2023年研究生学位英语试卷及答案

EST1Part=1\*ROMANIListeningComprehensionSection1,Conversation(10minutes,10points)Section2,Passages(10minutes,10points) PartII:ClozeTest(10minutes,15points)ScientistswhostudytheEarth'sclimateareconvincedthatvolcanoeruptionshaveasignificanteffectongeneralweatherpatterns.Infact,oneofthemany(36)whichattempttoexplainhowaniceagebeginsholdsthatthe(37)isadramaticincreaseinvolcaniceruptions.Thevolcanicexplosions,besidescausinglocalthunderstormsandlightning,injectgreatamountsofgasand(38)_intothestratosphere(同温层).Atthis(39)，thevolcanicmaterialspreadsallthewayaroundtheEarth.Thisvolcanicmaterial(40)acertainamountofsunlightand(41)somebackintospace.Thenetresultisto(42)theplanet'ssurface.Forinstance,43wasperhapsthelargesteruptionoccurredin1883whentheIndonesiavolcanoKrakatoaexploded.Thefollowingyearwas(44)inEuropeasthe"yearwithoutsummer"becausethe(45)wassocoolandrainy.Whilethereis(46)scientificagreementthatvolcaniceruptioncanleadtocooling,(47)ofhowthishappensarenotclear.Asaresult,scientistscannot(48)whetherthevolcanicactivitywhich(49)pasticeageswouldresult(50)sufficientcoolingtocauseaglacialperiod.Similarly,itisnotpossibleforscientiststopredicttheclimateeffectofafuturevolcaniceruptionwithanyconfidence.36.A.theoriesB.inventionsC.judgmentsD.discoveries37.A.causeB.courseC.meansD.case38.A.petroleumB.ashC.flameD.garbage39.A.relationB.instanceC.momentD.altitude40.A.scattersB.releasesC.constitutesD.absorbs41.A.carriesB.convertsC.reflectsD.gathers42.A.coolB.warmC.freezeD.heat43.A.suchB.whatC.thereD.that44.A.knownB.reportedC.markedD.testified45.A.airB.temperatureC.skyD.weather46.A.committedB.optimisticC.generalD.absolute47.A.indexesB.predictionsC.detailsD.decisions48.A.analyzeB.determineC.assureD.assume49.A.confrontedB.promotedC.proceedD.preceded50.A.inB.fromC.toD.withPart=1\*ROMANIReadingPassageOneWeuseemotivelanguagetoexpressourownattitudesandfeelings.Wealsodirectemotivelanguageatotherpeopletopersuadethemtobelieveaswedoortodoaswewantthemtodo;and,ofcourse,otherpeopledirectemotivelanguageatustogetustobelieveortodowhattheywant.Wearesubjectedtoaconstantstreamofpersuasiondayin,dayout,athomeandinschool,ontheradioandontelevision.Itcomesfromparentsandteachers,frompreachersandpoliticians,fromeditorsandcommentators,but,mostofall,ofcourse,fromadvertisers.Mostofthispersuasionisexpressedinemotivelanguageandisintendedtoappealtoourfeelingsratherthantobeweighedupbyourpowersofreasoning.Weshouldlookatthemotivesbehindallthispersuasion.Whydotheywanttopersuadeus?Whatdotheywantustodo?Wearenotthinkingveryclearlyunlesswetrytoseethroughtheveilofwordsandrealizesomethingofthespeaker'spurpose.Anappealtoemotionisinitselfneithergoodorbad.Ouremotionsexistandtheyarepartofourpersonality.Onsomeoccasionspeopleappealtoouremotionsonthehighestlevelsandfromthebestofmotives.AcaseinpointisChurchill'swartimespeeches:whateverpeoplethoughtofChurchillasapolitician,theywereunitedbehindhimwhenhespokeasnationalleaderinthosedarkdays---theirfeelingsrespondedtohiscallforresolutionandunity.Itisacharacteristicofsocialgroupsthatthemembershaveafeelingofpersonalattachmenttothegroup---tothefamilyinearliestchildhoodandextendinglatertotheschool,theteam,thechurch,thenation,inpatternsthatvaryfromtimetotime.Henceaspeakerfromourgroupwillfindinusfeelingstowhichhecanreadilyandgenuinelyappeal,whetherourreactionisfavorableornot.Weareatleastopentotheappealandweappreciatethecontextinwhichitismade.1.Themajorfunctionsofemotivelanguagediscussedinthepassageareto-.A.extendourpowersofreasoningandcarryoutapurposeB.advertiseandproducethewantedsocialeffectsC.showone'sfeelingsandappealtothoseofothersD.makeothersbelieveinusandrespondtoourfeelings2.Itissuggestedinthethirdparagraphofthispassagethatwe-.AshouldkeepacoolheadwhensubjectedtopersuasionofvariouskindsBneedtojudgewhetherapersuasionismadeforgoodorbadC.havetocarefullyuseouremotivelanguageD.shouldavoidbeingeasilyseenthroughbyanappealfromothers3.Thesourcefromwhichemotivelanguageflowsuponusinitsgreatestamountis-. A.themassmedia B.theeducationalinstitutions C.thereligiouscircles D.theadvertisingbusiness4.Churchillismentionedinthepassageas-'A.anexampleofhowpeopleweigheduppersuasionwithreasoningB.anationalleaderwhobroughtoutpeople'sbestfeelingsC.apositiveexampleofappealingtopeople'smotionD.apoliticianwhohasbeenknownasagoodspeaker5.WhatisNOTmentionedasrelevanttoouremotionsinthispassage? A. Socialcontext B.Personalexperience C. Thepersonalityofnationalleaders D.Religiousbelief6.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatapersuasivespeakermust . A.findoutwhatgrouphisaudienceisattachedto B.varyhisspeechpatternsfromtimetotimeC.knowhowtoadapthiswayofspeakingtotheneedsoftheaudienceD.beawarewhetherthelistenersarefavorabletohisopinionornotPassageTwoAsgoodsandservicesimproved,peoplewerepersuadedtospendtheirmoneyonchangingfromoldtonew,andfoundthechangeworththeexpenses.Whenanairlineequippeditselfwithjets,forexample,itscosts(andthereforeairfare)wouldgoup,butthenewplanesmeantsuchanimprovementthatthehighercostwasjustified.Anewcar(orwireless,washingmachine,electrickettle)madelifesomuchmorecomfortablethantheoldonethatthehighcostofreplacementwasfullyrepaid.Manufacturersstillcrytheirwaresaspersuasivelyasever,butaretheimprovementsreallyworthpayingfor?Inmanyfieldsthingshavenowreachedsuchahighstandardofperformancethatfurtherprogressisverylimitedandveryexpensive.Airlines,forexample,gotoenormousexpenseinbuyingthelatestprestigejets,inwhichvastresearchcostshavebeenspentonrelativelysmallimprovements.Ifwescrapthesevastcostswemightlosethechanceofcuttingminutesawayfromflyingtimes,butwouldn'titbebettertoseeairfaresdropdramatically,ascapitalcostsbecomerelativelyinsignificant?Again,inthecontextofa70mphlimit,withplatoonsofcarstravelingsodenselyastocontroleachother'sspeeds,improvementsinperformancearevirtuallyirrelevant;improvementsinhandlingareunnecessary,asmostproductioncarsgriptheroadperfectly;andcomforthasnowreachedaveryhighlevelindeed.Smallimprovementshereareunlikelytobeworththethousandsthatanybodyreplacinganordinaryfamilycareverytwoyearsmayultimatelyhavespentonthem.Letusinsteadhavecars---orwireless,electrickettles,washingmachines,televisionsets---whicharemadetolast,andnottobereplaced.Significantprogressisobviouslyagoodthing;buttheinsignificantprogressionfrommodel-changetomodel-changeisnot.7.Theauthorobviouslyischallengingthesocialnormthat-.A.itis.importanttoimprovegoodsandservicesB.developmentoftechnologymakesourlifemorecomfortableC.itisreasonablethatpricesaregoingupallthetimeD.slightlymodifiednewproductsareworthbuying8.Accordingtothispassage,airfaresmayrisebecause-'ApeopletendtotravelbynewairplanesB.theairplanehasbeenimprovedC.thechangeisfoundtobereasonableD.theserviceontheairplaneisbetterthanbefore9.Accordingtotheauthor,passengerswouldbehappierifthey-'A.couldflyinthelatestmodelofreputableplanesB.couldgetticketsatmuchlowerpricesC.seetheairlinesmakevitalchangesintheirservicesD.couldspendlesstimeflyingintheair10.Whenmanufacturershaveimprovedtheperformanceoftheirproductstoacertainlevel,then itwouldbe_. .A.justifiedforthemtocutthepriceB.unnecessaryforthemtomakeanynewchangesC.difficultandcostlytofurtherbetterthemD.insignificantforthemtocutdowntheresearchcosts11.Inthecaseofcars,theauthorurgesthatwe-.A.cancelthespeedlimitB.furtherimprovetheperformanceC.improvethedurabilityD.changemodelseverytwoyears12.Theauthor'scriticismisprobablybasedonthefactthat-.A.wehavebeenpersuadedtoliveanextravagantlifetodayB.manyproductswebuyturnouttobesubstandardorinferiorC.inflationisbecomingabigproblemintheworldtodayD.peoplearewastingtheirmoneyontrivialtechnologicalprogressPassageThreeRecentstudiesonthemale-femalewagegappredictthateventhoughentrysalariesformalesandfemalesinthesameoccupationarenearlyequalbecausewomen'smarketskillshaveimprovedvastly,thechancesoftheoverallgapclosingintheforeseeablefutureareminimal.Thisisduetoseveralfactorsthatarelikelytochangeveryslowly,ifatall.Animportantreasonisthatwomenareconcentratedinoccupations---serviceandclerical---thatpaylessthantraditionalmalejobs.Itispossiblethatmorewomenthanmenintheirtwentiesarehesitanttocommitthemselvestoayear-round,lifetimecareerorjobformanyreasonsThereislingeringattitudeonboththepartofwomenandtheiremployersthatwomenarenotcutoutforcertainjobs.Notonlydoesthisattitudechannelwomenintolower-payingwork,butitalsoservestokeepthemfromtopmanagementpositions.Anothersignificantfactorinthewideningwagegapbetweenmenandwomenenteringtheworkforce,evenincomparablejobs,isthatwomenoftendropoutatcriticalpointsintheircareerstohaveafamily.Womenstillhavetheprimaryresponsibilityforchild-bearing;eveniftheycontinuetowork,theyoftenforgoovertimeandpromotionsthatwouldconflictwithhomeresponsibilities.Theagesof25to35havebeenshownrepeatedlytobetheperiodwhenworkingconsistentlyandhardisvitaltoadvancementandjobsecurity.Thesearepreciselytheyearswhenwomenarelikelytohavechildrenandbegintoslideawayfrommeninearningpower.Consequently,awoman'sincomeismorelikelytobeseenassecondarytoherhusband's.13.Accordingtorecentstudiesonthemale-femalewagegap,-'A.thereismuchhopeofnarrowingthemale-femalewagegapinthenearfutureB.workingwomenwillhavemanyopportunitiestoholdhigh-payingjobsinthenearfutureC.women'spaywillstillstayatalevelbelowthatofmeninthenearfutureD.salariesformalesandfemalesinthesameoccupationwillbeequalinthenearfuture14.Womenarekeptfromtopmanagementpositionspartlybecausethey-.A.decidetodevotethemselvestocertainlifetimejobsintheirtwentiesB.areinclinedtorankfamilysecondtoworkC.tendtohavemorequarrelswiththeiremployersD.stilltakeanincorrectattitudetowardsthemselves15.Whichofthefollowingisimpliedinthepassageasapartialreasonforwomen'sconcentrationincertainoccupations? A. Socialdivisionoflabor. B. Socialprejudiceagainstthem C. Employmentlaws. D. Physiologicalweakness.16.Theword"forgo"inParagraph2couldbebestreplacedby-. A. giveup B. dropout C.throwaway D.cutout17.Itcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthat-.A.men'sjobsaresubjecttochangeB.womentendtobeemployedoffandonatthesamejobC.men'chancesofpromotionareminimalD.womenusedtobeemployedalltheyearround18.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrue?A.Women'smarketskillshaveimprovedgreatly.B.Childcareisstillchieflywomen'sworkC.Womenaretypicallyemployedinclericalandservicejobs.D.Domesticdutiesnolongerconflictwithwomen'sjobs.PassageFourItseemsthatthelifeofatelevisionreporterisfantasticallyadmiredbymanypeople.Butthisisonlyonesideofthecoin.First,henevergoesdeeplyintoanyonesubject---hemaybeexpertatmasteringabriefinashorttimeand"gettingup"asubject,butaweeklaterheisontothenextsubject,andaweeklaterstillheisontothesubjectafterthat.Heseldomgraspswithafull-scaleinvestigationanyonething.Hehastobeabletoforgetwhathewasworkingonafewweeksbefore,otherwisehismindwouldbecomemessedup.Second,areporterdoesnothaveanythinglastingtoshowforwhathedoes---thereisnoshelfofbooks,nostudiofullofpaintings.Hepourshislifeintosomethingwhichflickersinshadowsacrossascreenandisgoneforever.Ihaveseenpeopleinmanytelevisionjobsturnattheendofwatchingoneoftheirownprogramsandsaysomethinglike:"Well,that'sallthosedays/weeks/monthsofwork.Travelandworrysunkwithouttrace."Asawayoflifeitcomestoseemlikeblowingbubbles---entertainingtodo,andthebubblesnumerousandprettytolookat,andalldifferent,butalldisappearingintothinair.Third,thepaceoflifeistoofast.Notonlyisitdestructiveofone'sprivatelife,onedoesnotevenhavetimetogiveproperconsiderationtothethingsoneisprofessionallyconcernedwith--notenoughtimetothink,notenoughtimetoread,notenoughtimetowriteone'scommentary,prepareone'sinterviewsandsoon.Whenonedisengagesfromitandallowsone'sperceptions,thinking,readingandtheresttoproceedattheirnaturalpaceonegetsanaltogetherunfamiliarsenseofsolidarityandwell-being.Fourth,thereporterisatthemercyofevents.ArevolutionbreaksoutinCubasoheisoffthereonthenextplane.SomebodyshootsPresidentReagansohedropseverythingheisdoingandfliestoWashington.Heislikeapuppetpulledbystrings---thestringsoftheworld'saffairs.Heisnotmotivatedfromwithin.Hedoesnotdecideforhimselfwhathewouldliketodo,wherehewouldliketogo,whathewouldliketoworkon.Heisactivatedfromwithout,andhiswholelifebecomesakindofreflexaction,aseriesofhigh-pressureresponsestoexternalstimuli.Hehasceasedtoexistasanindependentpersonality.19.ATVreporternevermakesanin-depthstudyofasubjectbecause-'A.heusuallygetsonesideofthepictureB.thesubjectsthathehastoattendtooftenswitchfromonetoanotherC.hedoesnotknowhowtodevelopittoitsfullscaleD.thatisthelifethatsuitshim20.A.itisimpliedbutnotstatedthatmanypeople-.A.knownothingabouttheworkofaTVrepor1erB.thinkthelifeofaTVreporterdullandboringC.haveabiasedopinionagainstthejobofaTVreporterD.tendtounderestimatethehardpartofbeingaTVreporter21TVreporting,accordingtothispassage,issomething_______.A.profitableforapersontotakeupB.interestingtodobutquicktofadeoutC.causingapersontoforgethispreviousworkD.producingalastingeffect22.ATVreporterisinmostneedof-.A.beingamasterofhistimeB.properconsiderationofhisprofessionC.acomfortablelifeofhisownD.disengaginghimselffromwork23.TheactivitiesofaTVreporterarelargelygearedto-. A. hismotivation B. hisworkingstyle C. currentaffairs D. reflextopressures24.Thetitleofthispassagewouldbestbegivenas-.A.WhataTVReporterCanandCannotAccomplishB.TheSorrowsofTVProfessionalsC.TheConfessionofaTVReporterD.TheDrawbacksintheLifeofaTVReporterPaperTwoPart=4\*ROMANIVReadingandAnsweringQuestions(25minutes,10points)Theconflictbetweenwhatinitspresentmoodthepublicexpectssciencetoachieveinsatisfactionofpopularhopesandwhatisreallyinitspowerisaseriousmatterbecause.evenifthetruescientistsshouldallrecognizethelimitationsofwhattheycandointhefieldofhumanaffairs,solongasthepublicexpectsmoretherewillalwaysbesomewhowillpretend,andperhapshonestlybelieve,thattheycandomoretomeetpopulardemandsthanisreallyintheirpower.Itisoftendifficultenoughfortheexpert,andce11ainlyinmanyinstancesimpossibleforthelayman,todistinguishbetweenlegitimateandillegitimateclaimsadvancedinthenameofscience.TheenormouspublicityrecentlygivenbythemediatoareportpronouncinginthenameofscienceofTheLimitstoGrowth,andthesilenceofthesamemediaaboutthedevastatingcriticismthisreporthasreceivedfromthecompetentexperts,mustmakeonefeelsomewhatapprehensiveabouttheusetowhichtheprestigeofsciencecanbeput.Butitisbynomeansonlyinthefieldofeconomicsthatfar-reachingclaimsaremadeonbehalfofamorescientificdirectionofallhumanactivitiesandthedesirabilityofreplacingspontaneousprocessesby"conscioushumancontrol".IfIamnotmistaken,psychology,psychiatryandsomebranchesofsociology,nottospeakabouttheso-calledphilosophyofhistory,areevenmoreaffectedbywhatIhavecalledthescientisticprejudice,andbyspeciousclaimsofwhatsciencecanachieve.Questions:Whatisthemainthoughtofthepassage?Whatshouldbeourcorrectattitudetowardsscience?回答该项问题一般要注意，第一问重要是结合文章回答问题，可以或多或少旳引用文中内容回答，第二问重要是考察我们硕士对某个现象旳认识。因此在此就不提供答案了PartIV.TranslationE-C:Languagewastheprincipalmeansusedbyhumanbeingstocommunicatewithoneanother.Althoughitwasprimarilyspoken,itcouldbetransferredtoothermedia,suchaswriting.Theimmensemeritoflanguagewasthatitmadepossiblethetransmissionofexperience.Whathadbeenlearnedinonegenerationcouldbepassedonwholetothenext.Instructioncouldinlargemeasurereplacepersonalexperience.Writing,evenmorethanspeech,madepossiblethecreationofastorehouseofknowledge,andthesupplementationofmemorybymeansofrecords.Itwasthisfacilityofpreservingwhatindividualshadfoundoutthat,morethananythingelse,madehumanprogresspossible. Keytoit参照答案：语言是人类彼此交流旳重要手段。尽管语言重要通过说话来体现，它也可以转换成其他方式进行，如文字体现。语言比较大旳长处就是它可以使经验得到传播。一代人所学得东西可以完整无缺地传给下一代。教学在很大程度上可以替代个人经验。文字甚至比话语更有助于人类建设知识宝库，它还能通过记录旳手段辅助记忆。在这一代人所学旳东西可以完整旳传递给下一代。教学在很大程度上可以传递个人旳经历。正是有了这种积累个人经验旳便利条件，才使人类旳进步成为也许。Part=5\*ROMANV.TranslationC-E．从心理上以及实际上说，地球上已没有边远地方了。当朋友去了曾被认为是遥远旳国家时，我们不也许再有父辈那种生离死别旳感觉。由于全球通讯网络，要见到远在地球另一侧旳朋友就同与本城那一头旳朋友发言般地轻易。KeytoitPsychologicallyaswellasphysically,therearenomoreremoteplacesonearth.Whenafriendleavesforwhatwasafarcountry,wecannotfeelthesamefeelingofirrevocableseparationthatsaddenedourforefathers.Thankstogloballycommunicationnetwork,wewillbeabletoseefriendsonthefarsideofearthaseasilyaswetalktothemontheothersideofthetown.Part=6\*ROMANVIWritingForthispart,youarerequiredtowriteacompositionentitled“CompetitionandChallenge”innoless200words.TEST2Part=1\*ROMANIListeningComprehensionSection1,Conversation(10minutes,10points)PartIIClozeTest(10minutes,15points)Thereligionsoftheworldhaveproducedgreatbooks,withgreatlessonstoteach.Ifwefollowed36iswritteninthebooks,theworldwouldcertainlybeabetterplace.37_,mostpeople,evenso-called"religious"people,donot38_followthepathsofgoodnessandrighteousnesssobeautifullydescribedbytheirreligion.Tomanypeople,thehouseof39(church,forexample)ismoreaplaceto40_thananythingelse.Theycometoseeandtotalktotheirfriends,toshow41_theirfineclothes.Theycomebecause"peoplewouldtalk"42_theydidn'tcome.Theycometobeentertainedbythe43_orrabbi,whotellsinterestingstoriesandreadsbeautifulwords,ortohearthebeautifulsongsofthe44_.Theycometoeat,drink,andbe45_.Theydonotcometolearnhowtoliveabetterlife.Sometimesgoingtochurchcan46_one'sfeelingsofpride.Peoplearetoldofthegreathistoryoftheirgroup,ofhowtheirgroupsufferedhardshipinthepast,47_eventuallyprevailedovertheenemy.Theyare48_onthegoodtheyhavedoneandonthegoodtheirchurchhasdone.Theycontributemoneytofeedone49_familyinAfricaortopayforascholarshipsothatonepoorchildcangotothecountryforasummer,andtheyfeelreassuredthattheyhavedone50thattheyshouldtomaketheworldabetterplace.36.A.whichB.whatC.howD.that37.UnfortunatelyB.UndoubtedlyC.RoughlyD.Obviously38.A.passivelyB.trulyC.eventuallyD.inevitably39.A.worshipB.assemblyC.ceremonyD.convention40.A.confessB.socializeC.exchangeD.converse41)A.aroundB.upC.offD.over42A.whenB.ifC.unlessD.for43A.laymanB.ministerC.churchgoerD.convert44A.auditoriumB.symphonyC.orchestraD.chorus45A.merryB.gloomyC.mercifulD.sober46.A.confirmB.obscureC.concealD.suppress47.A.butB.thereforeC.andD.thus48.A.illustratedB.congratulatedC.evaluatedD.excluded49.A.minorityB.hungryC.disabledD.illegal.50A.suchB.soC.allD.thatPart=3\*ROMANIIIReadingPassageOneTheurgetoexploreisinnateinMan.Whereverhisimaginationwanders,Manseeksalsotogo.Alargepartofhistoryisconcernedwiththeexplorationoftheworldinwhichwelive.Timeandagainmenhavesetoutwithamazingcourageandresolutiontoprobeintounknownregionsandlands.Theycrossedtheseasinflimsyboats,traversedcontinents,scaledmountains,foughttheirwaythroughjunglesandswamps,endureduntoldhardships---alltoexplore,toseewhathadnotyetbeenseen,tomakeknowntheunknown.NordidManconfinehismovementstothesurfaceoflandandsea.Withkites,balloonsandaircraftheleftthegroundtorangethroughtheloweratmosphere.Nowouterspacereceiveshisattention.Thehardwaytoanswerthequestion---whyshouldManbotheraboutconqueringspace---istoattempttolistthespecificpracticalbenefitsthatwillresult.Oneknows,frompastexperienceinotherareas,thatManwillsurelyseeanddiscovernewthingsinspace,thatwillincreaseourstoreofscientificknowledge,andthisnewknowledgewillfinditswayintovaluablepracticaluses.WhatwelearnaboutManhimself,fromhisexperienceinspace,andfromtheeffectsofspaceandthespaceflightenvironmentonhim,willbeinvaluable.Thenewtechniquesdevelopedtocarryouttheexplorationofspace,andtokeepmenaliveinspace,willinevitablyfindtheirwayintovaluablepracticalusesineverydayliving.Theareasthatwillbenefitaremanifold.Theyincludecommunications,generationofpower,transportationandtravel,foodproduction,conservationofresources,navigation,humancomfortandwelfare,biologyandmedicine,materials,fuelsandmanyothers.Buttostatespecificallyjustwhatthepracticaloutcomeswillbeisvirtuallyimpossible.1.Explorationoftheunknown-.A.oftenresultsinMan'spowerofimaginationB.isnotcommonthroughouthumanhistoryC.isgenerallysoughtafterbymenwithcourageandstrengthD.isdeeplyrootedintheinstinctofMan2.WhichofthefollowingbestsketchestheprocessofMan'sprobeintotheunknownworld?A..Surfaceoftheearth,theairandspace.B.Water,mountainsandforests,swamps.C.Communications,transportationandconservation.D.Urge,imaginationandcourage.3.Thebenefitsofspaceexplorationarebasicallysomething-. A. well-specified B. hypothetical C.practical D. inevitable4.Accordingtothispassage,thevalueofexploringtheouterspacewillultimatelyliein-.A.itstestimonyofMan'scourageandresolutionB.theknowledgeitmayhelpustogainaboutourearthC.theresultsitmaybringaboutintheinterestsofManD.Man'smasteryoftechniquestoflyandstayaliveinspace5.FromthispassagewecanconcludethatManshouldhaveconfidenceinexploringspacebecause-.A.wehavedirectedourattentiontotherightobjectofstudyB.wehaveaccumulatedexperiencefromprevioussuccessesinotherfieldsC.wehavefoundthecorrectanswertothequestionofwhyManshouldbotheraboutconqueringspaceD.wehavealreadymadeitpossibleforpeopletobenefitfromthisendeavor6.Theideasexpressedinthispassagecanwellbeusedinanargument-.A.infavorofcriticismsonspaceexplorationB.againstspendingmillionsofmoneyonspaceprojectsC.supportiveofparallelingman'sconquestofnaturewiththatofspaceD.tojustifyspaceexplorationwithitsfar-reachingsignifica.t1ceinman'slifePassageTwo ThesignsofthedegenerationofAmericansocietyandofWesterncivilizationarealltooplain:decliningeducationalstandards,risingcrime,disintegratingfamiliesandrecordrateofsuicideamongtheyoung.Able-bodiedbeggarshavebecomeacommonsightincitiesfromSanFranciscotoWashington,aswellasinLondonandParis. .MurdersinvolvinggunsinNewYorkCityarenowmorethan30timeswhattheywerehalfacenturyago.Racialpolarizationhasbecomefarmorecommononcollegecampusesthanitwas20yearsago,andseparatelivingarrangementshavebeencreatedbycollegeadministratorswhoneverthelessproclaimtheirdevotionto"diversity".OfficialirresponsibilityinWashingtonissymbolizedbythesoaringnationaldebt---duringadecadewhengovernmentrevenuesdoubled.Andthenewtaxincreaseswillnotreducethisdebtbyonepennybecausespendinghasnotbeencutbutsimplyrenamed"investment".Worstofall,muchofthedegeneracyofourtimesisnotmerelytoleratedbutcelebrated.Thecrudewordsof"rap"music(块半歌)havebeensanctifiedineditorialcolumnsandbyPh.D.satrespecteduniversities.Multiplemurderersaremournedattheirexecutions.Anaccusedchildmolester(骚扰小朋友者_)onStanfordUniversityfacultyhasamedalstruckinhishonorafterhecommitssuicidewhenconfrontedwiththecharges.Despitealonghistoryofstrugglebyblacksforbettereducation,ithasnowbecomecommoninghettoschoolsforthoseblackyoungsterswhoexcelacademicallytobedenouncedfor"actingwhite"---andtofacesocialexclusion,orevenphysicalviolence,fromtheirclassmates.7.Accordingtotheauthor,collegeadministrators-.A.shouldnotbeblamedforracialdiscriminationB.havesuccessfullyimplementedsatisfactorylivingarrangementsforthestudentsC.approveofthevariouslivingstylesamongthestudentsD.havecont