TOEFL托福阅读真题汇总

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托福阅读真题1

PASSAGE22

Throughoutthenineteenthcenturyandintothetwentieth,citizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentersofcorruption,crime,poverty,andmoraldegradation.Theirdistrustwascaused,inpart,byanationalideologythatproclaimedfarmingthegreatestoccupationandrurallivingsuperiortourbanliving.Thisattitudeprevailedevenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessentialfeatureofthenationallandscape.Gradually,economicrealityovercameideology.Thousandsabandonedtheprecariouslifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeoplemigratedfromthecountryside,theycarriedtheirfearsandsuspiciouswiththem.Thesenewurbanities,alreadyconvincedthatcitieswereoverwhelmedwithgreatproblems,eagerlyembracedtheprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthechaosofthecity.

Oneofmanyreformscameintheareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedbymunicipalgovernments,butthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswouldchargeexorbitantratesfortheseessentialservicesanddeliverthemonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedbyregulatingtheutilitycompanies,butanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.Proponentsofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwouldinsurewidespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteeafairprice.

Whilesomereformsfocusedongovernmentandpublicbehavior,otherslookedatthecitiesasawhole.Civicleaders,convincedthatphysicalenvironmentinfluencedhumanbehavior,arguedthatcitiesshoulddevelopmasterplanstoguidetheirfuturegrowthanddevelopment.Cityplanningwasnothingnew,buttherapidindustrializationandurbangrowthofthelatenineteenthcenturytookplacewithoutanyconsiderationfororder.Urbanrenewalinthetwentiethcenturyfollowedseveralcourses.Somecitiesintroducedplanstocompletelyrebuildthecitycore.Mostothercitiescontentedthemselveswithzoningplansforregulatingfuturegrowth.Certainpartsoftownwererestrictedtoresidentialuse,whileothersweresetasideforindustrialorcommercialdevelopment.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Acomparisonofurbanandrurallifeintheearlytwentiethcentury

(B)Theroleofgovernmentintwentiethcenturyurbanrenewal

(C)Effortstoimproveurbanlifeintheearlytwentiethcentury

(D)Methodsofcontrollingurbangrowthinthetwentiethcentury

2.Thewordbiasinline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)diagonal

(B)slope

(C)distortion

(D)prejudice

3.Thefirstparagraphsuggeststhatmostpeoplewholivedinruralareas

(A)weresuspiciousoftheirneighbors

(B)wereveryproudoftheirlifestyle

(C)believedcitygovernmenthadtoomuchpower

(D)wantedtomovetothecities

4.Intheearlytwentiethcentury,manyruraldwellersmigratedtothecityinorderto

(A)participateintheurbanreformmovement

(B)seekfinancialsecurity

(C)complywithagovernmentordinance

(D)avoidcrimeandcorruption

5.Thewordembracedinline11isclosestinmeaningto

(A)suggested

(B)overestimated

(C)demanded

(D)welcomed

6.Whatconcerndidreformershaveaboutprivatelyownedutilitycompanies?

(A)Theyfearedtheserviceswouldnotbemadeavailabletoallcitydwellers.

(B)Theybelievedprivateownershipwouldsloweconomicgrowth

(C)Theydidnottrustthecompaniestoobeythegovernmentregulations.

(D)Theywantedtoensurethattheserviceswouldbeprovidedtoruralareas.

7.Thewordexorbitantinline16isclosestinmeaningto

(A)additional

(B)expensive

(C)various

(D)modified

8.AllofthefollowingwerethedirectresultofpublicutilityreformsEXCEPT

(A)localgovernmentsdeterminedtherateschargedbyprivateutilitycompanies

(B)someutilitycompanieswereownedandoperatedbylocalgovernments

(C)theavailabilityofserviceswasregulatedbylocalgovernment

(D)privateutilitycompanieswererequiredtopayafeetolocalgovernments

9.ThewordProponentsinline18isclosestinmeaningto

(A)Experts

(B)Pioneers

(C)Reviewers

(D)Supporters

10.Whydoestheauthormentionindustrialization(line24)?

(A)Toexplainhowfasturbangrowthledtopoorlydesignedcities

(B)Toemphasizetheeconomicimportanceofurbanareas

(C)Tosuggestthatlabordisputeshadbecomeanurbanproblem

(D)Toillustratetheneedforconstructionofnewfactories

答案：CDBBDABDDA

托福阅读真题2

PASSAGE23

Althoughonly1personin20intheColonialperiodlivedinacity,thecitieshadadisproportionateinfluenceonthedevelopmentofNorthAmerica.Theywereatthecuttingedgeofsocialchange.Itwasinthecitiesthattheelementsthatcanbeassociatedwithmoderncapitalismfirstappeared—theuseofmoneyandcommercialpaperinplaceofbarter,opencompetitioninplaceofsocialdeferenceandhierarchy,withanattendantriseinsocialdisorder,andtheappearanceoffactoriesusingcoatorwaterpowerinplaceofindependentcraftspeopleworkingwithhandtools.Thecitiespredictedthefuture,wrotehistorianGary.B.Nash,eventhoughtheywerebutovergrownvillagescomparedtothegreaturbancentersofEurope,theMiddleEastandChina.

ExceptforBoston,whosepopulationstabilizedatabout16,000in1760,citiesgrewbyexponentialleapsthroughtheeighteenthcentury.InthefifteenyearspriortotheoutbreakoftheWarforindependencein1775,morethan200,000immigrantsarrivedonNorthAmericanshores.ThismeantthatapopulationthesizeofBostonwasarrivingeveryyear,andmostofitflowedintotheportcitiesintheNortheast.Philadelphiaspopulationnearlydoubtedinthoseyears,reachingabout30,000in1774,NewYorkgrewatalmostthesamerate,reachingabout25,000by1775.

Thequalityofthehinterlanddictatedthepaceofgrowthofthecities.ThelandsurroundingBostonhadalwaysbeenpoorfarmcountry,andbythemid-eighteenthcenturyitwasvirtuallystrippedofitstimber.Theavailablefarmlandwasoccupied,therewaslittleintheregionbeyondthecitytoattractimmigrants.NewYorkandPhiladelphia,bycontrast,servedarichandfertilehinterlandlacedwithnavigablewatercourses.Scots,Irish,andGermanslandedinthesecitiesandfollowedtheriversinland.TheregionsaroundthecitiesofNewYorkandPhiladelphiabecamethebreadbasketsofNorthAmerica,sendinggrainnotonlytoothercoloniesbutalsotoEnglandandsouthernEurope,wherecripplingdroughtsinthelate1760screatedawholenewmarket.

1.WhichofthefollowingaspectsofNorthAmericaintheeighteenthcenturydoesthepassage

mainlydiscuss?

(A)Theeffectsofwaronthegrowthofcities

(B)Thegrowthandinfluenceofcities

(C)Thedeclineoffarminginareassurroundingcities

(D)Thecausesofimmigrationtocities

2.Whydoestheauthorsaythatthecitieshadadisproportionateinfluenceonthedevelopment

ofNorthAmerica(lines1-2)?

(A)Theinfluenceofthecitieswasmostlynegative

(B)Thepopulationsofthecitiesweresmall,buttheirinfluencewasgreat.

(C)Thecitiesweregrowingatagreatrate.

(D)Mostpeoplepretendedtoliveincities

3.Thephraseinplaceofinlines4-5isclosestinmeaningto

(A)connectedto

(B)inadditionto

(C)becauseof

(D)insteadof

4.Thewordattendantinline6isclosestinmeaningto

(A)avoidable

(B)accompanying

(C)unwelcome

(D)unexpected

5.Whichofthefollowingismentionedasanelementofmoderncapitalism?

(A)Opencompetition

(B)Socialdeference

(C)Socialhierarchy

(D)Independentcraftspeople

6.ItcanbeinferredthatincomparisonwithNorthAmericancities,citiesinEurope,theMiddle

East,andChinahad

(A)largepopulations

(B)littleindependence

(C)frequentsocialdisorder

(D)fewpowersources

7.Thephraseexponentialleapsinline12isclosestinmeaningto

(A)longwars

(B)newlaws

(C)rapidincreases

(D)excitingchanges

8.Theworditinline15refersto

(A)population

(B)size

(C)Boston

(D)Year

9.HowmanyimmigrantsarrivedinNorthAmericabetween1760and1775?

(A)About16,000

(B)About25,000

(C)About30,000

(D)Morethan200,000

10.Theworddictatedinline18isclosestinmeaningto

(A)spoiled

(B)reduced

(C)determined

(D)divided

11.Thewordvirtuallyinline20isclosestinmeaningto

(A)usually

(B)hardly

(C)veryquickly

(D)almostcompletely

12.TheregionsurroundingNewYorkandPhiladelphiaiscontrastedwiththeregionsurrounding

Bostonintermsof

(A)qualityoffarmland

(B)originofimmigrants

(C)opportunitiesforfishing

(D)typeofgraingrown

13.WhydoestheauthordescribetheregionsaroundthecitiesofNewYorkandPhiladelphiaas

breadbaskets?

(A)Theyproducedgrainespeciallyformakingbread.

(B)Theystoredlargequantitiesofgrainduringperiodsofdrought

(C)TheysuppliedgraintootherpartsofNorthAmericaandothercountries.

(D)TheyconsumedmoregrainthanalltheotherregionsofNorthAmerica.

答案：BBDBAACADCDAC

托福阅读真题3

PASSAGE24

ThespectacularauroralightdisplaysthatappearinEarthsatmospherearoundthenorthandsouthmagneticpoleswereoncemysteriousphenomena.Now,scientistshavedatafromsatellitesandground-basedobservationsfromwhichweknowthattheaurorabrillianceisanimmenseelectricaldischargesimilartothatoccurringinaneonsign.

Tounderstandthecauseofauroras,firstpicturetheEarthenclosedbyitsmagnetosphere,ahugeregioncreatedbytheEarthsmagneticfield.Outsidethemagnetosphere,blastingtowardtheearthisthesolarwind,aswiftlymovingplasmaofionizedgaseswithitsownmagneticfiled.Chargedparticlesinthissolarwindspeedearthwardalongthesolarwindsmagneticlinesofforcewithaspiralingmotion.TheEarthsmagnetosphereisabarriertothesolarwinds,andforcesthechargedparticlesofthesolarwindtoflowaroundthemagnetosphereitself.Butinthepolarregions,themagneticlinesofforceoftheEarthandofthesolarwindbunchtogether.HeremanyofthesolarwindschargedparticlesbreakthroughthemagnetosphereandenterEarthsmagneticfield.TheythenspiralbackandforthbetweentheEarthsmagneticpolesveryrapidly.Inthepolarregions,electronsfromthesolarwindionizeandexcitetheatomsandmoleculesoftheupperatmosphere,causingthemtoemitauroraradiationsofvisiblelight.

Thecolorsofanauroradependontheatomsemittingthem.Thedominantgreenishwhitelightcomesfromlowenergyexcitationofoxygenatoms.Duringhugemagneticstormsoxygenatomsalsoundergohighenergyexcitationandemitcrimsonlight.Excitednitrogenatomscontributebandsofcolorvaryingfrombluetoviolet.Viewedfromouterspace,aurorascanbeseenasdimlyglowingbeltswrappedaroundeachoftheEarthsmagneticpoles.Eachaurorahangslikeacurtainoflightstretchingoverthepolarregionsandintothehigherlatitudes.Whenthesolarflaresthatresultinmagneticstormsandauroraactivityareveryintense,auroradisplaysmayextendasfarasthesouthernregionsoftheUnitedStates.

Studiesofaurorashavegivenphysicistsnewinformationaboutthebehaviorofplasmas,whichhashelpedtoexplainthenatureofouterspaceandisbeingappliedinattemptstoharnessenergyfromthefusionofatoms.

1.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

(A)Themethodsusedtoobserveaurorasfromouterspace

(B)TheformationandappearanceofaurorasaroundtheEarthspoles

(C)Thefactorsthatcausethevarietyofcolorsinauroras

(D)Theperiodicvariationinthedisplayofauroras

2.Thewordphenomenainline2isclosestinmeaningto

(A)ideas

(B)stars

(C)events

(D)colors

3.Thewordpicturein

(A)frame

(B)imagine

(C)describe

(D)explain

4.Thepassagedescribesthemagnetosphereasabarrier(line10)because

(A)itspositionmakesitdifficulttobeobservedfromEarth

(B)itpreventsparticlesfromthesolarwindfromeasilyenteringEarthsatmosphere

(C)itincreasesthespeedofparticlesfromthesolarwind

(D)itisstrongestinthepolarregions

5.Thewordtheminline16refersto

(A)polarregions

(B)electrons