寄生虫双语的学习教案

寄生虫双语的学习教案第1页/共66页CHAPTI

IntroductiontoHumanParasitologyI.WhatishumanparasitologyII.RelationshipofhumanparasitologywithclinicalmedicineIII.Parasiticdamagestohuman第2页/共66页I.WhatIsHumanParasitology1.HumanparasitologyisabranchofthemedicalsciencewhichdealswiththeanimalslivinginoronthebodyofhumansandcausinghumandiseasesHumanParasitology=MedicalParasitologyItincludes3parts:第3页/共66页1)MedicalProtozoa(原虫)——

one-celledorganismsAmeba(阿米巴)Plasmudim(疟原虫)Toxoplasma(弓形虫)Leishmania(利什曼)Trichomonasvaginalis(阴道毛滴虫)

…第4页/共66页2)MedicalHelminths(蠕虫)-----

multicellularorganismsTrematode(吸虫）Cestode(绦虫)Nematode(线虫)第5页/共66页3)MedicalArthropods(节肢动物)

---insectsandtheiralliesMosquitoFlySandfly（白蛉）FleaLouseTick（蜱）Mite（螨）…第6页/共66页II.Relationshipofhumanparasitology

withclinicalmedicine

InternalMedicine：

malaria（疟疾)、filariasis（丝虫病)

、schistosomiasis（血吸虫病)

、

trichinellosis

（旋毛虫病)…Surgery：

hydatiddisease（包虫病)

、ascarisintestinalobstruction（蛔虫性肠梗阻)…Obstetrics&gynecology：

toxoplasmosis（弓形虫病)

、trichomonasvaginitis（滴虫性阴道炎)…Pediatrics：

ascariasis（蛔虫病)

、toxoplasmosis、enterobiasis（蛲虫病)…第7页/共66页

Ophthalmology：riverblind（河盲症)thelaziasis（结膜吸吮线虫病)Stomatology：gongylonemiasis（筒线虫病)Dermatology：scabies（疥疮)

、

larvamigrans（幼虫移行症)Thelaziacallipaedainthehumaneye第8页/共66页

III.Parasiticdamagestohuman第9页/共66页

Advancedschistosomiasis

（晚期血吸虫病）

第10页/共66页Elephantiasisofscrotumandlegsresultedfromfilaria(丝虫）

第11页/共66页Teratosisresultedfromtoxoplasma（弓形虫）

第12页/共66页Congenitaltoxoplasmosis

（先天性弓形虫病）第13页/共66页Hydatiddisease（包虫病）第14页/共66页Leishmaniasis（利什曼病）

第15页/共66页Liverinfectedwith

Clonorchissinensis（华支睾吸虫）第16页/共66页Cysticercus(猪囊虫）inbrain第17页/共66页

Mitelivinginskin第18页/共66页ChaptIIBasicconceptsObjectives:Symbiosis(共生）Parasitism（寄生）Parasite （寄生虫）Host （宿主）Lifecycleofparasite（生活史）Relationshipofhostandparasite第19页/共66页1.Symbiosis（共生）Anytwodifferentorganismslivingincloseassociationaretermedsymbiosiswhichcanbesubdividedinto:commensalism(共栖)mutualism(互利共生)parasitism(寄生)第20页/共66页1)Commensalism(共栖):Onepartnerbenefitsfromtheassociation,buttheotherisneitherbenefitednorharmedForexample:pilotfishandremoras第21页/共66页2)Mutualism

(互利共生)

:BothpartnersbenefitfromtherelationshipForexample:flagellatesandtermites第22页/共66页crocodile第23页/共66页3)Parasitism（寄生）:OnepartnerisbenefitedwhiletherecanbeharmtotheotherpartnerForexample：ascaridandhuman第24页/共66页2.ParasiteandhostInparasitism,theorganismwhichgetsthebenefitsisnamedasparasite

(寄生虫）theotherwhichsuffersfromharmisnamedashost（宿主）第25页/共66页3.Lifecycleofparasite（生活史）ThewholelifeoracompletegenerationoftheparasiteisknownasitslifecycleLifecycleisthekeytostudyParasitology

!第26页/共66页

lifecycleofAscarislumbricoides(人蛔虫）

Adults

（humanintestine）

(migration)

（stools）

larvae Eggs (earth)(throughmouth) (temperature) (moisture)

infectiveeggs

第27页/共66页4.KindsoflifecycleDirectlifecycle:inwhichtheparasiteispassedfromhosttothenextthroughthecontaminatedfoodorwater.ItdoesnotneedtheintermediateorganismForexample:Enterobiusvermicularis

（蛲虫）2）Indirectlifecycle:intermediateorganismisnecessaryinthestyleoflifecycleForexample:filaria第28页/共66页Directlifecycle

persontoperson（lifecycleofEnterobiusvermicularis）第29页/共66页Indirectlifecycle

Personto

mosquitotoperson

(lifecycleoffilaria)

第30页/共66页5.Kindsofhosts1)Definitivehost（终宿主）2)Intermediatehost（中间宿主）3)Reservoirhost（保虫宿主，贮存宿主）4)Paratenichost（转续宿主）第31页/共66页1)Definitivehost(终宿主)

thehostinwhichaparasitereachessexualmaturity(adultstage)andsexualreproduction第32页/共66页2)Intermediatehost（中间宿主）ahostinwhichtheparasiteundergoesjuveniledevelopment(larvalstage)orasexualreproduction第33页/共66页3)Reservoirhost（保虫宿主）

Ifadefinitivehostisananimalnothuman,thisdefinitivehostwasnamedreserviorhost第34页/共66页

Adults

（human，dog、

cat）

Definitivehost，

Reservoirhost (sexualreproduction)Eggs(water,Snails)Miracidia(毛蚴）Sporocysts（胞蚴）（asexualreproduction）Radia（雷蚴）Cercaria（尾蚴）Metacercaria（囊蚴）（asexualreproduction）（Fish/Shrimp）Int.hostInt.hostLifecycleofClonorchissinensis第35页/共66页

4)Paratenichost(转续宿主）ahostinwhichparasitedoesnotdevelopormultiplybutcontinuestobealiveandbeinfectivetoadefinitivehostForexample:Spirometramansoni

(曼氏迭宫绦虫）

adultslarvaeadults(dog,cat,fox…)(frog,human)(dog,cat,fox…)

(snake,bird,pig…)paratenichosts第36页/共66页6.Classificationofparasites1）Characteristicsofparasites2）Internationalcodeofzoologicalnomenclature(命名法）第37页/共66页1）AccordingtothecharacteristicsObligatoryparasite（专性寄生虫）:whenaparasitecanliveonlyinassociationwithahost,itistermedasobligatoryparasiteforexample：filaria，schistosome，ascaria(2)Facultativeparasite（兼性寄生虫）:whenaparasitecanliveinahostaswellasinafreeform，itisclassifiedasfacultativeparasiteforexample：Strongyloidesstercoralis（粪类圆线虫）第38页/共66页(3)Endoparasite（体内寄生虫）:ParasiteswhichliveinsidethebodyaretermedasendoparasiteForexample：ascaria(4)Ectoparasite（体外寄生虫）:thosewhichexistonthebodysurfacearecalledectoparasitesForexample：flea，louse第39页/共66页(5)Opportunisticparasite(机会致病寄生虫）Someparasitesdonotcauseproblemsinpersonswithnormalimmuneresponsebutinduceobviousclinicalsignsandsymptomsonlyinthepersonwho’simmuneresponseissuppressiveForexampleinAIDSpatientsorotherpatientswhoweregivenimmuneinhibitorsforlongtimeToxoplasmacan

developquicklyintheirbodiesandcauseaseriousconsequencetheseparasitesaretermed

“Opportunisticparasites”第40页/共66页Opportunisticparasites:Toxoplasmagonddi（刚地弓形虫）Cryptoporidiumsp.（隐孢子虫）Strongyloidsstercoralis（粪类圆线虫）第41页/共66页2）AccordingtointernationalcodeofzoologicalnomenclatureKingdom（界）

Phylum（门）

Class（纲）

Order（目）

Family（科）

Genus（属）

Species（种）第42页/共66页HowtogiveparasiteascientificnameBinomialsystem（二命名制）isappliedforparasites:Thenameofgenus+thenameofspeciesforexample：Schistosomajaponicum（abbreviation:S.japonicum)

ThenameshouldbeinLatinizedwithitalicandthenameofgenuswritingwithacapitalinitialletter

第43页/共66页Chapt.IIIRelationshipofhostandparasite

damageParasiteHost

resistance/elimination第44页/共66页1.Thedamageofparasitestohosts1)physicaldamagebymechanicalmeans第45页/共66页2)Nutritionrobbing/malnutrition第46页/共66页3)Damagecausedbyimmune

responseForexample:Asthma,Rashes,Shock…第47页/共66页2.Theresistanceofhoststothe

parasites

ItdependsonspecificimmunerespondsThetypesofspecificimmunerespondsinclude:1)

Sterilizingimmunity（消除性免疫）

whentheimmunityoccurs,theparasiteswillbeeliminatedcompletelyfromthehost2)Non-sterilizingimmunity（非消除性免疫）

Itcannoteliminatetheparasitescompletelyfromthehost，itincludes：Concomitantimmunity(伴随免疫)Premunition

(带虫免疫)第48页/共66页Concomitantimmunity(伴随免疫)

Itmeansthatresistancedoesnotdestroytheparasiteswhichhavebeenexistedinthehostbutkillpartiallythenewinvadersforexampletheimmunityinducedbyschistosomeinfection第49页/共66页Premunition(带虫免疫)

ThisresistancecaneliminatepartiallytheparasiteswhichhavebeenexistedinthehostandkillpartiallythenewinvadersIfthepersoniscompletelycured(thereisnoparasitesinthebody),theresistancewillbedisappearedSuchastheimmunityinducedbyplasmodiuminfection第50页/共66页3.Theresultsfromthespecific

responsesA.EliminatetheparasitesfromthehostB.Maintainabalancebetweentheimpactofparasiteandresistanceofhost(chronicinfection）C.Theresistancecannotinhibittheparasitesandtheobvioussignsandsymptomsdevelop第51页/共66页4.Immuneevasion

（免疫逃避）Manyparasitesappearnottobeeliminatedornottobeaffectedbytheirhosts‘immuneresponse,thisphenomenawastermedas“ImmuneEvasion”第52页/共66页Themechanismofimmuneevasion:1)surfaceabsorptionofhostmaterials2)molecularmimicry（分子模拟）3)lossofsurfaceantigens4)antigenicvariation5)anatomicseclusion(解剖位置的隔离）第53页/共66页

ChaptIVPrevalenceandcontrolofparasiticdiseases

Objectives:ThefeaturesofparasiticdiseasesThefactorsofprevalenceofparasiticdiseasesKeylinksintheprevalenceofparasiticdiseasesTheprinciplesofparasiticdiseasescontrol第54页/共66页1.Featuresofparasiticinfectionandparasiticdiseases1)Carrier(带虫者):apersonwhoinfectedwiththeparasitesbutthereisnoanyclinicalorsub-clinicalsymptoms2)Larvamigrans(幼虫移行症):somejuvenilesofanimal’shelminthsinvadehuman,ifhumanisnottheiradaptedhost,thejuvenilescannotdeveloptoadultsbutmigrateinthebodyofhumanandcauselesionstotissuesororgans,thisphenomenawasnamedas“larvamigrans”第55页/共66页颚口线虫引起的匐行疹（creepingeruption)larvamigransinskin（皮肤幼虫移行症)第56页/共66页

3)Ectopicparasitism(异位寄生)

:

Generally,humanparasiteswilldwellinadefinitivesiteinhumanbody,butinsomecasestheparasiteslodgeindifferentsites,thisphenomenawascalled“ectopicparasitism”.Thedamagecausedbyectopicparasitismwascalled“ectopiclesion”

4）Parasiticzoonose（人兽共患寄生虫病):

schistosomasis(血吸虫病):humanandcattleclonorchiasis(华支睾吸虫病):huamnandcat

第57页/共66页Paragonimusinbrain

(ectopicparasitism)第58页/共66页2.Keylinks（环节）intheprevalence

ofparasticdiseases1）Thesourceofinfection（传染源）（humans，animals）2)Therouteoftransmission（传播途径）3)Thesusceptiblepopulation（易感人群）第59页/共66页

SourceofinfectionSusceptible

Routeofpopulationinfection

第60页/共66页

3.Thefactorsofprevalenceofparasiticdiseases