2010-2017年上海高考英语完形填空真题+答案

1/152016年Inthe1960s,DouglasMcGregor,oneofthekeythinkersintheartofmanagement,developedthemowfamousTheoryXandTheoryY.TheoryXistheideathatpeopleinstinctively（）51workandwilldoanythingto本能地avoidit.TheoryYistheviewthateveryonehasthepotentialtofindsatisfactioninwork.Inanycase,despitesomuchevidencetothe52,manymanagersstillagreetoTheoryX.Theybelieve,53,thattheiremployeesneedconstantsupervision(监督，管理（imposesthonsb把…强加给某人）imposedfrom54withoutconsultation.This,ofcourse,makesforauthoritarian(专制的)managers.Differentcultureshavedifferentwaysofpeople.Unlike)iftheyaretoworkeffectively,orthatdecisionsmustbe（咨询）55authoritarianmanagement,somecultures,particularlyinAsia,arewellknownfortheconsultativenatureofdecision-making—allmembersofthedepartmentorworkgroupareaskedto56tothisprocess.Thisismanagementbythecollective（集体的，共同的）opinion.ManywesterncompanieshavetriedtoimitatesuchAsianwaysofdoingthings,whicharebasedongeneral57.Someexpertssaythatwomenwillbecomemoreeffectivemanagersthanmenbecausetheyhavethepowertoreachcommongoalsinawaythattraditional58managerscannot.Arecenttrendhasbeentoencourageemployeestousetheirowninitiative（首创精神，主动权）,tomakedecisionsontheirownwithout59managersfirst.Thisempowerment(授权)hasbeenpartofthetrendtowardsdownsizing:60thenumberofmanagementlayersincompanies.Afterde-layering（减少员工层）inthisway,acompanymaybe61withjustatoplevelofseniormanagers,front-linemanagersandemployeeswithdirectcontactwiththepublic.Empowermenttakestheideaofdelegation(委托)muchfurtherthanhas62beenthecase.Empowermentanddelegationmeannewformsofmanagementcontrolto63thattheoverallbusinessplanisbeingfollowed,2/15andthatoperationsbecomemoreprofitableundertheneworganization,ratherthanless.Anothertrendisoff-site（不在现场的）or64management,whereteamsofpeoplelinkedbye-mailandtheInternetworkonprojectsfromtheirownhouses.Projectmanagersevaluatethe65oftheteammembersintermsofwhattheyproduceforprojects,ratherthantheamountoftimetheyspendonthem.51.A.desireB.seekC.loseD.dislikeC.degreeD.extreme52.A.contrary53.A.viceversaB.expectationB.forexampleC.howeverD.otherwise（反过来也是一样的）54.A.outsideB.insideC.belowD.above55.A.replacingB.assessingC.managingD.encouraging（评价，估价）B.contribute56.A.referC.objectD.apply（~+to有助于）B.practice57.A.agreement58.A.bossyC.electionC.westernD.impressionD.maleB.experiencedB.training59.A.askingC.warningC.reducingC.crowdedD.firing60.A.doublingB.maintainingB.leftD.estimatingD.compared61.A.honored62.A.economicallyB.traditionallyC.inadequatelyD.occasionally（不够地，不够好地）63.A.denyB.admitC.assumeD.ensure(假定，承担)64.A.virtual65.A.opinionB.ineffectiveB.riskC.day-to-dayD.on-the-sceneD.attractivenessC.performance2015年Ifyoustudiedpicturesthatancientpeopleleftonrockwallsandyoutried3/15todeterminetheirmeaning,youwouldnotdetect（探测，察觉）interestinromanceamongtheartists.51,youwouldseeplentyofanimalswithpeoplerunningafterthem.Lifeforancientpeople’searnedtocenteron（集中在）huntingandgatheringwildfoodsformeals.Inmoderntimes,whenfoodisavailableingrocerystores,findingloveismore52inpeople’slives.The53isallaroundus.Itiseasytopreparealistofmodernstorieshavingtodowithlove.Anendlessnumberofbooksandmoviesqualifyas（作为…合适）lovestoriesinpopularculture.Researchersarestudyingwhetherlove,ahighlyvaluedemotionalstate,canbe54.Theyask,whatislove?Toothpastecompanieswantustothinkattractionisallaboutcleanteeth,butcleanteethgoonlysofar.Scientistswonderhowmuchthebraingetsinvolved.Youhaveprobablyheardthatoppositesattractbutthat55attract,too.Onethingiscertain:Thetruthaboutloveisnotyetsetinstone.(一层不变，板上钉钉)FirstImpressionTohelpdeterminethe56ofattraction,researcherspaired164collegeclassmatesandhadthemtalkfor3,6or10minutessotheycouldgetasenseofeachother’sindividuality.Thenstudentswereaskedto57whatkindofrelationshiptheywerelikelytobuildwiththeirpartners.Afternineweeks,theyreportedwhathappened.Asitturnedout,their58judgmentsoftenheldtrue.Studentsseemedto59atanearlystagewhowouldbestfitintotheirlives.The60KnowsScientistshavealsoturnedtononhumanstoincreaseunderstandingofattraction.Manyanimalsgiveoffpheromones（信息激素）—naturalchemicalsthatcanbedetectedby,andthencanproducearesponsein,otheranimalsofthesamespecies.Pheromonescansignalthatananimaliseitherreadytofightorisfeeling61topartnerships.Incontrast,humansdonotseemtobeas62asotheranimalsatdetectingsuchchemicals.Smell,however,doesseemtoplayapartinhumanattraction.Althoughwemaynotbeawareof4/15chemicalslikepheromonesconsciously,wegiveandreceiveloadsofinformationthroughsmellineveryinteractionwithotherpeople.FaceValueBeingfondofsomeoneseemstohaveanumberoffactors,includingseeingsomethingwefindattractive.Researchershadpeoplejudgefacesfor63.Theparticipantshad0.013secondstovieweachface,yetsomehowtheygenerallyconsideredtheimagesthesameaspeoplewhohadmoretimetostudythesamefaces.Thewaywe64attractivenessseemtobesomewhatautomatic.Whenshownanattractivefaceandthenwordswithgoodorbadassociations,peoplerespondedto65wordsfasterafterviewinganattractiveface.Seeingsomethingattractiveseemstocausehappythinking.51.A.Instead52.A.romantic53.A.priorityB.ThereforeC.MoreoverD.OtherwiseB.stressfulC.centralD.beneficialB.proofC.possibilityD.principle（原则，原理）54.A.testedB.imposedB.virtuesC.changedD.createdC.similaritiesD.passionsD.intentions55.A.appearances56.A.illustrationsB.implicationsC.ingredients（暗示，含意）（配料，材料）57.A.predictB.investigateC.diagnoseD.recall（判断）58.A.criticalB.initialC.randomD.mature（批评的，决定性的）59.A.memorizeB.distinguishC.negotiateD.question（谈判，C.HeartD.HandC.resistantD.superior协商）60.A.Nose61.A.openB.EyeB.alert（警觉的，灵敏的）62.A.disappointedB.amazedC.confusedD.gifted5/1563.A.emotions64.A.enhance65.A.familiarB.attractivenessC.individualityD.signalsB.possessB.plainC.maintainC.positiveD.assessD.insulting（侮辱的）2014年Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsoftheday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbookswe'vejustfinishedreading,butplainandsimple__51__.Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspecies,andwhatdowe__52__dowithit?Wegossip.Aboutothers'behaviourandprivatelives,suchaswho'sdoingwhatwithwhom,who'sinandwho'sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult__53__situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?Arewejustnatural__54__,ofbothtimeandwords?Ordowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacingupto（敢于面对）thereallyimportantissuesoflife?It'snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.Infact,inhislatestbook,Grooming,GossipandtheEvolutionofLanguage,thepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally__55__issues.Dunbar__56__thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively,oreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.（超自然的）Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolved（进化）amongwomen.Wedon'tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalk,arguesDunbar—__57__,hegoesontosay,languageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip.Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe__58__ofthehigherprimates（灵长类动物）likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming（打扮，梳理毛6/15发，新郎，马夫）--cleaningthefurbybrushingit,monkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor__59__fromoutsideit.Aswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar__60__thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe__61__itprovided;ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto__62__thepressureandcalmeverybodydown.Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe__63__tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore__64__kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal（有声的）groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one__65__contact.51.A.claimB.descriptionC.gossipD.language52.A.occasionallyB.habituallyC.independentlyD.originally（习惯地）（原本，起初，独创地）C.historicalD.culturalC.usersD.wasters（挥霍者，53.A.socialB.political54.A.admirersB.masters废物）55.A.vitalB.sensitiveB.rejectsC.idealC.outlinesD.difficult56.A.confirmsD.broadens（概述）57.A.forinstance58.A.motivation59.A.attackB.inadditionB.appearanceB.contactC.onthecontraryD.asaresultC.emotionC.inspectionD.behaviourD.assistance（视察，检查）60.A.recallsB.deniesC.concludesD.confessesD.protection61.A.prospectB.responsibilityC.leadership7/1562.A.measure63.A.savedB.showC.maintainD.ease（减轻，放松，安逸自在）B.extendedC.consumedD.gained（扩展，提供）64.A.common65.A.indirectB.efficientB.dailyC.scientificC.physicalD.ThoughtfulD.secret2013年Overthepastfewdecades,moreandmorecountrieshaveopenedupthemarkets,increasinglytransformingtheworldeconomyintoonefree-flowingglobalmarket.Thequestionis：Iseconomicglobalization50forall?AccordingtotheWorldBank,oneofitschiefsupporters,economicglobalizationhashelpedreduce51inalargenumberofdevelopingcountries.Itquotesonestudythatshowsincreasedwealth52toimprovededucationandlongerlifeintwenty-fourdevelopingcountriesasaresultofintegration(融合)oflocaleconomiesintotheworldeconomy.Hometosomethreebillionpeople,thesetwenty-fourcountrieshaveseenincomes53atanaveragerateoffivepercent—comparedtotwopercentindevelopedcountries.Thosewho54globalizationclaimthateconomiesindevelopingcountrieswillbenefitfromnewopportunitiesforsmallandhome-basedbusinesses.55,smallfarmersinBrazilwhoproducenutsthatwouldoriginallyhavesoldonlyin56open-airmarketscannowpromotetheirgoodsworldwidebytheInternet.Criticstakeadifferentview,believingthateconomicglobalizationisactually57thegapbetweentherichandpoor.AstudycarriedoutbytheU.N.-sponsoredWorldCommissionontheSocialDimensionofGlobalizationshowsthatonlyafewdevelopingcountrieshaveactually58fromintegrationintotheworldeconomyandthatthepoor,theuneducated,unskilledworkers,andnativepeopleshavebeenleftbehind.59,theymaintain（维持，保养，断8/15言）thatglobalizationmayeventuallythreatenemerging（新兴的）businesses.Forexample,Indiancraftsmenwhocurrentlyseemtobenefitfromglobalizationbecausetheyareableto60theirproductsmaysoonfacefiercecompetitionthatcouldpotthemoutof61.Whenlarge-scalemanufacturersstarttoproducethesamegoods,orwhensuperstoreslikeWal-Martmovein,thesesmallbusinesseswillnotbeableto62andwillbecrowdedout.Onethingiscertainaboutglobalization—thereisno63.Advancesintechnologycombinedwithmoreopenpolicieshavealreadycreatedaninterconnectedworld.The64nowisfindingawaytocreateakindofglobalizationthatworksforthebenefitofall.50.A.possibleB.smoothC.good51.A.crimeB.povertyC.conflictD.easyD.population52.A.contributingB.respondingC.turningD.owing53.A.remainB.dropC.shiftD.increase54.A.doubtB.defineC.advocateD.ignore55.A.InadditionB.ForinstanceC.InotherwordsD.Allinall56.A.matureB.newC.localD.foreign57.A.findingB.exploringC.bridgingC.learnedD.widening58.A.sufferedB.profitedD.withdrawn（获利，有益于）（撤回，59.A.FurthermoreB.ThereforeC.HoweverD.OtherwiseC.exportD.advertiseD.mindD.helpoutD.turningback撤退，取款）60.A.consume61.A.troubleB.deliverB.businessB.comeinC.power62.A.keepupC.goaround63.A.takingoffB.gettingalongC.holdingout（伸出，坚持）（返回）（起飞，脱掉，开始成功）9/1564.A.agreementB.predictionC.outcomeD.challenge2012年PeopleonacollegecampusweremorelikelytogivemoneytotheMarchofDimesiftheywereaskedforadonationbyadisabledwomaninawheelchairthanifaskedbyanondisabledwoman.Inanother50,subwayridersinNewYorksawamancarryingastickstumble（绊脚）andfalltothefloor.Sometimesthevictimhadalargeredbirthmarkonhis51;sometimeshedidnot.Inthissituation,thevictimwasmorelikelyto52aidifhisfacewasspotlessthanifhehadanunattractivebirthmark.In53theseandotherresearchfindings,twothemesare54:wearemorewillingtohelppeoplewelikeforsomereasonandpeoplewethink55assistance.Insomesituations,thosewhoarephysicallyattractivearemorelikelytoreceiveaid.56,inafieldstudyresearchersplacedacompletedapplicationtograduateschool（研究所）inatelephoneboxattheairport.Theapplicationwasreadytobe57,buthadapparentlybeen"lost".Thephotoattachedtotheapplicationwassometimesthatofavery58personandsometimesthatofalessattractiveperson.Themeasureofhelpingwaswhethertheindividualwhofoundtheenvelopeactuallymaileditornot.Resultsshowedthatpeopleweremorelikelyto59theapplicationifthepersoninthephotowasphysicallyattractive.Thedegreeof60betweenthepotentialhelperandthepersoninneedisalsoimportant.Forexample,peoplearemorelikelytohelpastrangerwhoisfromthesamecountryratherthanaforeigner.Inonestudy,shoppersonabusystreetinScotlandweremorelikelytohelpapersonwearinga(n)61T-shirtthanapersonwearingaT-shirtprintedwithoffensivewords.Whetherapersonreceiveshelpdependsinpartonthe"worth"ofthecase.Forexample,shoppersinasupermarketweremorelikelytogivesomeone6210/15tobuymilkratherthantobuycookies,probablybecausemilkisthoughtmoreessentialfor63thancookies.PassengersonaNewYorksubwayweremorelikelytohelpamanwhofelltothegroundifheappearedtobe64ratherthandrunk.50.A.studyB.wayC.wordD.college51.A.handB.armC.faceD.back52.A.refuseB.begC.loseD.receive53.A.challengingB.recordingC.understandingD.publishing54.A.importantB.possibleC.amusingD.missing55.A.seekB.deserveC.obtainD.accept56.A.AtfirstB.AboveallC.InadditionD.Forexample57.A.printedB.mailedC.rewrittenD.signed58.A.talentedB.good-lookingC.helpfulD.hard-working59.A.sendinB.throwawayC.filloutD.turndown（递送，提出）（填写，长胖）60.A.similarityB.friendshipC.cooperationD.contact61.A.expensiveB.plainC.cheapD.strange62.A.timeB.instructionsC.moneyD.chances63.A.shoppersB.researchC.childrenD.health64.A.talkativeB.handsomeC.calmD.sick（健谈的，多嘴的）2011年Everyoneinbusinesshasbeentoldthatsuccessisallaboutattractingand11/15retaining(留住)customers.Itsoundssimpleandachievable.But,50,wordsofwisdomaresoonforgotten.Oncecompanieshaveattractedcustomerstheyoften51thesecondhalfofthestory.Intheexcitementofbeatingoff（击退）thecompetition,negotiatingprices,securing（固定，使安全，获得）orders,anddeliveringtheproduct,managerstendtobecomecarriedaway（.冲昏…头脑,带走，冲走）Theyforgetwhattheyregardastheboringsideofbusiness—52thatthecustomerremainsacustomer.53toconcentrateonretainingaswellasattractingcustomerscostsbusinesshugeamountsofmoneyannually.Ithasbeenestimatedthattheaveragecompanylosesbetween10and30percentofitscustomerseveryyears.Inconstantly（不断的，经常的）changing54,thisisnotsurprising.Whatissurprisingisthefactthatfewcompanieshaveanyideahowmanycustomerstheyhavelost.Onlynowareorganizationsbeginningtowakeupto（意识到）thoselostopportunitiesandcalculatethe55implications.（暗示，牵连）Cuttingdownthenumberofcustomersacompanylosescanmakeabig56initsperformance.ResearchintheUSfoundthatafivepercentdecreaseinthenumberofdefecting(流失的)customersledto57increasesofbetween25and85percent.IntheUS,Domino’sPizzaestimatesthataregularcustomerisworthmorethan$5,000overtenyears.Acustomerwhoreceivesapoorqualityproductorserviceontheirfirstvisitand58neverreturns,islosing（使…失去，可接双宾语）thecompanythousandsofdollarsin59profits(moreifyouconsiderhowmanypeopletheyarelikelytotellabouttheirbadexperience).Thelogicbehindcultivatingcustomer60isimpossibletodeny.“Inpracticemostcompanies’marketingeffortisfocusedongettingcustomers,withlittleattentionpaidto61them”,saysAdrianPayneofCornfieldUniversity’SchoolofManagement.“Researchsuggeststhatthereisacloserelationshipbetweenretainingcustomersandmakingprofits.62customerstendtobuymore,arepredictableandusuallycostlesstoservicethannewcustomers.12/15Furthermore,theytendtobelessprice63,andmayprovidefreeword-of-mouth（口头的，口头传达的）advertising.Retainingcustomersalsomakesit64forcompetitorstoenteramarketorincreasetheirshareofamarket.50.A.inparticular51.A.emphasizeB.inrealityB.doubtC.atleastC.overlookD.firstofallD.believe（忽视，俯瞰）52.A.denyingB.ensuringC.arguingD.proving（确保，保证）B.HopingB.tastes53.A.Moving54.A.markets55.A.cultureC.StartingC.pricesD.FailingD.expensesD.economical（经济的，D.differenceD.budgetB.socialC.financial节俭的）56.A.promise57.A.costB.planC.mistakeC.profitB.opportunity58.A.asaresultB.onthewholeC.inconclusionD.onthecontrary59.A.hugeB.potentialB.loyaltyB.understandingC.extraD.reasonableD.interest60.A.beliefs61.A.alteringC.habitsC.keepingD.attracting（局部轻微的改变）62.A.Assumed63.A.agreeableB.RespectedB.flexibleC.EstablishedC.friendlyD.UnexpectedD.sensitive（可弯曲的，柔韧的，可变通的，灵活的）64.A.unfairB.difficultC.essential2010年D.convenientThefirstattemptofeventhemosttalentedartists,musicians,andwritersisseldomamasterpiece,Ifyouconsideryourdraftsasdressrehearsals(彩排),ortryouts,（试用，预赛）revisingwillseemanaturalpartofthewriting___50___.Whatisthepurposeofthedressrehearsalsandtheout-of-townpreviews13/15（试映，预告，预习）thatmanyBroadwayshowsgothrough?Theanswerisadding,deleting,replacing,reordering,___51___revising.AndrewLloydWebber'smusicalPhantomoftheOperaunderwent（经历）suchaprocess.WhenLloydWebberbeganwritingin1984,hehadinmindafunny,excitingproduction.However,whenPhantomopenedinLondonin1986,theaudiencesawamovingpsychologicallovestorysettomusic.（被谱曲）Themusicalhad___52___severalrevisionsdue,inpart,toproblemswithcostumingandma