicityandposenosignificantrisktotheenvironmentwhenusedinrubbermaterials.Nonetheless,furtherresearchisneededtofullyunderstandtheimpactofCeO2nanoparticlesontheenvironmentandhumanhealth.

Despitethisuncertainty,thebenefitsofusingCeO2nanoparticlesinrubbermaterialsmakethemanattractiveoptionforawiderangeofapplicationsinvariousindustries.Byimprovingthepropert