语言学基本入门介绍

关于语言学基本入门介绍第一页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四2DifferencewiththeFreshmencourseTaughtinEnglishTextbookwritteninEnglishContent（内容）moredemanding（很费心的，很费力的）EnglishisFun!第二页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四3PossibledifficultiesTerminology（术语）TheoreticalthinkingSystemofknowledgeProblem-solving第三页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四4Textbook《语言学教程》胡壮麟主编北京大学出版社E-book:–资源中心—课堂教学第四页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四5TeachingLecturesDiscussionAssignments（分配）:shortessays,analysisoflinguisticdata（资料）.第五页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四6Learning

ParticipationReadingandunderstandingtextbooksDoingexercisesandassignments（工作，任务）Developingtheabilityoflogical（逻辑的）thinking第六页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四7Assessment（评价，评估）Coursework:30%.Consistsofattendanceandassignmentsaftereachchapter.End-of-termexam:70%.第七页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四ChapterOne

Invitations（邀请）toLinguistics第八页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四91.WhyStudyLanguage?第九页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四10myths（神话）orfundamentalviews?Languageisatooltootherfieldsofknowledgeratherthanasubjectinandofitself.Languageisonlyameansofcommunication.Languagehasaform-meaningcorrespondence（通信）.Thefunctionoflanguageistoexchangeinformation.EnglishismoredifficulttolearnthanChinese.BlackEnglishisnotstandardandshouldbereformed.第十页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四11Childrenlearntheirnativelanguageswiftly,efficientlyandwithoutinstruction.Languageoperatesbyrules.Alllanguageshavethreemajorcomponents:asoundsystem（语音系统）,asystemoflexicogrammar（词汇语法系统）andasystemofsemantics（语义系统）.Everyonespeaksadialect.Languageslowlychanges.第十一页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四12Speakersofalllanguagesemployarangeofstyles（语体）andasetofjargons（行话）.Languagesareintimatelyrelatedtothesocietiesandindividualswhousethem.Writingisderivative（衍生）ofspeech.第十二页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四13Linguisticscanbeusedasawayoffindingoutmoreabout…Howlanguageoperates(chapter2-5)

speechsoundsmorphemetophrasewordtotextmeaningHowthebrainworks(chapter6:LanguageandCognition)Howchildrenlearnlanguage(chapter6)Howpeoplelearnandteachdifferentlanguages(chapter6&chapter11)Whattherelationshipbetweenmeaningandperception（感知）is(chapter5&chapter6)第十三页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四14Whattheroleoflanguageisindifferentcultures(chapter7:language,cultureandsociety;Chapter9:LanguageandLiterature)Whypeopleusedifferentvarietiesoflanguage(chapter7&chapter8:Languageinuse)Whytherearelinguisticdifferencesbetweendifferentgroups(chapter6-9)Howscientistsmakethecomputerworkinamorehuman-likeorder(Chapter10:Languageandcomputer).第十四页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四152.WhatisLanguage?Webster’sNewWorldDictionaryoffersseveralmostfrequentlyusedsensesoftheword“Language”[1](a)humanspeech;(b)theabilitytocommunicatebythismeans;(c)asystemofvocalsoundsandcombinationsofsuchsoundstowhichmeaningisattributed（语音和语义的结合系统）,usedfortheexpressionorcommunicationofthoughtsandfeelings;(d)thewrittenrepresentation（书写形式）ofsuchasystem;

第十五页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四16[2](a)anymeansofexpressingorcommunicating,asgestures,signs,oranimalsounds;(b)aspecialsetofsymbols,letters,numerals,rulesetc.usedforthetransmission（传递）ofinformation,asinacomputer;…Suffice(足够）ittosayherethatthoughweusethewordinitsvarioussenses,wefocushereonitsprimarysense:namely,[1](a)(b)(c)(d).第十六页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四172.WhatisLanguage?Language“isnottobeconfusedwithhumanspeech,ofwhichitisonlyadefinitepart,thoughcertainlyanessentialone.Itisbothasocialproductofthefacultyofspeechandacollectionofnecessaryconventionsthathavebeenadoptedbyasocialbodytopermitindividualstoexercisethatfaculty”.--FerdinanddeSaussure(1857-1913):CourseinGeneralLinguistics(1916)第十七页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四18“Languageisapurelyhumanandnon-instinctivemethodofcommunicatingideas,emotionsanddesiresbymeansofvoluntarilyproducedsymbols.”--EdwardSapir(1884-1939):Language:AnIntroductiontotheStudyofSpeech(1921)第十八页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四19“Alanguageisasystemofarbitrary(随意的)vocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichasocialgroupco-operates.”--BernardBloch(1907-1965)

&GeorgeTrager(1906-1992):OutlineofLinguisticAnalysis(1942)“Alanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsbymeansofwhichthemembersofasocietyinteractintermsoftheirtotalculture.”--GeorgeTrager:TheFieldofLinguistics(1949)第十九页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四20“FromnowonIwillconsiderlanguagetobeaset(finiteorinfinite)ofsentences,eachfiniteinlengthandconstructedoutofafinitesetofelements.”--NoamChomsky(1928-):SyntacticStructures(1957)第二十页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四21Languageis“theinstitutionwherebyhumanscommunicateandinteractwitheachotherbymeansofhabituallyusedoral-auditoryarbitrarysymbols.”--RobertA.Hall(1911-1997):IntroductoryLinguistics(1964)“Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.”--RonaldWardhaugh:IntroductiontoLinguistics(1977)第二十一页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四22“Thequestion‘Whatislanguage?’iscomparablewith--and,somewouldsay,hardlylessprofoundthan--

‘Whatislife?’,thepresuppositionsofwhichcircumscribeandunifythebiologicalsciences...itisnotsomuchthequestionitselfastheparticularinterpretationthatthebiologistputsuponitandtheunravellingofitsmoredetailedimplicationswithinsomecurrentlyacceptedtheoreticalframeworkthatnourishthebiologist'sday-to-dayspeculationsandresearch.Soitisforthelinguistinrelationtothequestion‘Whatislanguage?’”--JohnLyons(1932-):LanguageandLinguistics(1981)

第二十二页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四23“...inasensealldefinitions[oflanguage]are,bythemselves,inadequate,since,iftheyaretobemorethantrivialanduninformative,theymustpresuppose...somegeneraltheoryoflanguageandoflinguisticanalysis.”--R.H.Robins(1921-2000):GeneralLinguistics(1989)第二十三页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四24“Languageisaformofhumancommunicationbymeansofasystemofsymbolsprincipallytransmittedbyvocalsounds.”--StuartC.Poole:AnIntroductiontoLinguistics(1999)第二十四页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四25Tosumup:“Languageisameansofverbal（口头的）communication.”instrumental（工具性）:communicatingbyspeakingorwritingisapurposefulactsocialandconventional（约定俗成性）

:languageisasocialsemiotic（符号学的）

andcommunicationcanonlytakeplaceeffectivelyifalltheusersshareabroadunderstandingofhumaninteractionincludingsuchassociatedfactorsasnonverbalcues（暗示，指示）,motivation,andsocio-culturalroles.

Sophisticated（复杂性）:Languagelearningandusearedeterminedbytheinterventionofbiological,cognitive,psycho-social,andenvironmentalfactors.第二十五页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四263.DesignFeatures（本质特征）ofLanguageWhatmakeshumanlanguagesocomplicatedandflexible（灵活的）,sounrestrained（不受抑制的）bytheimmediatecontextandsocapableofcreatingnewmeanings?第二十六页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四27Humanlanguageis‘unique’Arbitrariness（任意性）Duality（二重性）Creativity（创造性）Displacement（移位性）

第二十七页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四283.1Arbitrariness

Saussure:theformsoflinguisticsigns（signifiant)bearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning(signifie)Arbitraryrelationshipbetweenthesoundofamorphemeanditsmeaning

dog

犬(いぬ)

狗

第二十八页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四29Arbitrarinessatthesyntacticlevel（穿）红衣的女孩今天早晨在教室里看书。Thegirlinredreadabookintheclassroomthismorning.

今朝赤い服を着る女の子は教室に本を読んでいました。

Sequence：Chinese:

（穿）（A）红衣的（B）女孩（C）今天早晨（D）在教室里（E）看（F）书（G）

Japanese:DBACEGF

English:CABFGED

第二十九页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四30Syntax（句法）islessarbitrarythanwords.Thehigher,thelessarbitrary聚合关系组合关系音素形素词素句素第三十页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四31ArbitrarinessandConventionalityArbitrarinessmakeslanguagepotentiallycreative.Conventionalitymakeslanguagesystemofsignsaccepted,understoodbyacommunity.Forlearnersofaforeignlanguage,itistheconventionality(idioms.e.g.)thatisworthnoticingthanitsarbitrariness.

第三十一页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四32Argument:Islanguagearbitraryinnature?Structurallinguists（语言学家）:Yes.Systemicfunctionalists（机能主义者）

andAmericanfunctionalists:Yesinthedistinctive（有特色的，与众不同的）

unitsofsounds,noatthesyntactic（句法的）

level.Cognitivelinguists:Iconicity（象似性）

ratherthanarbitrary第三十二页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四33Whatdidwedolasttime?GottoknowthecourseandsomelinguistsLearnedsomemythsandfundamentalviewsaboutlanguageDiscussedwhywestudylanguageLearnedwhatlanguageis:Languageisameansofverbal（口头的）communication.---Itisinstrumental,socialandconventional,sophisticated.Dealtwithdesignfeaturesoflanguage:Arbitrariness,duality,creativity,anddisplacement第三十三页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四343.2Duality(二重性)

Thepropertyofhavingtwolevelsofstructures,suchthatunitsoftheprimarylevelarecomposedofelementsofthesecondarylevelandeachofthetwolevelshasitsownprinciplesoforganization:Primaryunits（上层单位）:‘words’(meaningful)Secondaryunits（下层单位）:‘sounds’(meaningless（毫无意义的）)Elements:unitsthatcanbedividedintofurtherelements

第三十四页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四35Hierarchy(分层）oflanguage:stratification（分层）

as‘theinfiniteuseoffinitemeans’.Sounds>syllables（音节）

>morphemes（形态素，词素）

>words>phrases>clauses>sentences/utterances>texts/discourses（论文）

utterance发声，表达；说话方式；语调；言论；意见；言辞第三十五页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四36AQuestionforyouManyanimalscommunicatewithspecialcalls,whichhavespecialmeanings.Butwesayanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethepropertyofduality.Canyouexplainthat?

A:Thepropertyofdualityonlyexistsinasystemwithbothelementsandunits.Theanimal’sspecialcallsmighthavecorrespondingmeanings,thatistheprimaryunitshavemeanings.Butsuchunitscannotbefurtherdividedintoelements.第三十六页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四37Anin-classtaskIllustrate（阐明）

thisstatementthattheadvantageofdualityliesintheproductivepowerourlanguageisendowedwith.endowwith赋予...A:Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements-forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeendlessnumberofsentences,whichinturncanformunlimitednumberoftexts.第三十七页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四383.3Creativity

Languageisresourcefulbecauseofitsdualityanditsrecursiveness(递归性）.Wecanuseittocreatenewmeanings.Why？Becauseofdualitythehumanspeakerisabletocombinethebasiclinguisticunitstoformaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichareneverbeforeproducedorheard.Therecursivenatureoflanguageprovidesapotentialtocreateaninfinitenumberofsentences.第三十八页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四39Anin-classtaskComeupwithsomeexamplestoillustratethecreativityoflanguage.

第三十九页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四40加字对联趣闻王羲之是晋代著名的书法大家，时人皆抢着去收藏他的墨迹，给他带来不少麻烦。每年除夕，他书写的春联一贴出来就会不翼而飞。于是，他想出一个办法：于某年除夕前数天，挥笔写下一副内容不吉利的春联：“福无重享；祸不单行”。然后把它贴于门上，人们看了，都不敢去剥它。到了除夕深夜，爆竹喧天迎新岁时，王羲之在春联上下各加３个字，成了一副内容相反的吉祥语：“福无重享今朝享；祸不单行昨夜行”第四十页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四41清朝乾隆某日与纪晓岚外出郊游，看见花丛里的蝴蝶蹁跹飞舞，随口说：“两蝶逗”。纪晓岚以为乾隆出句要他对，立即答：“一鸥游。”乾隆才想起对联游戏，便有意为难纪晓岚说：“你答非所问，我讲的是‘两蝶豆’呀！”纪晓岚说：“皇上听错了，我对的是‘一瓯油’。”两人互相狡黠地笑起来。乾隆又说：“花间两蝶逗”。纪晓岚立即对：“水上一鸥游”。无论谐音、变字、加字，都难不住纪晓岚。乾隆说：“纪卿真乃天才！”纪晓岚说：“小臣谢皇上过奖！”

第四十一页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四42某日，两位对联爱好者约定互相对联句，并商议以加字对。甲说“遊远道”，并指明须用同一部首相对，否则算输。乙思量片刻即对道：“遇迷途。”甲说：“对得妙！”随即加两字在前变作“逍遥遊远道”。乙并不示弱，道：“邂逅遇迷途。”甲说：“果然了得，好！又加两字——逐迹逍遥遊远道。”乙深思一阵便答道：“逢迒邂逅遇迷途。”甲问：“‘迒’作何解？”乙道：“凡野兽走过的路叫‘迒’，喻荒郊野岭的去处。”甲说：“我从后面加字给你对——沐浴。”

乙道：“澄清。”甲说：“澄清浊浪污流。”

乙道：“沐浴汪洋瀚海”。他们来一个交换加字对，两人双赢，互相翘起拇指哈哈大笑，结束了这个颇有难度的文字游戏。第四十二页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四433.4Displacement

Humanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolize（表达）objects,eventsandconceptswhicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.Thus,wecanrefertoConfucius,ortheNorthPole,eventhoughthefirsthasbeendeadforover2550yearsandthesecondissituatedfarawayfromus.第四十三页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四44Animalcommunicationisnormallyunder“immediatestimuluscontrol”.Forinstance,awarningcryofabirdinstantlyannouncesdanger.Humanlanguageisstimulus-free.Whatwearetalkingaboutneednotbetriggeredbyanyexternalstimulusintheworldoranyinternalstate.

stimulus刺激物；激励物；促进因素

triggered触发的external外面的

internal内部的第四十四页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四45Thehoneybee'sdanceexhibitsdisplacementalittlebit:hecanrefertoasourceoffood,whichisremoteintimeandspacewhenhereportsonit.Adogcannottellpeoplethatitsmasterwillbehomeinafewdays.Ourlanguageenablesustocommunicateaboutthingsthatdonotexistordonotyetexist.honeybee蜜蜂remote微小的，轻微的第四十五页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四46Displacementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingusthepowertohandlegeneralizations（普通化）

andabstractions（抽象化）.Oncewecantalkaboutphysicallydistantthing,weacquiretheabilitytounderstandconceptswhichdenote（为...的名称）“non-things”,suchastruthandbeauty.第四十六页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四474.Originoflanguage

The‘Divine’（神的）

origin:“InthebeginningwastheWord,andtheWordwaswithGod,andtheWordwasGod.”“词是世界之源，词与主同在，词就是主。”

(Gospel,John1:1)

福音书，约翰第四十七页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四48“AndtheLordsaid,Behold,thepeopleisone,andtheyhaveallonelanguage;andthistheybegintodo;andnownothingwillberestrainedfromthem,whichtheyhaveimaginedtodo.”(Genesis,11:6)---Thesepiecesofscriptureseemtosuggestsomemysteriousoriginofthelanguage.第四十八页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四49Today,thepeopleoftheworldusemorethan6,000differentlanguagesandinnumerable（无数的）

dialects.Howistheunitygone?

ThetowerofBabel通天塔第四十九页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四50Thewholeearthhadonelanguageandwasofonespeech.Astheymigrated（迁移）fromtheeast,ithappenedthattheyfoundaplaininthelandofShinar,andtheysettledthere.Theysaidonetoanother,'Come,let'smakebricks,andbakethemthoroughly.'

(Genesis11:1-3)第五十页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四51第五十一页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四52

Yahwehcamedowntoseethecityandthetowerwhichthesonsofmankindwerebuilding.第五十二页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四53第五十三页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四54第五十四页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四55第五十五页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四56

FromthereYahwehscattered(分撒)themabroadacrossthefaceoftheearth.第五十六页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四57Andtheystoppedbuildingthecity.第五十七页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四58Thatiswhyit'swascalledBabel,becausethereYahwehconfusedthelanguageofalltheearth.Fromthere,Yahwehscatteredthemabroadacrossfaceoftheearth.第五十八页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四594.1The“bow-wow”theory啵喔理论Inprimitivetimespeopleimitatedthesoundsoftheanimalcallsinthewildenvironmenttheylivedandspeechdevelopedfromthat.Onomatopoeic（拟声的）

wordsseemtobeaconvenientevidenceforthistheory.Buttheyareverydifferentinthedegreeofresemblancetheyexpresswiththenaturalsounds.Thistheorylackssupportiveevidence.

第五十九页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四604.2The“pooh-pooh”theory噗噗理论Inthehardlifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutter（说）

instinctive（本能的）

soundsofpain,angerandjoy.Asforevidence,wecanonlycitetheuniversaluseofsoundsasinterjections（感叹词）.Whatmakesthetheoryproblematicisthatthereisonlyalimitednumberofinterjectionsinalmostalllanguages.Besides,interjectionssuchasOh,Ah,Oopsbearlittlerelationshipwiththesoundsystemofalanguageandthereforearenotgoodevidence.第六十页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四614.3The“yo-he-ho”theory哟嗨哟理论Asprimitivepeopleworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmic（有节奏的）

grunts（咕哝着说）

whichgraduallydevelopedintochants（吟颂，咏诗）

andthenintolanguage.Wedohaveprosodic（作诗法的）

useofrhythmsinlanguages,butrhythmicgruntsarefardifferentfromlanguageinitspresentsense.Thetheoryisagainatmostaspeculation.第六十一页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四62Theby-now（到如今）

fruitless（没有成果的）

searchfortheoriginoflanguagesreflectspeople'sconcernwiththeoriginofhumanityandmaycomeupwithenlighteningfindingsinfuture.enlighten启发，开导Onethingwecansayforcertainisthatlanguageevolves（演变，进化）

withinspecifichistorical,socialandculturalcontexts.第六十二页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四635.Functionsoflanguage

Linguiststalkaboutthefunctionsoflanguageinanabstractsense,thatis,notintermsofusinglanguagetochat,tothink,tobuyandsell,toreadandwrite,togreet,praiseandcondemnpeople,etc.

condemn谴责，责备；处刑；宣布...不能使用Theysummarizethesepracticalfunctionsandattemptsomebroadclassificationsofthebasicfunctionsoflanguage.第六十三页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四64ForJakobson,languageisaboveallforcommunication.Whileformanypeople,thepurposeofcommunicationisreferential（指代的）,forhim(andthePragueschoolstructuralists布拉格结构主义派学者),referenceisnottheonly,noteventheprimarygoalofcommunication.

第六十四页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四65sixprimaryfactorsofanyspeechevent,namely（即，也就是）:Speaker发话人,addressee受话人,context语境,message信息,code语码,contact接触.Inconjunctionwiththese,Jakobsonestablishedawell-knownframework（构架，结构）

oflanguagefunctionsbasedonthesixkeyelementsofcommunication,namely:第六十五页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四66Referential所指功能

(toconveymessageandinformation),Poetic

诗歌功能(toindulgeinlanguageforitsownsake),Emotive感情功能

(toexpressattitudes,feelingsandemotions),Conative意动功能

(topersuadeandinfluenceothersthroughcommandsandrequests),Phatic寒暄功能

(toestablishcommunionwithothers)Metalingual元语言功能

(toclearupintentionsandmeanings).第六十六页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四67第六十七页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四68Hallidayproposesatheoryofmetafunctionsoflanguage（元语言功能）,thatis,languagehasideational概念,interpersonal

人际andtextual

语篇functions.Ierpersonalfunctionenactssocialrelationships.Textualfunctioncreatesrelevance(关联)tocontext.第六十八页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四69Inhisearlierworks,Hallidayproposedsevencategoriesoflanguagefunctionsbyobservingchildlanguagedevelopment:Instrumental工具功能Regulatory控制功能Representational表达功能Interactional互动功能Personal自指性功能Heuristic教导功能Imaginative想象功能第六十九页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四70Stillotherclassificationsemploy（使用）differentcategoriesandusedifferentterms,butallsharealotincommonaboutthebasicfunctionsoflanguage.Belowisasummaryofthemajorfunctionsoflanguage.第七十页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四715.1Informative

function信息功能Languageistheinstrumentofthoughtandpeopleoftenfeelneedtospeaktheirthoughtsaloud.Theuseoflanguagetorecordthefactsisaprerequisite（前提，先决条件）

ofsocialdevelopment.Theinformativefunctionisindeedacrucial（决定性的，紧要关头的）

functionoflanguage.

Itisalsocalledideationalfunctionintheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar.

第七十一页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四72Hallidaynotesthat“Languageservesfortheexpressionof‘content’:thatis,ofthespeaker'sexperienceoftherealworld,includingtheinnerworldofhisownconsciousness....Inservingthisfunction,languagealsogivesstructuretoexperience,andhelpstodetermineourwayoflookingatthings,sothatitrequiressomeintellectualefforttoseetheminanyotherwaythanthatwhichourlanguagesuggeststous”.第七十二页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四735.2Interpersonalfunction

人际功能Byfarthemostimportantsociological（社会学的）

useoflanguage,andbywhichpeopleestablishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.Intheframeworkoffunctionalgrammar,theinterpersonalfunctionisconcernedwithinteractionbetweentheaddresserandaddresseeinthediscoursesituationandtheaddresser'sattitudetowardwhathespeaksorwritesabout.

第七十三页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四74Forexample,thewaysinwhichpeopleaddressothersandrefertothemselves(e.g.DearSir,DearProfessor,Johnny,yours,yourobedientservant)indicatethevariousgradesofinterpersonalrelations.第七十四页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四75Attachedtotheinterpersonalfunctionisitsfunctionofexpressingidentity.Forexample,thechantingofacrowdatafootballmatch,theshoutingofnamesorslogansatpublicmeetings,thestage-managedaudiencereactionstoTVgameshowsTheyallsignalwhoweareandwherewebelong.

第七十五页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四76Languagemarksouridentity,physicallyintermsofage,sex,andvoiceprints;psychologicallyintermsoflanguage,personalityandintelligence;geographicallyintermsofaccentsanddialects;ethnicallyandsociallyintermsofsocialstratification（分层）,class,status,role,solidarity（团结）

anddistance.第七十六页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四77Theinterpersonalfunctionissuchabroadcategorythatitisoftendiscussedundervariousothertermsasinthefollowingperformative,emotive,expressiveandphaticfunctionsoflanguage.Theyseemtoemphasizedifferentaspectsoftheinterpersonalfunction.第七十七页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四785.3Performativefunction施为功能ThisconceptoriginatesfromthephilosophicalstudyoflanguagerepresentedbyAustinandSearle,whosetheorynowformstheback-bone（骨干）

ofpragmatics(Chapter8).Forexample,Inowdeclarethemeetingopen.Ibetyoutwopoundsitwillraintomorrow.第七十八页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四79Theperformativefunctionoflanguageisprimarilytochangethesocialstatusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencing（宣判）

ofcriminals,theblessingofchildren,thenamingofashipatalaunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.Thekindoflanguageemployedinperformativeverbalactsisusuallyquiteformalandevenritualized程序化.第七十九页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四80

Forexample,inChinesewhen

someonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay岁岁平安asameansofcontrollingtheinvisibleforceswhichthebelieversfeelmightaffecttheirlivesadversely（反对地）.Theperformativefunctioncanextendtothecontrolofrealityasonsomemagicalorreligiousoccasions.第八十页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四815.4Emotivefunction情感功能Theemotivefunctionoflanguageisoneofthemostpowerfulusesoflanguagebecauseitiscrucialinchangingtheemotionalstatusofanaudiencefororagainstsomeoneorsomething.Itisameansofgettingridofournervousenergywhenweareunderstress,e.g.swearwords诅咒,obscenities说脏话,involuntaryverbalreactionstoapieceofartorscenery;conventionalwords/phrases,e.g.God,My,Damnit,Whatasight,Wow,Ugh,Oh.第八十一页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四82Itisalsodiscussedunderthetermexpressivefunction.Theexpressivefunctioncanoftenbeentirelypersonalandtotallywithoutanyimplicationofcommunicationtoothers.Forexample,amanmaysayOuch!（哎呦）

afterstriking（显著的）

afingernailwithahammer,orhemaymutter（小声抱怨）

Damnwhenrealizingthathehasforgottenanappointment.第八十二页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四83Exclamations（呼喊，惊叫）

suchasMan!Ohboy!andHurrah!（好哇）

areusuallyutteredwithoutanypurposeofcommunicatingtoothers,butasessentiallyaverbalresponsetoaperson'sownfeelings.Suchexpressiveutterancescanalsobeacommunal（社会的）

responseofagroupofpeoplewhoreinforce（增强，加强）

oneanother'sexpressiveuseoflanguagetoshowtheirsolidarity（团结）.第八十三页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四845.5Phaticcommunion寒暄功能

Phaticcommunionreferstothesocialinteractionoflanguage,originatingfromMalinowski'sstudyofthefunctionsoflanguageperformedbyTrobriandIslanders.Forexample,Mrs.Psneezesviolently.

Mrs.Q:Blessyou.Mrs.P:Thankyou.第八十四页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四85Weallusesuchsmall,seeminglymeaninglessexpressionstomaintainacomfortablerelationshipbetweenpeoplewithoutinvolvinganyfactualcontent.Ritual（仪式）

exchangesabouthealthorweathersuchasGoodmorning,Godblessyou,Nicedayoftenstatetheobvious.Yettheyindicatethatachannel（渠道，途径）

ofcommunicationisopenifitshouldbeneeded.第八十五页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四86Differentcultureshavedifferenttopicsofphaticcommunion.AccordingtoDavidCrystal,theweatherisnotauniversalconversationfillerastheEnglishmightliketothink.Rundiwomen(inBurundi,CentralAfrica),upontakingleave,routinely（常规地）

andpolitelysay“Imustgohomenow,ormyhusbandwillbeatme.”

第八十六页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四87Broadlyspeaking,thisfunctionreferstoexpressionsthathelpdefineandmaintaininterpersonalrelations,suchasslang,jokes,jargons（行话，黑话，隐语）,ritualistic（仪式的，惯例的）

exchanges,switchesto（切换到）

socialandregionaldialects.Wehavetolearnalargerepertoire（全部节目）

ofsuchusagesifwearetointeractcomfortablywithdifferentpeople.第八十七页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四885.6Recreationalfunction

娱乐功能Therecreationalfunctionofalanguageisoftenoverlookedbecauseitseemssorestrictiveinpurposeandsupposedly（据认为）

solimitedinusefulness.However,noonewilldenytheuseoflanguageforthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababy'sbabblingorachanter'schanting.

第八十八页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四89IntheLatinandIslamicworldsaswellasinsomeareasofChina,thereiswidespreaduseofverbaldueling对歌,inwhichonesingerbeginsasongofusuallyfewlinesandchallengeshisopponenttocontinuethecontentorprovidearejoinder（回答，反驳）

inasimilarrhythmandrhymescheme.Suchverbalduelsmaylastforafewhoursandisperformedforthesheerjoyofplayingonlanguage.第八十九页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四90Totakeoneexample,thewell-knownmovie《刘三姐》featuresasceneof“对歌”(songdueling)mostlyforthesheerjoyofplayingonlanguage.第九十页，共一百零八页，编辑于2023年，星期四91Ifyouobserveachildren’splay,youwillfindthepowerofsound.Sometimesevennonsensical无意义的

lyrics抒情的

perfo