写作教程(一)unit1标准答案

Unit1

PARTⅡFOCUS

DenotationandConnotation

Suggestedanswertothequestion

Ifitisyourteacher,mostprobablyyouwillchooseb,asthewordportlyhasan

implicationofamoreorlessdignifiedandimposingappearance(e.g.anelderly

gentleman,largeandportly).However,ifitisadoorkeeper,anamiablemiddle-age

woman,youmaychoosethewordplumpiastimpliesapleasingfullnessoffigure

(e.g.theplumpgoddessesofRenaissancepaintings).Fromthisexercisewecan

concludethatwordsthatsharethesamedenotativemeaningscanbediverseintheir

connotativemeanings.

ReferencefortheClassroomActivities

1.father:themaleparent.Itconnotessupportandsternness;italsoconnotes

protectionbutinaseriousfashion.

wildflower:uncultivatedplant;itconnotesvitalityandpleasantness.

2.

WordDenotationConnotation

goldapreciousyellowmetalwealth,

Sentence

value,Silenceisgold.

preciousness,etc

moonthenaturalbodythattranquility,purity,There’snopoint

movesaroundtheearthsomethingoutofhopingforpeaceinthe

onceevery28daysreach,etc.

country.’sItlikeasking

forthemoon.

Theiceinhisvoice

icewaterfrozensothatithascoldness,

becomesolid

indifference,cruelty,wasonlytohidethe

death,etc.

pain.

bloodredliquidflowingthroughfamilybackground,Bloodisthickerthan

thebodiesofhumansanddescent,race,water.

animalstemperament,etc.

2.a.IntheWest,everymalepersonhasthegoodqualitiesofmales,suchasbraver

spirit,andtoughness.

b.Anyway,shehasthecharacteristicsofawoman,suchasfrailtyanddelicacy.

Attitude

ReferencefortheClassroomActivities

1.

Favorable

unique,quaint

Neutral

strange

resolute,steadfaststubborn,dogged

Unfavorable

bizarre,abnormal

pigheaded

compliment(v.)

seniorcitizen

bachelorgirl

praise,commend,flatterlickone’sboots

oldpersonfossil

singlewomanspinster

2.a.uniqueb.pigheadedc.flatteredd.fossile.spinster

Collocation

Suggestedanswerstotheexercise

a.dosomebodyafavor

b.dosomebodygood

c.makeagesture

d.doevil

e.doharm

1/5

f.makeaneffort

ReferencefortheClassroomActivities

1.1)D2)D3)A4)B5)C6)C7)B

FalseFriends

Suggestedanswerstothequestion

Themisunderstandingoccursduetotheuseofhomonymsorfalse—flofriendsuror

flower,ground(asthepastparticipleofgtherind)verbandground(meaningthesolid

surfaceoftheearth).Inthisexcerpt,theuseoffalsefriendsaddsahumorouseff

thetext.

ReferencefortheClassroomActivities

1.Thefalsefriendsliareemeaningtokeepone’sbodyinaflatposition,lieand

meaningtosaysomethingdishonest.

2.a.Yourfeverroseyesterday.

b.ThatracketisbadenoughtomakeAunt’seyEllaebrowsraised.

c.Jackhasbeenlyingaroundallday.

d.Thesoldierslaidasidetheirweapons.

e.Aheavyfoglayovertheland.

f.Whitestationeryisalwaysappropriate.

g.Isthattablestationary,orcanitbemovedtoanothercorneroftheroom?

h.Itiseasiertotalkpraboutinciplaethantolivebyit.

i.Ourprincipalplayedonthefacultyfootballteamagainsttheschool

all-stars.

3.Someotherfalsefriends:

fairvs.fare

It’snotfairtoputalltheblameonhim.

Busfaresaregoingupagain.

passedvs.past

Ipassedthelandladyonthestairsthismorning.

Severalboyswentpastusonmountainbikes.

ensive

Shesuddenlyfeltanintensepaininherstomach.

HetookanintensivecourseonEnglish.

farthervs.further

Thefog’ssothick;I’tcanseefartherthanaboutfivemeters.

Everydayshethinksfurtherandfurtherintodepression.

PARTIIIGARMMAR

Subject-VerbAgreement

Whenthesubjectiscompound

ReferencefortheClassroomActivities

Summary

1.Acompoundsubjectwithandtakesapluralverbinmostcases,butwhenit

expressesasingularmeaningorwheneachofthesingularsubjectsisconsidered

individually,ittakesasingularverb.

2.Afteracompoundsubjectwithor,nor,eithe…or,neither…nor,not…but,theverb

agreesinnumberandpersonwiththenearerpartofthesubject.

3.Interveningphrasesorclausesnotintroducedbycoordinatingconjunctionsdonot

affectthenumberofaverb.Suchphrasesarenormallyintroducedbyprepositions

orprepositionsorprepositionalphrasessuchasaswellas,asmuchas,rather

than,alongwith,inadditionto,togetherwith,andwith,incluplus,ding.

2/5

Whenthesubjectexpressesquantity

ReferencefortheClassroomActivities

Summary

1.Nominalphrasesoftime,money,weightandmeasurementnormallytakea

singularverb.

2.Somewordsorphrases,suchas

all,most,half,thelast,taherestkeasingularor

pluralverb,dependingonthemeaningofthenounorpronounthatfollows.

3.Phraseslikelotsof,heapsof,loadsoftakesingularorpluralverbsdependingon

theformofthenounsthatfollow.

4.Insentenceswith

morethanoneormanyamodifyingthesubjectnoun,theverb

shouldtakeasingularformthoughitispluralinmeaning.

Whenthesubjectisarelativepronoun,a

what-clause,orinthethere-bestructure

ReferencefortheClassroomActivities

a.Hewasoneofthecandidateswhowereabletocarryouttheircampaignpledges.

Hewastheonlyoneofthecandidateswhowasabletocarryouthiscampaign

pledges.

b.Whathewantsisjustalittlelovefromhisfosterparents.

Whatonethinksandsaysarenotalwaysthesame.

c.Thereisacherrytreeandseveralorchidflowersinthegarden.

Therearehundredsofapplicantsonthewaitinglistforthejob.

Summary

1.Afterarelativepronoun(who,which,that),theverbhasthesamepersonand

numberastheantecedent.(InthesecondsentenceinPaira,theantecedentisthe

onlyone,notthecandidates.)

2.Afterawhat-clause,theverbisusuallysingular.Butifthewhat-clauseisina

compoundstructurepluralinmeaning,theverbisinpluralform.

3.Inthethere-bestructure,theverbissingularorpluraldependingonthenumberof

thesubject.Thesingularthereismaybeusedtointroduceacompoundsubject

whenthefirstnounornominalphraseissingular.

Others

ReferencefortheClassroomActivities

a.Nobodyintownadmitsseeinghim.

b.Doesanyonewanttogowithme?

c.Areanyofyougoingtotheexhibition?

d.Noneworks/worksohardashedoes.

e.Booksareherchiefsourceofenjoyment.

f.Theonethingyoumustbereadyforistheirattemptstobreakupthemeeting.

g.Thejuryisfinallycomplete.

h.Thejuryweredividedintheiropinions.

i.NewYorkTimesishisbible.

j.Semanticsisthestudyofmeanings.

Summary

1.Indefinitepronounssuchasanybody,anyone,each,everybody,nobody,noone,

andsomebodygenerallyrequireasingularverb.

2.Thepronounsanyandnonetakeeithersingularorpluralverbs.

3.Thecomplementoftheverb

bedoesnotaffectitsnumber.

4.Acollectivenountakesasingularverbwhentheclassitnamesisthoughtofas

unit,butapluralverbwhenthemembersoftheclassarethoughtofasindividu

5.Titlesofbooks,magazines,movies,newspapers,plays,andtheliketakeasingu

verb.

3/5

6.Certainnounswhicharepluralinformbutsingularinmeaninggenerallytakea

singularverb.Someofthesearephysics,mechanics,newsstatistics,and

whereabouts.

PARTⅣWRITING

Notes(I)

Sample1

Suggestedanswerstothequestions

1.Notesarethesimplestandshortestformofwrittencommunicationandtheyare

quick,easyandconvenient.

2.Anotehasthreeessentialcomponents:

--theaddressee—theperson(s)towhomthenoteiswritten;

--themessage;

--thesender.

3.Notesarecharacterizedbytheirbrevity,informalityinstyle,anddedicationtoa

singletopic.

Sample2

Suggestedanswerstothequestions

1.Thedateisputattheupperright-handcorner.Besidesthedateorweekday,you

may,attimes,needtostatethehouroreventheminute.

2.YoucanaddthewordDearbeforetheaddressee’snameandacomplimentary

close.

3.Acomplimentarycloseisputbeforeyoursignatureasthesampleshow.

PARTVFOLLOW-UPEXERCISES

a.Thelittleboychwasicken-hearted.

b.Thestatesmanisarespectablefigureinthepoliticalarena.

c.Wesatdownbytheoaktree,enjoyingbreeztheecomingfromthelake.

d.Weneedtodrinkthemilkbeforeitsours.

e.Thechildhaddifficulty

findinghiswaytoschool.

f.Theyoungwomanreceivedalotofflowersandgifts.

g.MyfatherdrewbackthecurtainalittlelestIseehim.

h.Ouruniversityacanccommodate4000students.

i.Socialcustomsvarygreatlyfromcountrytocountry.

2.Thewriter’sattitudechangesfromnegativetopositiveineachpairofsentences.

3.(1)experienced(2)elapsed(3)attempting(4)with

(5)takeup

(6)made(7)endeavor(8)true

4.a.Thestateattorneysaidthatthemanprwouldosecutbeed.

b.Wesupposethatarefereeshoulddisinbeterestedbutnotuninterested.

c.TonycanhitafballartherthanIcan.

d.Wemustpursuethismatterfurther.

e.Theprinciplesbehindourconstitutionparerincaipalreasonforitsastounding

success.

f.Allthebandinstrumentsexceptthetubawillbecarriedtotheauditoriumforthe

musiccontest.

g.Thefederalgovernmentcomprisesthelegislative,judicial,andexecutive

branches.

h.Thewholeregionwasstruckebyconanomicdisaster.

i.(correct)

j.Hewasawakedtotherisk.

5.MysisterLuluacceptedascholarshiptostudyintheUK.Shehaddonevery

wellinschoolandptherincipalthoughtthatlivingwithaBritishfamilywouldteach

4/5

heralot.Mothersaidshewouldlethergoifsheboughtaboxofstationeryand

promisedtowritehomeeveryweek.Shesaidthatshewouldliveuptoherpromise

andshealwaysdoesprettywellinlivinguptoherprinciples.Soonaftershearri

intheUK.,sheadaptedtohernewenvironment.Hernewlifedidnotaffecthera

greatdeal.Sheknewthatasastudentshehadtobeeconomicalandshewasnot

self-consciousofherpoorclothingandstrangeaccent.Thesewerethethingsshewas

uninterestedin;whatfascinatedherinsteadwastheculturaldifferencesbetweenthe

twocountries.Shefoundpeopletherelikedtopaycomplimentsandweremore

creduloustowhatshesaid.Ofcourse,sheneverliedtothemabouthermotherland.

Thoughsheexperiencedculturalshockscontinually,shedevelopedafairattitude

towardstheotherculture.pInroctheeedin