(全)高考英语语法真题详解-介词和介词短语

高考英语语法真题详解-介词和介词短语［感悟高考］单句语法填空/单句改错.ChopsticksarenotusedeverywhereinAsia.InIndia,forexample,mostpeopletraditionallyeattheirhands.（2016•全国田，50）.MyconnectionwithpandasgoesbackmydaysonaTVshowinthemid-1980s,whenIwasthefirstWesternTVreporter.（2016•全国A,65）.ForthosewhoflytoGuilin,it'sonlyanhourawaycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter-knowncity.（2015•全国A,66）.NowIamleavinghometocollege.（2016•全国田，短文改错）.Whiletheychatted,myfatherwouldliftmysisterandmeuptositinthetopofthefridge.（2016•浙江，短文改错）答案l.with2.to3.by4.to-for5.in-on［考点清单］考点一常见介词的用法1.表示时间的介词at,on,in和for规则❶at表示某个时间点、时刻等，例如：atmidnight,atdawn/daybreak,atsunrise/sunset，atdusk等。规则❷on表示在具体的日子或具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上。例如：onOctoberthefirst，onarainyday，onChristmasEve，ontheafternoonofhisarrival等。规则❸in表示在某段较长的时间内（如：世纪、朝代、年代、月份）或泛指上午、下午和傍晚等。inthe1980's/1980s，intheQingDynasty，inOctober，inthemorning/afternoon/evening等。规则❹for后跟“时间段”表示某行为或状态持续了多久，可与现在完成时、过去时或将来时连用。havelivedinthiscityformorethan10years.我在这座城市住了10多年了。.表示交通方式的介词by,in和on规则❶不涉及交通工具的名词时用by，名词前不带冠词。例如：bysea/water/land/air等。规则❷涉及交通工具的名词时用by，但名词需用单数，其前面不加冠词和任何修饰语。例如：bybike/pgne/ship/train/spaceship/car等。规则❸当旅行方式涉及特指的交通工具时，用on或in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语。例如：onthisplane，onmybike，inhiscar。.表示方位的across,through和over规则❶across表示“从……的表面穿过”。Hewalkedacrossthesquaretomeetus.他穿过广场来见我们。规则❷through表示“从……的内部穿过”。Theguideledusthroughtheforest.向导领着我们穿过森林。规则❸over表示“从……的上面跨过”。Thethiefjumpedoverthefenceandfledaway.贼跳过栅栏逃跑了。.beyond规则❶表示“（时间）过了，比……晚，迟于”。It'sbeyondmidnightnow.Ishestillwatchingthefootballmatch?现在已经过了午夜了。他还在看足球赛吗？规则❷表示〃（位置）在……那一边，超出……;为……所不及，超出……的范围”。Beyondtheriverstoodapowerstation.过了这条河就是一个发电站。Everybodywastouchedbeyondwordsaftertheyheardhermovingstory.听了她感人的故事，大家都被感动得无以言表。.against规则❶表示〃逆……方向，顶着；靠着，倚靠；碰着，撞击（表示方向或位置）”。Hestoodwithhisbackagainstthewall.他背靠墙站着。规则❷表示“反对（与for意义相反）；违背”。Othersareagainsttheidea,sayingthatlearningEnglishisuselessandisawasteofenergy.其他人反对这个观点，他们说学英语没用，并且浪费精力。规则❸表示“防备，准备”。Someanimalsstorefoodagainstthewinter.有些动物为过冬储备食物。Theyhavegotpreparedagainstflood.他们已经做好了防洪准备。规则❹表示“衬托，相映”。Thehilllooksmorebeautifulagainstthebluesky.在蓝天的映衬下，山峰更显美丽。.with的用法规则❶表示“和……一起，和，同，跟”。Putthisbagwiththeothers.把这个包和其他的包放在一起。规则❷表示“（同时或同一方向）随着“。Withthevitalexamdrawingnear,IfeltsonervousthatIevencouldn'teatorsleep,thusmakingmeverysleepyinclass.随着这场重要考试日益临近，我感到如此紧张以至于吃不下睡不着，因此课堂上无精打采。规则❸表示“具有，带有”、“由于，因为”或“（表示方式）用"。ThedictionaryiswhatIwant,butIdon'thaveenoughmoneywithme.这本字典正是我想要的，但是我没带够钱。Therewasaproblemwiththeparkingplaceforbikesinour5为。。1.在我们学校自行车存放处有一个长久以来就存在的问题。考点二常见介词短语规则❶in+名词inadvance提前，事先，预先incase如果，万一incharge主管，掌管，看管，负责inreturn作为回报inturn依次，替换地；相应地，转而invain徒劳，白费力气的规则❷on+名词onleave在休假onholiday在度假onstrike罢工onsale出售规则❸beyond+名词beyondone'spower是某人力不能及的beyondone'sreach够不着beyonddescription难以形容beyondwords无法用语言形容beyonddoubt无疑；肯定规则❹under+名词underconstruction在建设中underconsideration在考虑中underrepair在修理中规则❺at+名词atwork在上班atlunch在吃午饭atrest在休息attable在吃饭atchurch做礼拜atpeace处于和平状态规则❻outof+名词outofbreath上气不接下气地outofbalance失去平衡outoftouch失去联系outofdate过时的规则❼in+名词+ofinfavourof同意，赞成inhonourof为纪念，为庆祝inmemoryof为纪念infaceof面对inneedof需要insearchof寻找inchargeof负责inspiteof尽管incaseof如果，万一考点三“动词+介词”短语规则❶动词+介词laughat嘲笑agreeon对……达成协议lookfor寻找setabout开始做 consistof由 组成devote...to...致力于 referto参考；查阅规则❷动词+副词+介词goinfor爱好；从事putupwith忍受gobackto追溯到……godownto认真做……规则❸动词+名词+介词takeadvantageof禾1」用payattentionto注意makeuseof禾IJ用comeupwith提出giveinto向 让步规则❹动词+sb/sth+介词preventsbfrom…阻止某人做 remindsbof...提醒某人 informsbof通知某人 warnsbof警告某人 ［正误探究］.【误】IlikeMr.Miner'sspeech;itwasclearandon__the__point.【正】IlikeMr.Miner'sspeech;itwasclearandto__the__point.【探究】句意：我喜欢Miner先生的讲话，既清楚又切中要点。tothepoint意思为“切中要点”。.【误】Didyoureallyseetheyoungmanhitmybrotherontheface?【正】Didyoureallyseetheyoungmanhitmybrotherintheface?【探究】句意:你真的看见那个年轻人打我弟弟的脸了吗？“打在脸上”用intheface;“打在鼻子上”用onthenose。［易错防范］易错点1思维定势，误解语境Doyouthinkthisshirtistootighttheshoulders?误填to/on答案across［句意：你觉得这件衬衫肩膀的位置太紧了吗？本题考查介词的基本用法。acrosstheshoulders指肩宽，两肩的距离，故填across。］【点拨】此题易用to，因为同学们会受思维定势影响，误以为考查too...to结构；也有同学会用on，认为是说“肩膀上”，指具体地点，但此处考查两肩间的距离。易错点2受汉语思维影响ThegraduatesaredeterminedtodevotethemselvesChinesespacescience.误填for答案to［句意：毕业生们决心献身于中国太空科学事业。devoteoneselftodoingsth意为"献身于……”，这里的to是介词。类似的结构有：payattentionto，getdownto，lookforwardto，makeacontributionto等。］【点拨】易误用for。受到汉语思维习惯的影响，考生易误认为是“为了（3表目的）中国的太空科学事业而奉献”，却忽略了与devote固定搭配的介词只能是to。［针对训练］I.单句语法填空.Mostofusaremorefocusedourtasksinthemorningthanwearelaterintheday.（2016•全国口，64）.thesametime,theywarmupagainforthenight.（2015•全国口，67）.ThentheJohnsonshadtomakealivingacow..Acommonmemorytheyallhavetheirschooldaysistheschooluniform..Thelittlepupiltookhisgrandmathearmandwalkedheracrossthestreet..Lastyearwasthewarmestyearonrecord,withglobaltemperature0.68℃theaverage..Whenthebusfinallycame,weallhurriedonboard.Igotaplacenextthewindow,soIhadagoodviewofthesidewalk..Whilestayinginthevillage,Jamesunselfishlysharedwhateverhehadwiththevillagerswithoutaskingforanythingreturn..Thatyoungmanishonest,cooperative,alwaystherewhenyouneedhishelp.short,he'sreliable..Thedictionaryisoutdate:manywordshavebeenaddedtothelanguagesinceitwaspublished.答案1.on2.At3.without4.of5.by6.above7.to8.in9.In10.of口.单句改错（每句仅1处错误）.Tonysawatoyonashopwindow..Mysoccercoachretiredinlastweek..Pleasehelpwithmeandgivemesomeadvice..Ifyouhearthealarm,standinlineatthedoorandwaityourteachertoleadyououtside..Nearlyfiveyearsago,andwiththehelpbyourfather,mysisterandIplantedsomecherrytomatoes（圣女果）inourbackgarden..Ifwecouldshowconcerntoothersonneed,theworldwouldbeabetterplacetolivein..Suddenlyitoccurredtomethathemighthaveleftitinthetaxi.SoIimmediatelygottouchwiththetaxicompany..I'mafraidphysicsiscompletelyagainstmeandIhavetoaskyouforhelp..Iamafraidthemountainwouldbreakdown.Thenextmorningwegotupearlyinordertoseethesunrisefromtheeast..Heisalwayshelpingpeoplewithoutexpectinganythingasreturn.答案1.on-in2.去掉in3.去掉with4.wait后加for5.by-of6.on一in7.got后加in8.against—beyond9.from—in10.as—in印.语篇填空（用适当的介词填空）AsIwalked__1__thecitystreets,Ipassedayoungmansearchingthroughasmallblockoflandthatcontainedamixofleavesandrubbish.Iwassomewhatpuzzledwhysomeone__2__himwouldbesearchingthroughrubbish.Findingthisalittleodd,Iaskedhim,“Whatareyousearching__3__?”Herepliedv