Unit Public Attitude Toward Science的实用学习课件

UnitPublicAttitudeTowardScience的实用学习课件第1页/共133页Warm-upExercisesBackgroundInformationPartDivisionoftheTextGlobalUnderstandingFurtherUnderstanding第2页/共133页Warm-upExercisesH:\精读课件\第三单元\Unit3\StephenHawkingThe.Big.Bang.Theory._clip(1).mp4Ⅰ.Lead-in第3页/共133页Ⅱ.Brainstormsomeofthescientificandtechnologicalinventions.geneticengineeringcellphonee-mailclonenuclearweaponslaptop(笔记本电脑)nanotechnology(纳米技术)第4页/共133页Ⅲ.Discussion?Doalltheseinventionsalwayschangeourlivesforthebetter?Giveexamplestoexplainyouropinion.第5页/共133页CloneDolly,thefirst-evermammaltobesuccessfullyclonedfromanadultcellDollyandherfirstlambBonnieDollyhasbeenputdownaftershewasfoundtohavealungdisease第6页/共133页Whatisyourattitudetowardsclone?Cloneisamemberofagroupoforganismsorplantsproducednon-sexuallyfromoneancestor.克隆是指生物体通过体细胞进行的无性繁殖，以及由无性繁殖形成的基因型完全相同的后代个体组成的种群。For:Against:lowfertilityrate(出生率)unknownpsychosocialharmlossofgeneticvariation.preventendangeredspeciesfromextinctionagoodsourcefororganandbonemarrow(骨髓)transplants第7页/共133页Ⅰ.BriefIntroductiontoStephenHawkingStephenHawking(1942~)Britishtheoreticalphysicistandmathematician.HesufferedfromAmyotrophicLateralSclerosis(ALS)(肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化).

BackgroundInformation

第8页/共133页aBritishscientistwhohasgreatlyinfluencedpeople'sideasontheoriginsoftheuniverse.Hehasdevotedmuchofhislifetoprobingthespace-timedescribrdbygeneralrealitivityandthesingularitieswhereitbreaksdown.H:\精读课件\第三单元\Unit3\听力.mp3第9页/共133页ABriefHistoryofTimeOneofhisbookstomakehisworkaccessibletothepublic.Aregionofspace-timefromwhichnothing,notevenlight,canescape.Nothingcanescapebecausegravityissostrong.blackholeApointinspace-timeatwhichthespace-timecurvature(曲率)becomesinfinite.（空间-时间的具有无限曲率的一点）singularity（奇点）Ⅱ.MainAchievementsofStephenHawking第10页/共133页AGeneralIntroductiontoFrankenstein

FrankensteinisanovelwrittenbyMaryShelley.Thetitleofthenovelreferstoascientist,VictorFrankenstein,whomakesalivingcreaturefrompiecesofdeadbodies.Thecreatureislikeaman,butstronger,andalthoughitisgentleatfirst,itlaterattacksandkillsseveralpeopleclosetoFrankenstein.Inpopularculture,peoplehavetendedincorrectlytorefertothemonsteras“Frankenstein”.第11页/共133页第12页/共133页GlobalUnderstanding1)Whatistheattitudeofsomepeopletowardsthechangesbroughtaboutbyscienceandtechnology?Somepeoplewouldliketostopthesechangesandgobacktowhattheyseeasapurerandsimplerage.2)Whatwouldhappenifallgovernmentmoneyforresearchwerecutoff?Theforceofcompetitionwouldstillbringaboutadvancesintechnologyifallgovernmentmoneyforresearchwerecutoff.第13页/共133页3)Isitpossibletopreventscienceandtechnologyfromfurtherdevelopment?Whyorwhynot?No.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressedanythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldnotsucceed.第14页/共133页4)Whataregeneralpublic’sattitudestowardsscienceandtechnology?Theyexpectthesteadyincreaseinthestandardoflivingthatnewdevelopmentsinscienceandtechnologyhavebroughttocontinue,buttheyalsodistrustsciencebecausetheydon’tunderstandit.Besides,thepublicalsohasagreatinterestinscience.第15页/共133页5)Whatlimitedrolecanbooksandmagazinesplayinpopularizingscientificideas?Theycanhelpputacrosstonewdevelopments,buteventhemostsuccessfulpopularbookisreadonlybyasmallportionofthepopulation.6)Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthefutureofhumancivilization?Itwilldestroyitself.第16页/共133页

PartDivisionoftheTextPartsPara(s)MainIdeas11~3(astatmentofopinion)24~6supportingdetailsTomakeinformeddecisionsaboutchange,thepublicneedsabasicunderstandingofscience.Whatcanbedonetoeducatethepublicaboutscience.37conclusionWithaninformedpublic,humancivilizationwillsurvive.第17页/共133页Supportingpoint1:1.SkimPart2tofindoutamini-exposition.Topicsentence:Howtoeducatethepublicinscience?

FurtherUnderstandingscienceeducationinschools_________________________Supportingpoint2:replacingequationswithwordsanddiagrams__________________________________________________Supportingpoint3:makinguseofpopularmediasuchasnewspapers,magazinesandaboveallTV___________________________________________________________________________第18页/共133页2.Thispartisfullofcomparisonandcontrast,readthispartandfillinthefollowingtablewithinformationobtainedfromthispart.

第19页/共133页2.Thepubliconlyneeds2Sciencelessonsvs.Magazinearticlesandpopularbooks1.Sciencelessonsdon’tincludeaqualitativegraspofscientificconceptsTheauthorpreferrednoneofthemlatestdevelopmentandscientificprogressSidesAuthor’spreferenceReasons1Equationsvs.wordsanddiagramsTheauthorpreferredconveyingsciencebywordsanddiagrams1.Expertsneedequationsforprecisevaluesofquantities_______________________.2.Eventhoughthesepublicationscouldhelpputacross,theyareonlyreadbyNewasmallproportionofdevelopments3Magazineandbooksvs.Theauthorpreferred1.Itcanreach2.Itcontainsmany________________.atrulymassaudienceverygoodsciencetelevisionprogramspopulation________________._________________________________.___________________________________.______________________________.___________._________.___________________________.___________________________________._______________________.television_________.第20页/共133页likely:1.bableitislikelythatbelikelytodo据报道未来24小时内很可能会有沙尘暴。他很可能会成功。我室友有可能获得一等奖学金。电视报导出一可能导致战争的事件。2.bablyItisreportedthatanothersandstormwillverylikelycomeinthenext24hours.WordsandExpressions第21页/共133页likely

从表面迹象来看很有可能possible

强调客观上有可能，但实际希望很小probable

语气比possible强，指有根据、合情理、值得相信的,带有大概、很可能的意思。1.Thelikelyoutcomeofthecontestvariesfrommomenttomoment.比赛结果每分钟可能都在变化。2.Isitpossibletogettothecitybytrain,ormustItakeabus?

坐火车可以到这个城市去吗？还是我必须得坐公共汽车？3.Itisprobablethathehasforgottenourappointment.很可能他是忘了我们的约会了。第22页/共133页dowithout设法对付过去摆脱；废除，取消doawaywith和…有关系havesomethingtodowith和…没有关系havenothingtodowith第23页/共133页DR_word_highly1highly:adv.

1)very史密斯先生是位很成功的推销员。2)toahighdegree出席这次会议的大部分人是受过高等教育的女性。Mostofthepeoplepresentatthemeetingarehighlyeducatedwomen.第24页/共133页highly

抽象意义highly&highCF:ahighlypaidofficial薪俸优厚的官员thinkhighlyofsb.器重某人high用作副词时，具体意义上的“高”aimhigh向高处瞄准searchhighandlow到处寻找第25页/共133页put/turntheclockback:Onceinpower,SmithtriedtoturntheclockbacktotheMiddleAges.Forgetallaboutitandlooktothefuture;youcan’tturntheclockback.史密斯一掌权就企图开历史的倒车，复辟到中世纪去。忘记一切展望未来，你不能让时光倒流。第26页/共133页cutoffstopprovidingremovesth.bycutting由于美军空袭，这个城市的水电供应已被切断了。因未付账单，他们的电话被切断了。第27页/共133页cutdown

砍倒，减少，降低，缩短e.g.Thelittleboycutdowntheyoungtreewithanaxe.Thedoctortoldmetocutdownsmokinganddrinking.cutsomethingfromsomething切下，割下cutsomethingaway

切除，剪去cutup

切碎cutoff

切断，停止e.g.Theycutallthedeadbranchesfromthetree.Whilewewerecooking,thegaswassuddenlycutoff.

第28页/共133页bringabout:causetohappen一些教育工作者希望带来教育体制的重大变化。一段感情中缺乏信任往往会导致猜忌。Collocation：产生；提出bringforth提前；提出bringforward教育；养育；提出bringup

第29页/共133页Fillintheblankswiththephrasesandchangetheformwherenecessary.1.Theyproposedthatthedateofthecongressbeafewmonths.2.Thetreesintheorchardmanyapples.3.Hewaswell4.Atthemeetingthenextmorning,theymanyproblemsanddiscussedthemonebyone.broughtforward_____________bringforth_________broughtup_________.broughtup/forward/forth_______________________第30页/共133页inquire:about/wh-clause他询问是否有给他的留言。Heinquiredwhethertherehadbeenanymessageforhim.Iranguptoinquireabouttraintimes.我打电话询问有关火车时刻的事情。第31页/共133页Collocation：问候inquireafter求见inquirefor查究，调查inquireinto第32页/共133页Hetooktheinitiativeinorganizingapartyafterhisbrother’swedding.initiative:n.如果你主动点，早晚会升职。哥哥婚礼后，他主动组织了派对。Ifyoushowthatyouhaveinitiative,youwillsoonerorlaterbepromoted.第33页/共133页DR_word_ensureensure:vt.makesure;guarantee我不能确保他能及时到这儿。新的条约将保证和平。第34页/共133页instruct较正式，意为“指示（一般用于上级对下级），通知”我刚接到母校的一封信，通知我说我的老校长雷金纳德·佩奇先生将于下星期退休。Ihavejustreceivedaletterfrommyoldschoolinformingmethatmyformerheadmaster,Mr.ReginaldPage,willberetiringnextweek.Theeditoratoncesentthejournalistatelegraminstructinghimtofindouttheexactnumberofstepsandtheheightofthewall.编辑立即给这位记者发了一份电报，叫他查明台阶的准确数目以及围墙的高度。inform

向某人传递信息,特别适用于告知所发生的情况或有关资料，用于上级对下级，也可下级对上级的通知第35页/共133页liein:existorbefoundin(sth.)所有这些问题的都根源于历史。这部戏剧令人感兴趣的地方在于它提出了一些婚姻方面的问题。Therootofalltheseeventslayinhistory.Theinterestingpartoftheplayliesinthequestionsitraisesaboutmarriage.第36页/共133页tend:1.vi.belikelytohappenorhaveaparticularcharacteristicoreffect这对老夫妇喜欢购买压缩食品，如罐装鸡块。物价正在上涨。Pricesaretendingupwards.2.vt.watchover;attendtoshepherdstendtheirflockstendthesickandwounded第37页/共133页grasp:1.v.1)understand大多数学生理解不了应用数学。她对语言掌握的很好。2)seizefirmly

贪得无厌的人可能毫无所得。Amanwhograspsattoomuchmayloseeverything.紧紧抓住，试图抓住第38页/共133页convey:vt.Thistrainconveysbothpassengersandgoods.1)make(ideas,feelings,etc.)knowntoanother你将来和我们一起过周末，言语无法表达我的欣喜。这幅画可将那处风景的美丽向你传达一二。Thispicturewillconveytoyousomeideaofthebeautyofthescenery.2)take;carry

第39页/共133页DR_word_putacross1putacross:causetobeunderstood他非常善于表达自己的意见。政府需要传达经济开始复苏的消息。He’sverygoodatputtinghisideasacross.Thegovernmentneedstoputacrossthemassagethattheeconomyisstartingtorecover.第40页/共133页Collocation：储存（钱、时间）；把…放在一边putaside提出（意见、建议）putforward花费，付出（时间、精力等）putin

阻止；推迟putoff熄灭putout为…接通电话putthrough忍受putupwith第41页/共133页proportionCollocation：与…成比例；和…相比inproportionto与…成正比例indirectproportionto与…成反比例ininverseproportionto符合比例的inproportion不成比例的outofproportion第42页/共133页fitinto:bepartofasituation,system,orplan新的大学课程符合国家教育规划。他发现自己与上流社会格格不入。Thenewcollegecoursesfitintoanationaleducationplan.Hefoundthathedidn'tfitintotheUpperClass.第43页/共133页entertain:v.1)givepleasure(to)

史密斯一家继续大宴宾客。儿童电视节目不仅有娱乐性而且还有教育意义。他讲述童年的故事，给朋友们带来欢乐。Children’stelevisionprogramsnotonlyentertainbutalsoteach.2)receive(people)asguestsTheSmithscontinuedtoentertainextravagantly.第44页/共133页

详情请洽旅游信息处。PleasecontacttheTouristInformationBureauforfurtherdetails.HemademanyusefulsocialcontactswhilehewasinCanada.n.

熟人，有用的社会关系他在加拿大期间，曾结识了许多对他有益的社会人士。contact:通过与其他人的接触，我们学到很多。Wecanlearnmuchbybeingbroughtintocontactwithotherminds.n.接触第45页/共133页1.Researchismorementallyfatiguing,withphysicallabor.2.TheyhavetobuildarailwayacrossAfrica.3.ImustmylawyerbeforeImademyfinaldecisions.contact,contrast&contractcontact

接触，联系contrast

对比，对照contract

订合同，订契约CF:contrasted_________contracted_________contact______第46页/共133页Scienceandtechnology(已带来了巨大的变化)totheworldweliveininthelasthundredyears.(如何保证)thatthechangesareintherightdirections?Clearly,thepublicneeds(科学教育)soasto(做出明智的决定)

ontheirownfate.Schoolsareimportant,especiallyifscienceistaught(以一种有趣的方式)

andscientificconceptsareexpressed(用文字和图表来表达)

Atthesametime,weneedto(充分利用)

popularmediasuchasnewspapers,

Summaryhavebroughtgreatchanges_________________________Howtoensure____________educationinscience_________________makeinformeddecisions____________________inaninterestingmanner____________________,intheformofwordsandmakefulluseof______________diagrams____________________________.第47页/共133页Humancivilizationcansurviveifthepublicunderstandssciencewell.putacrossthelatestdevelopments_____________________________.magazinesandaboveallTV

to

(了解最新的发展）第48页/共133页AR_UsefulExpressions1UsefulExpressions

1.在过去的一百年间

inthelasthundredyears

2.回到gobackto

3.享有特权的少数人aprivilegedminority

4.当今政府thepresentgovernment5.基础科学basicscience6.全球政府aglobalstate7.民主社会ademocraticsociety第49页/共133页makeinformeddecisionsthestandardoflivingcartoonfiguressciencefictionsacidraingreenhouseeffectnuclearweapons8.

做出明智决定9.

生活水准10.

卡通人物11.

科幻小说12.

酸雨13.

温室效应14.

核武器第50页/共133页15.

基因工程geneticengineering16.

死记硬背learnbyrote17.

使销量减半halvethesales18.

分子生物学molecularbiology19.外星文明aliencivilization20.

对…充满信心havesufficientfaithin…第51页/共133页TalkaboutthePictures第52页/共133页AR_TalkaboutthePictures1第53页/共133页第54页/共133页AR_TalkaboutthePictures3第55页/共133页第56页/共133页AR_TalkaboutthePictures5第57页/共133页InterviewSupposeyouareMr./Ms.Zhang,asociologist,whoisdoingaresearchonthebenefitsandharmsofcellphones,andyourpartneristhehostofTellItlikeItIs

(实话实说),apopularTVprogramconcerninghotissuesofcurrentaffairsandsocialtopics.Theinterviewmaycoverthefollowingtopics.第58页/共133页AR_Interview21.Doyouthinkpeople’slifehasbeengreatlyimprovedbytheuseofcellphones?2.Doyouthinkcellphoneshaveseriouslyinfluencedpeople’sdailylife?3.Doyouthinkweshouldbantheuseofcellphonesinpublicplaces,suchasbuses?4.Whatwouldbethefutureofcellphones?Tips:第59页/共133页1)Byusingacellphone,youcancommunicatewithanyonewheneveryouwantandwhereveryouare.2)Ifthereisanemergencysituation,cellphonescanbeuseful.3)YoucangetaccesstotheInternetbyusingacellphone.4)Apartfromtheinstantaccesstheygiveus,cellphonescanbevital,convenientandcost-effectiveforpeoplewhowanttostayconnectedallthetime.5)Thesedevicesallowyoutoenjoyentertainment,accessinformation,captureandsharepicturesandvideos,atanytimeandanywhereyouwant.AR_Interview_tip1Advantagesofcellphones:

第60页/共133页AR_Interview_tip21)Radiationaffectsyourhealth.2)Vibrationsaffectyoureardrums.3)Actinbadmannerswhenyouaretalkingtosomeoneandthephonerings—youstartyelling“Hello!Hello”.4)Modernphoneswithcamerasetc.gobeyondnormaluse.Theyhavebecomedangeroustosocietyandtheprivacyofyourcontacts.5)Cell-phoneusersmayspendmuchonrunningafterunnecessaryup-to-datemodelswhicharechangedandinnovatedallthetime.Disadvantagesofcellphones:第61页/共133页AR_Dictation1DictationThefollowingpassageisabouttechnologyandpeople’slife.Whenyou’relistening,you’rerequiredtofillinthegapswiththewordsyouhear.Lowtechnologyisalsoimportantindevelopingcountries.Low-techcanhelppeopleimprovetheirqualityoflife.Twoexamplesaredevicesandstovesthatuseasmallamountoffuel.Thisiscalled“appropriatetechnology.”Itusually

fewer

inventions________water-cleaning_____________requires_______第62页/共133页resourcesthanhightechnology.Italsoislesscostlyandeasiertooperate.Anditdoesnotharmtheenvironment.Burundi’sgovernmentwantspeopletousepeatinsteadoffuels.Peatiseasytogetanditsusecansavetreesfrombeingcutdown.Burundi’sarmyisthemainuserofpeatstoves.Butthecountryplanstosellpeatstovestotoo.InCambodia,aboutonehundredthousandhomeshaveceramicwaterpurifiers.Thesedevicesmicroorganismsandothersubstances,makingwatersafetodrink.TheAmericangroupInternationalDevelopmentEnterpriseshassupportedtheuseofthelow-techpurifiers.AR_Dictation2traditional_________civilians_______,remove______non-profit_________第63页/共133页AR_Dictation3CambodianslikeLachEmmalyareveryShesaysshefindsthedeviceusefulbecauseshedoesnothavetoforfirewoodtomakeafiretoheatwater.Shesaysthewaterpurifiersaveshertimeandmoney,andkeepshersatisfied_______.search______healthy_______.第64页/共133页AR_SentenceTranslation1SentenceTranslation1.Theonlywaytopreventfurtherdevelopmentswouldbeaglobalstatethatsuppressedanythingnew,andhumaninitiativeandinventivenessaresuchthateventhiswouldn’tsucceed.唯一能阻止进一步发展的办法或许是一个压制任何新事物的全球政府，但人类的进取心与创造力如此旺盛，即便这个政府也不会成功。第65页/共133页AR_SentenceTranslation22.Inademocraticsociety,thismeansthatthepublicneedstohaveabasicunderstandingofscience,sothatitcanmakeinformeddecisionsandnotleavetheminthehandsofexperts.在一个民主社会里，这意味着公众需要对科学有一个基本的了解，从而可以做出明达的决定，而不是把决定留给专家去作。

第66页/共133页AR_SentenceTranslation33.Whatcanbedonetoharnessthisinterestandgivethepublicthescientificbackgrounditneedstomakeinformeddecisionsonsubjectslikeacidrain,thegreenhouseeffect,nuclearweapons,andgeneticengineering?怎么样才能利用这种兴趣，向公众提供所需要的科学知识，以便其在酸雨、温室效应、核武器以及基因工程等问题上做出明智的决定呢？第67页/共133页AR_SentenceTranslation44.这部电影的吸引力不仅在于它提供娱乐给观众,还在于它提及了人类与外星文明可能接触的问题。Thefilm’sappealliesinnotonlytheentertainmentitprovidestotheaudiencebutalsothequestionsitraisesaboutthepossiblecontactbetweenhumanbeingsandaliencivilizations.5.

的确很难做出准确的预测,但信息产业的稳步增长确保该系列产品是高利润。Trueitishardtomakeaccuratepredictions,butsteadygrowthoftheinformationindustryensuresthatthislineofproductsishighlyprofitable.第68页/共133页7.

要了解重大的国际事件，我们首先需要考虑其历史与政治背景。Tounderstandthemajorinternationalevents,wefirstneedtoconsidertheirhistoricalandpoliticalbackground.Withtheimprovementofthestandardofliving,theproportionofpeople’sincomespentonfoodhasdecreasedwhilethatspentoneducationhasincreasedremarkably.AR_SentenceTranslation56.

随着生活水平的提高，人们收入中用于购买食物的比例下降了，而在教育方面的花费明显增加。第69页/共133页AR_WritingPractice1Writeanessayofabout80wordsentitledShouldcloningofhumanbeingsbebanned?Youressayshouldcoverthefollowingpoints.WritingPractice1.Youropiniononcloningofhumanbeings.2.Givesupportingevidence.3.Usetobeginwith,

secondly,

thirdlyandfinally

toconnectalltheevidence.第70页/共133页AR_WritingPractice2Cloningofhumanbeingsshouldnotbebanned.To

beginwith,itisprobablyoneofthewayslikevitro(体外的)fertilization(授精)tohelpacouplehaveachildwhentheycouldnothaveanyotherway.Secondly,itwilladvanceourknowledgeofhowgenesdirectthedevelopmentofasinglecellembryo(胚胎)intoacomplexadult.Finally,theethicalproblemsconcerningcloningwillbesolvedgraduallybyhumanbeings.

ModelPaper第71页/共133页AR_ProverbsandQuotations1ProverbsandQuotations1.Sciencehasnoenemybuttheignorant.科学的敌人是愚昧无知。2.Sciencerestsonphenomena.科学依据自然现象。第72页/共133页AR_ProverbsandQuotations2真理没有自己特定的时间段。它的时间永远是现在。——

德国医生

A.

施威策4.Evenwhentheexpertsallagree,theymaywellbemistaken.—BertrandRussell,Britishlogician即使所有的专家都一致赞同，他们也可能错了。——

英国逻辑学家伯特兰·罗素3.Truthhasnospecialtimeofitsown.Itshourisnowalways.—A.Schweitzer,Germansurgeon第73页/共133页AR_ProverbsandQuotations3真正的金科玉律就是世上并无金科玉律。——爱尔兰作家萧伯纳5.TheGoldenRuleisthattherearenogoldenrules.—G.B.Shaw,Irishwriter大多无知是可以克服的。我们不知道只是因为我们不想知道。——英国作家奥尔德斯·赫胥黎6.Mostignoranceisvincibleignorance.Wedon’tknowbecausewedon’twanttoknow.—AldousHuxley,Britishwriter第74页/共133页SR_mainCultureNotesReadingComprehensionTasks第75页/共133页BR_CultureNotes_listCultureNotesElNinoABriefHistoryofExplorationofMars第76页/共133页BR_ComprehensionTasks_listComprehensionTasksTalkaboutthePicturesListeningandDiscussion第77页/共133页SR_CultureNotes1ElNinoElNinoisaglobalocean-atmospherephenomenon.ItisanimportanttemperaturefluctuationinsurfacewatersofthetropicalEasternPacificOcean.ThenameElNino,fromtheSpanishfor“thelittleboy”,referstotheChristchild,becausethephenomenonisusuallynoticedaroundChristmastimeinthePacificOceanoffthewestcoastofSouthAmerica.第78页/共133页SR_CultureNotes2ABriefHistoryofExplorationofMars1.ThemoderneraofMarsexplorationbegantotakeshapeintheearly1960s.Thiserahas,sofar,consistedofaseriesofroboticprobeslaunched,primarily,bytheUnitedStates.2.Mariner4waslaunchedbyNASAinNovemberof1964.OnJuly15th,1965itpassedbyMarssuccessfullyat9,846km.3.ThetwoVikingprobeswerelaunchedfromEarthin1975andenteredMarsorbitinthesameyear.第79页/共133页SR_CultureNotes34.MarsPathfinderwaslaunchedonDecember4th,1996andlandednearthemouthoftheAresVallesvalleyonJuly4th,1997.5.MarsOdysseywaslaunchedonApril7th,2001andenteredMarsorbitonOctober24th,2001.6.MarsExpressisthefirstsuccessfulroboticprobetoMarslaunchedandoperatedbytheEuropeanSpaceAgency.ItwaslaunchedinJuneof2003andarrivedinMarsorbitonDecember25th,2003.第80页/共133页SR_CultureNotes_pic1第81页/共133页SR_CultureNotes_pic2第82页/共133页SR_CultureNotes_pic3第83页/共133页SR_CultureNotes_pic4第84页/共133页SR_CultureNotes_pic5第85页/共133页SR_CultureNotes_pic6第86页/共133页SR_Reading_text1DavidH.LevyWhentheseheadlinesappearedthisyear,theirstoriesbecamethesubjectsofconversationsaroundtheworld—talksspicedwithoptimismandconfusion.Imaginethehopesraisedinthemillionsbattlingcancer.Didthenewsmeanthesepeopleneverhadtoworryaboutcanceragain?NewDrugsKillCancerDevastationbyElNino─aWarning6:30p.m.October26,2028:CouldThisBetheDeadlinefortheApocalypse?HowtoMakeSenseoutofScience第87页/共133页SR_Reading_text2Orthatweallhadtoworryaboutacatastrophefromouterspaceor,moreimmediately,fromElNino?Unfortunately,sciencedoesn’tworkthatway.Itrarelyarrivesatfinalanswers.

PeoplebattlingcancerorvictimsofElNinomayfindthisfrustrating,butthetruthisthatNaturedoesnotyieldhersecretseasily.Scienceisdonestepbystep.Firstanideaisformed.Thenthisistestedbyanexperiment.Theoutcome,onehopes,resultsinanincreaseinknowledge.第88页/共133页SR_Reading_text3Scienceisnotasetofunquestionableresultsbutawayofunderstandingtheworldaroundus.Itsrealworkisslow.Thescientificmethod,asmanyofuslearnedinschool,isagradualprocessthatbeginswithapurposeoraproblemorquestiontobeanswered.Itincludesalistofmaterials,aproceduretofollow,asetofobservationstomakeand,finally,conclusionstoreach.Inmedicine,whenanewdrugisproposedthatmightcureorcontroladisease,itisfirsttestedonalargerandomgroupofpeople,andtheirreactionsarethencomparedwiththoseofanotherrandomgroupnotgiventhedrug.Allreactionsinbothgroupsarecarefullyrecordedandcompared,andthedrugisevaluated.Allofthistakestime—andpatience.第89页/共133页SR_Reading_text4

It’stheresultofcourse,thatmakesthebestnews

—

nottheyearsofquietworkthatcharacterizethebulkofscientificinquiry.Afteranexperimentisconcludedoranobservationismade,theresultcontinuestobeexaminedcritically.Whenitissubmittedforpublication,itgoestoagroupofthescientist’scolleagues,whoreviewthework.Iftheworkisimportantenough,justbeforethereportispublishedinaprofessionaljournalorreadataconference,apressreleaseisissuedandanannouncementismadetotheworld.第90页/共133页SR_Reading_text5Theworldmaythinkthattheannouncementsignifiestheendoftheprocess,butitdoesn’t.Apublicationisreallyachallenge:“Hereismyresult.Provemewrong!”Otherresearcherswilltrytorepeattheexperiment,andthemoreoftenitworks,thebetterthechancesthattheresultissound.Einsteinwasrightwhenhesaid:“Noamountofexperimentationcaneverprovemeright;asingleexperimentcanatanytimeprovemewrong.”第91页/共133页InAugust1996,NASAannouncedthediscoveryinAntarcticaofameteoritefromMarsthatmightcontainevidenceofancientlifeonanotherworld.AsPresidentClintonsaidthatday,thepossibilitythatlifeexistedonMarsbillionsofyears