高分子材料工程专业英语翻译

Unit1Whatarepolymers?Whatpolymers?onething,theyarecomplexandgiantmoleculesandaredifferentlowmolecularweightlike,say,commonsalt.高，和不化普。contrastthedifference,themolecularweightofsaltisonly58.5,whilethatofapolymercanbeashighasseveralthousand,evenmorethanthousandthousands.与低分子化合物不同的，通的子仅，而高物的子量于，于。bigmoleculesor‘macro-molecules’aremadeupofsmallermolecules,beoformorechemical分子子相大能。illustrate,imaginethatasetofringshasthesamesizeandisofthematerial.Whenthesethingsareinterlinked,thechainformedcanbeconsideredasapolymerfrommoleculesofthesamecompound.明大同环相可。Alternatively,individualringscouldbeofdifferentsizesandmaterials,andinterlinkedtorepresentapolymerfromofdifferentcompounds.另一方面，环可以大小不同材料不同,。Thisinterlinkingofmanyunitshasgiventhepolymeritsname,polymeaning‘manyandmermeaning‘part(inGreek).poly意着“多聚、重〞mer意着“链。Asanexample,acompoundcalledbutadiene,withamolecularweightof54,combinesnearlytimesandgivesapolymerknownaspolybutadiene(asyntheticrubber)withabout200000molecularweight.例：态合丁烯分量为，连接4000为200000的。lowmolecularweightcompoundsfromwhichthepolymersareknownasmonomers.Thepictureissimplyasfollows:：butadienebutadiene∙∙∙butadiene--polybutadiene(4000time)丁二烯二烯—〔4000次〕Onethushowasubstance(monomer)withassmallamoleculeweightasgrowtoagiantmolecule(polymer)of4molecularweight.为为200000大分。Itisessentiallythegiantness〞theofthepolymermoleculethatmakesitsbehavior(differentfromthatofacommonlyknowncompoundsuchasbenzene.)实质正是于聚物的分子寸才其性不同像苯样的般化合〕Solidbenzene,forinstance,meltstobecomeliquidat℃and,onfurtherheating,boilsintobenzene.5.5Asagainstthiswell-definedbehaviorofasimplechemicalcompound,apolymerlikepolyethylenedoesnotmeltsharplyatoneparticulartemperatureintocleanliquid.单聚Instead,itincreasinglysofterand,ultimately,turnsintoaveryviscous,tackymoltenmass.Furtherheatingofthishot,viscous,moltenpolymerdoesconvertitintovariousgasesbutitisnolongerpolyethylene.(Fig..物最融而合一步加是聚乙〔如图1.1〕Anotherstrikingdifferencewithrespecttothebehaviorofapolymerandthatofalowmolecularweightcompoundthedissolutionprocess.Letustake,forexample,sodiumchlorideandadditslowlytofixedquantityofwater.Thesalt,whichrepresentsalowmolecularweightcompound,dissolvesinwateruptoapoint(calledsaturationpoint)but,thereafter,anyfurtherquantityaddeddoesnotgointosolutionbutsettlesatthebottomandjustremainsthereassolid.氯加中低合进步,盐不进Theviscosityofthesaturatedsaltsolutionisnotverymuchdifferentfromthatofwater.Butifwetakeapolymerinstead,say,polyvinylalcohol,andaddittoafixedquantityofwater,polymernotgointosolutionimmediately..但，果我们用聚合物，如聚乙烯添到上进入globulesofpolyvinylalcoholfirstabsorbwater,swellandgetdistortedinshapeandafteralongtimeintosolution.聚乙醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生形，经过很长时间后乙烯醇分子进入到溶液中。Also,wecanaddaverylargequantityofthepolymertothesamequantityofwaterwithoutthesaturationpointeverbeingreached.大量的水中Asmoreandmorequantityofpolymerisaddedtowater,thetimetakenforthedissolutionofthepolymerobviouslyandthemixultimatelyassumesasoft,dough-likeconsistency.像Anotherpeculiarityisthat,inwater,polyvinylalcoholneverretainsitsoriginalpowderynature[astheexcesssodiumchloridedoes][inasaturatedsaltsolution].合？聚乙团？烯？构体子子Stir,搅拌子MicrosoftMonomer:单.合？聚乙团？烯？构体子子Stir,搅拌子MicrosoftMonomer:单.MonocrystallinemonodispersemonofunctionClean,完的的四个Striking,的的。-eneButyl-烯-yne：。Polyethylene:聚乙烯.。synthetic:在其。Inconclusion,wecansaythat(1)thelongtimetakenbypolyvinylalcoholfordissolution,(2)theabsenceofasaturationpoint,andtheincreaseintheviscosityareallcharacteristicsofatypicalpolymerbeingdissolvedinasolventandthesecharacteristicsareattributedmainlytothelargemolecularsizeofthepolymer.总之，我们可讲〕聚烯醇溶解要很时间2〕不存在饱和〕粘度。ThebehaviorofalowmolecularweightcompoundandthatofapolymerondissolutionareillustratedinFig.1.2.如图1.2。Polymer:高分聚合物.(repeatunits)Polyvinylalcohol:聚乙。乙polymericpolymerization

Sodiumchloride,化，poly-:的聚Polygon,聚potassiumsulfate,？聚聚能acid,硫酸polyfunctionalSettle，,沉-mer〞:part.Isomer,分Precipitate,使Macromolecule:大分分Precipitant，淀大词？〕Molecule,分Atom,原子饱和Unsaturation,不饱MolecularWeight,分子量和Micro-:微的。？Microscope.

Dissolution,n,溶解------Dissolve,vt,溶解solutionn溶;solutionpolymerizationsolubilityn溶解性“mono-〞:单个，solventn,solventeffectViscous,a,粘稠的度(性di-,bi-〞:.tri-〞:三个.“tetra-〞:sharply,，RepeatUnit,重复-----Monomerunit,Increasingly,越来越….，ynthetic,合成的,如SyntheticRubber，，Synthesis,n,合vt,合respectto关而论hereafter，此后utadiene:丁二烯。。onsistency,。乙烯.烯Butylene.乙Peculiarity,独，，的炔Ethyne.东西。issuefrom,由…..产.Ethyl-:乙基。乙烯Adventitious[ædven’tiSs],的然的abstract,别离转移profound,意远的刻的notably，Viscous：粘的。名词？

，Plastics,塑料Rubber,橡胶-------用asitisnotnecessaryFiber,纤维

fortobe,itisalsonotAdhesive,黏合剂Paints,涂料…正…不定是….Polybutadiene,

烯不一定是.Polyvinylalcohol,聚乙醇Themoment,.就.Polyvinylchloride,烯Segment,链段Polyester,聚酯Polystyrene,聚乙烯Polypropylene,聚丙烯Polyethylene,聚乙烯Polyamide,聚酰胺Polyether:聚醚

Backbone,主链，(骨)//skeleton,骨骼,骨架〔建,骷Skeletonatom(structure),骨架原子〔结构substituent,substituted取代基sidependant,lateral〕group,侧基/group,端基Thermoplastics,性塑料Sidechain,侧链，支链resin,树脂副反响弹性体

Linearpolymers,型//NonlinearThermoelastomers,体polymers,线型高分Homopolymersandcopolymers,和polymers,支化高分子物

Crosslinkedpolymers,交高分子Homo-匀的Homogenous:均相的dendrimers,星异的不同的异相的

polymers,梯分子Blockcopolymers,共聚物Cyclolinearpolymers,型聚合物Randomcopolymers,无规共聚物//Cyclomatrixpolymer,体型聚合物Alternatingcopolymers,交替共聚物polymers,鳌合物，遥爪聚合三元聚物物Graftcopolymers,接共聚物polymer,单遥爪聚物Di-telechelicpolymer,双物Amorphouspolymers,无形高分子//Crystallinepolymers,结晶高分子UnitPolymerizationManyolefinicandvinylunsaturatedareabletoformchain-likemacromoleculesthrougheliminationofthedoublebond,aphenomenonfirstrecognizedbyStaudinger.Diolefinspolymerizeinthesamehowever,onlyoneofthetwodoublebondsiseliminated.Staudinger首键可烯烃个。Suchreactionsoccurthroughtheinitialadditionofamonomermoleculetoaninitiatorradicaloraninitiatorion,bywhichtheactivestateistransferredfromtheinitiatortotheadded是首引引而些到。Inthesamewaybymeansofachainreaction,onemonomermoleculeaftertheotherisadded(2000~20000monomerspersecond)untiltheactivestateisterminatedthroughadifferenttypeofreaction.秒个单体〕。Thepolymerizationisachainreactionintwoways:becauseofthereactionkineticandbecauseasareactionproductoneobtainsachainmolecule.lengthofthechainmoleculeisproportionaltothekineticchainlength.响响反为物的。Onetheprocessasfollow(R.isequaltotheinitiatorradical):R·相当与引Onethusobtainspolyvinylchloridevinylchloride,orpolystyrenestyrene,orpolyethyleneethylene,etc.过烯烯获或聚烯，等等。Thelengthofthechainmolecules,measuredbymeansofthedegreeofpolymerization,bevariedoveralargerangeselectionofsuitablereactionconditions.的反Usually,withcommerciallypreparedandutilizedpolymers,thedegreeofpolymerizationliesintherangeof1000tobutinmanycasesitbebelow500andover但于。Thisshouldnotbeinterpretedtomeanthatallmoleculesofacertainpolymericmaterialconsistof500,or1000,or5000monomerunits.Inalmostallcases,thepolymericmaterialconsistsofamixtureofpolymermoleculesofdifferentofpolymerization.，5000成。合物组。Polymerization,achainreaction,occursaccordingtothesamemechanismasthewell-knownchlorine-hydrogenreactionandthedecompositionof-氢。Theinitiationreaction,whichistheactivationprocessofthedoublebond,canbebroughtaboutbyheating,irradiation,ultrasonics,orinitiators.Theinitiationofthechainreactionbeobservedmostclearlywithradicalorionicinitiators.过波。Theseareenergy-richwhichcanaddsuitableunsaturatedcompounds(monomers)andmaintaintheactivatedradicalorionicstatesothatfurthermonomermoleculescanbeinthesamemanner.能物它成〔由活心以。Fortheindividualstepsofthegrowthreactiononeonlyarelativelysmallactivationandthereforethroughasingleactivationstep(theactualinitiationreaction)alargenumberofolefinmoleculesareasisimpliedbytheterm“chainreaction〞.反，要能步引将体合锁Becauseverysmallamountsoftheinitiatorbringabouttheformationofalargeamountofpolymericmaterial(1:1000to1:1000),itispossibletoregardpolymerizationfromasuperficialpointofviewasacatalyticreaction.1000～1看聚Forthisreason,theinitiatorsinpolymerizationreactionsoftendesignatedaspolymerizationcatalysts,eventhough,inthestrictestsense,theyarenottruecatalystsbecausethepolymerizationinitiatorentersintothereactionasarealpartnerandcanbefoundchemicallyinthereactionproduct,i.e.,thepolymer.进而，响物Inadditiontotheionicandradicalinitiatorstherearenowmetalcomplexinitiators(whichcanobtained,forexample,bythereactionoftitaniumtetrachlorideortitaniumtrichloridewithaluminumalkyls),whichplayanimportantroleinpolymerizationreactions(Zieglercatalysts),Themechanismoftheircatalyticactionisnotyetcompletely发发金剂氯它聚响重剂Radical,自；

Radical,由基//Initiator,引发剂//ion,离子，ionic，子ionicpolymer，monomer,不单体ionomer，离聚体

Organicperoxide,机化Activation,活化作用活化过程//hydroperoxide,过化氢Active活性中心Redoxagent,原Polyvinylchloride:Azocompounds,合物Polystyrene:

reagents,机ofpolymerization:聚合度DP)Irradiation,外照射Mechanism:理

Highenergyradiation,射Chlorine;Hydrogen:氢气Homolyticdissociation,Decomposition：分Degradation:降解initiation,//chain辐射ultrasonics,超声增长反波Imply,，有.的regard,.看..Catalyst:催化剂

Steady-stateassumption,Rateofpolymerization,聚合Chain转//chaintermination，反响Ionic：。Ion:Cation:离Combination,合Anion:阴离子

Disproportionation,omplex物i-:Tri-:三。Tetra-:Mono-：单。hexa-:六烷基Alkene:烯烃bymeansof:ByusingOne…aftertheother…一个接..beproportionalto:成正Liein处于Bringabout,引fromasuperficialpointofview,从表上intheliteral)senseplayanimportantrolein…:在.方面起Eventhough=evenif,使，Inadditionto…除.之外.重要用UNIT3Step-GrowthpolymerizationManydifferentchemicalreactionsmaybeusedtosynthesizepolymericmaterialsbystep-growthpolymerization.includeesterification,amidation,theformationofurethanes,aromaticsubstitution,etc.合材料这包括基甲酸。Polymerizationproceedsbythereactionsbetweentwodifferentfunctionalgroups,e.g.,hydroxylandcarboxylgroups,orisocyanateandhydroxylgroups.通在种同官能团，，基羧，或异氰酯羟之间可发聚反。Allstep-growthpolymerizationfallintotwogroupsdependingonthetypeofmonomer(s)employed.firstinvolvestwodifferentpolyfunctionalmonomersinwhicheachmonomerpossessesonlyonetypeoffunctionalgroup.步所类种。Apolyfunctionalmonomerisonewithtwoormorefunctionalgroupspermolecule.Thesecondinvolvesasinglemonomercontainingbothtypesoffunctionalgroups.能官个。synthesisofpolyamidesillustratesbothgroupsofpolymerizationreactions.Thus,polyamidescanbeobtainedfromthereactionofdiamineswithdiacidsorfromthereactionofaminoacidswiththemselves.聚此的基。Thetwogroupsofreactionscanberepresentedinageneralmannerbytheequationsasfollows示Reaction(3.1)illustratesthewhile(3.2)isofthelattertype.反响〔〕具有后一种形式Polyesterification,whetherbetweendiolanddibasicacidorintermolecularlybetweenhydroxyacidmolecules,isanexampleofastep-growthpolymerization例能醇Theesterificationreactionoccursanywhereinthemonomermatrixwheretwomonomermoleculescollide,andtheesterhasformed,it,too,canreactfurtherbyvirtueofitsstill-reactivehydroxylcarboxyl响中子Theneteffectofthisisthatmonomermoleculesareconsumedrapidlywithoutanylargeincreaseinmolecularweight.，而分Fig.3.1illustratesthisphenomenon.Assume,forexample,thateachsquareinFig.3.1arepresentsamoleculeofhydroxyacid.Aftertheinitialdimmermoleculesfrom(b),halfthemonomermoleculeshavebeenconsumedandtheaveragedegreeofpolymerization(DP)ofpolymericis2.3.1明了图生二b〔DP2。Astrimerandmoredimermoleculesform(c),morethan80%ofthemonomermoleculeshavereacted,butDPisstill2.5.Whenallthemonomermoleculeshavereacted(d),DPis4.形成三，超过80%的单体分子已DP2.5d〕中DP4。Buteachpolymermoleculethatstillhasreactiveendgroups;thepolymerizationreactionwillcontinueinastepwisefashion,witheachesterificationstepbeingidenticalinrateandtoinitialesterificationofmonomers.子性Thus,molecularweightincreasesslowlyevenathighlevelsofmonomerconversion,anditwillcontinuetoincreaseuntiltheviscositybuild-upmakesitmechanicallytoodifficulttoremovewaterofesterificationorforreactiveendgroupstofindeachother.子化加到反ItcanalsobeshownthatintheA-A+B-Btypeofpolymerization,anexactstoichiometricbalanceisnecessarytoachievehighmolecularweights.Ifsomemonofunctionalimpurityispresent,itsreactionwilllimitthemolecularweightbyrenderingachaininactive.A-A+B-B的聚合反响中，精确的。假官能，由于acid,芳substitute:v.取acid,芳substitute:v.取酰胺ROH+R'NCOROC(O)N(H)R'合度Similarly,high-puritymonomersarenecessaryintheA-Btypeofpolycondensationanditfollowsthathigh-yieldreactionsaretheonlypracticalonesforpolymerformation,sincesidereactionswillupsetthestoichiometricbalance.同样在，。Step-growthpolymerization:逐步聚合包into,归入，括缩)Synthesize:v.合成synthesis:n.

Dependingon…根据.InageneralEsterification:酯(COOH-OH的反响).Whether.or.,是..是.,.COOR聚。

..By〔后invirtueof……依靠助于….酰胺(-CONH2)，Amidation:酰identicalin…to…在….方面和…..胺化，polyamide,龙。(cabarmate)氨基甲酸酯’dentikl],a,同一的，完相同NR2.NH2CO2C2H5

原因〔源〕，Identicaltwins,同卵双胞胎identicalPolyurethane,聚氨酯，。恒式Aromatic:的体fingerprintsofnotwopersonsare)

identical.Aromatic,芳香族的aromatics芳香族化isidenticaltohersin物料香味aromaticvolume.酸build-up:加Substitution:n.取,代,取代反响ethanebutane代烷基-yl)methylethylpropylbutyl:C6H5-OH亚烷基(-ylene)methyleneethyleneFunctionalgroup:官团环(cyclo-)cyclopropanecyclohexaneMonofunctional,单官能度的-ene)butene//difunctional,两能团的(-yne)ethynepropynebutynePolyfunctional,多官的methanolethanolpropanolbutanolHydroxyl，羟基，氢，formaldehydeethanal-oxyl，…氧基，如，酮(-one)acetone基。(-icacid)aceticacidcarboxyl，，carbo-，碳，酸(anhydride)anhd.aceticanhd.isocyanate异氰酯iso-，acetamide位，，isoelectric，等电离。methylamineethylamineIsobutylene，异丁烯。:stoichiometricbalance，化学计量平衡//conversion,化率//yield,率degreeofpolymerization,平Cyanate,氰酸盐酸,聚如cyanate,氰化钾。weight:分量Dimmer,二聚体，trimer，聚体，。纯度。Im-:。tetramer聚体，

impossiblepentamer，聚体，Hexamer，六聚体。Polycondensation:缩聚Heptamer,七聚体，

Sidereaction:副反响低聚物，聚体Diamine，二元胺//diol,二元醇//triol,三元//polyol,多元醇酸diamine(?)dibasic,二元的//diacid,二元酸//aminoacid酸UNIT4IonicPolymerizationIonicpolymerization,similartoradicalpolymerization,alsohasthemechanismofachainreaction.kineticsofionicpolymerizationare,considerablydifferentthatofradicalpolymerization.合由似机聚显。(1)initiationreactionofionicpolymerizationonlyasmallactivationenergy.Therefore,therateofpolymerizationdependsonlyslightlyonthetemperature.合的反响要很活化此聚。Ionicpolymerizationsoccurinmanycaseswithexplosiveviolenceevenattemperature.below50℃example,theanionicpolymerizationofstyreneat–70℃tetrahydrofuran,orthecationicpolymerizationofisobutyleneat100℃liquidethylene).多情况低于-70℃在离子-。Withionicpolymerizationthereisnocompulsorychainterminationthroughrecombination,becausethegrowingchainscannotreactwithother.子因生不的。Chainterminationtakesplaceonlythroughimpurities,orthroughtheadditionofcertaincompoundsasalcohols,acids,amines,oroxygen,andingeneralcompoundswhichcanreactwithpolymerizationionsundertheformationofneutralcompoundsorinactiveionicspecies.仅发生，或说水化加一过合物活合。Iftheinitiatorsareonlypartlydissociated,theinitiationreactionisanequilibriumreaction,wherereactioninonedirectiongivesrisetochaininitiationandinthedirectiontochaintermination.仅，链引链终止。Ingeneralionicpolymerizationcaninitiatedthroughacidicorbasiccompounds.化合引发。Forcationicpolymerization,ofBF3,AlCl3,TiCl4,andSnCl4withwater,or基属基锂基属基锂alcohols,ortertiaryoxoniumsaltshaveshownthemselvestobeparticularlyactive.Thepositiveionsaretheonesthatchaininitiation.Forexample:BF3,AlCl3,TiCl4和物：However,alsowithHCl,H2SO4,andKHSO4,onecaninitiatecationicpolymerization.Initiatorsforanionicpolymerizationarealkalimetalsandtheirorganiccompounds,suchasphenyllithium,butyllithium,phenylsodium,andtriphenylmethylpotassium,whicharemoreorlessstronglydissociatedindifferentsolvents.但BF3与HCl、和KHSO4发金有，丁甲溶。thisgroupalsothesocalledAlfincatalysts,whichareamixtureofsodiumisopropylate,allylsodium,andsodiumchloride.谓的Alfin催化剂就属于这类这催剂异醇、丙钠和氯钠混合。WithBF3(andisobutyleneasthemonomer),itwasdemonstratedthatthepolymerizationispossibleonlyintheoftracesoftracesofwateroralcohol.。Ifoneeliminatesthetraceofwater,alonedoesnotgiverisetopolymerization.WateroralcoholsarenecessaryinordertoallowtheformationoftheBF3-complexandtheinitiatorcationaccordingtotheabovereactions.However,oneshouldnotdescribethewaterorthealcoholasa“cocatalyst.果痕水独不会引发合反响。对于述反响，水乙醇对于形成BF3-络合物和引发剂离子是必需的。但是水或乙醇。Justasbypolymerization,onecanalsopreparecopolymersbyionicpolymerization,forexample,anioniccopolymersofstyreneandbutadiene,orcopolymersofisobutyleneandstyrene,orisobutyleneandvinyethers,etc.与由聚反一，过子合响能备聚，如苯-丁二阴--乙烯基醚共。Ashasbeenindetailwithradicalpolymerization,onecancharacterizemonomerpairbyso-calledreactivityratiosandr2.r1和r2。Ionicpolymerization:离子合,氧子,O-。Cationicpolymerization:阳离子聚合正〔性〕的//Neutral,性的Anionicpolymerization:阴离子聚合阴)性的Ion,离子//ionic,离子的//nonionic,离Triethyloxonium-borofluoride:子的

BF4-cation,阳〕离//cationic,正〔离三Ethyl:乙Boro:.的

Fluoride:化物Anion,〔阴〕子//anionic,负〔〕离metal:金including:lithium,子的

sodium,potassium.Radicalpolymerization:合苯Cocatalyst:助催化剂whoshownolovetoanyone.聚反响Cocatalyst:助催化剂whoshownolovetoanyone.聚反响Co-:共共同价的.Characterize:表征reactivityratio:竞聚率Stereoregular,立构的Kinetics动学thermodynamic:热Butyllithium:丁基锂力学

Phenylsodium:苯基钠Isobutylene,异烯//isoprene,异戊烯potassium:甲基钾Tetrahydrofuran:(THF)喃.Methyl:甲基.Ethyl:乙.Propyl:丙.Furan:呋喃.Butyl:丁基Pyrrole:咯吩explosiveviolence:及其烈地.veryTeriary:的quarternary:四的inactionorfeelingAlfincatalyst:(碱金属烯催化剂windblewwithexplosiveAcatalystderivedfromreactionofanalkalialcoholatewithanolefinhalide;toconvertolefins(forexample,ethylene,propylene,orbutylenes)intopolyolefinpolymers.

violence.giveriseto…:引.发..leadto;tobethecauseofThesebadconditionshavegivenrisetoalotofcrime.Isopropylate:异属orless:Iamorlesstiredafter-ate:,.Sodiumsulfate:硫酸钠longtrip.Allyl:烯丙.

less:Ididn’tevenseehim,muchCation:()离子Anion:(阴)离子tohim.so-called:Theyareso-calledChristiansCopolymer:共物.Copolymerization:共intheof…….存在，wasquestionedintheofalargenumberofpeople.justas:HejustasIwasleaving.indetail:ThereisnotimetoexplaininParameter:参数detailCoordinativepolymerization,()聚合Intermediate,中间Electrophilicsubstitution,亲电取代//nucleophilicsubstitution,亲核取Proton,质子//proticacid,质子酸Aliphatic肪化合物//Aromaticcompound,芳组化物UNIT5IntroductiontoLivingRadicalPolymerizationTraditionalmethodsoflivingpolymerizationarebasedonionic,coordinationorgrouptransfermechanisms.Ideally,themechanismoflivingpolymerizationinvolvesonlyinitiationandpropagationsteps.聚合Allchainsareinitiatedatthecommencementofpolymerizationandcontinuesuntilallmonomeris合反响所有的链都被引，然后增长反响续下去到所有体都消耗尽Atypeofnoveltechniquesforlivingpolymerization,knownasliving(possibly“controlled〞“mediated〞)radicalpolymerization,isdevelopedrecently.ThefirstdemonstrationoflivingradicalpolymerizationandthecurrentdefinitionofthecanbeattributedtoSzwarc.一个的解释Szwarc。Uptonow,livingradicalpolymerizationincludingatomtransferpolymerization(ATRP),reversibleaddition-fragmentationchaintransferpolymerization(RAFT),nitroxide-mediatedpolymerization(NMP),etc.,havebeenreportedoneafteranother.到前止一活自基合程包原转自基合可加-断聚合，基氧介一个被mechanismoflivingradicalpolymerizationisquitedifferentnotonlyfromthatofcommonradicalpolymerizationbutalsofromthatoftraditionallivingpolymerization.由仅普合传聚Itreliesontheintroductionofareagentthatundergoesreversibleterminationwiththepropagatingradicalstherebyconvertingthemtoafollowingform由体止休眠种：specificityinthereversibleinitiation-terminationstepisofcriticalimportanceinachievinglivingcharacteristics.种特殊的可发-Thisenablestheactivespeciesconcentrationtocontrolledandthusallowssuchaconditiontobechosenthatallchainsareabletogrowatasimilarrate(ifnotsimultaneously)throughoutthepolymrization.逆引止使活的浓度能够得控制。这样就以来选择适的反响条件，得在个聚合反响过中(只要没有平行响)有的分子链能以相度增。Thishas,inturn,enabledthesynthesisofpolymerswithcontrolledcomposition,architectureandmolecularweightdistribution.Theyalsoprovideroutestonarrowdispersityend-functionalpolymers,tohighpurityblockcopolymers,andtostarsandcomplexarchitecture.以分化嵌型ThefirststeptowardslivingradicalpolymerizationwastakenbyOstuandhiscolleaguesin1982.OstuIn1985,thiswastakenonestepfurtherwiththedevelopmentbySolomonetal.ofnitroxide-mediatedpolymerization(NMP).年Solomon等开展。ThisworkwasfirstreportedinthepatentliteratureandinpapersbutwasnotwidelyrecognizeduntilwhenGeorgesetal.appliedthemethodinthesynthesisofnarrowpolydispersitypolystyrene.但年等scopeofNMPhasbeengreatlyexpendedandmoreversatile,methodshaveappeared.NMPmostnotablemethodsareatomradicalpolymerization(ATRP)andpolymerizationwithreversibleadditionfragmentation(RAFT).Upto2000,thisareaalreadyaccountedforonethirdofallpapersinthefieldofradicalpolymerization,asshowninFig.5.1.2000，个域论已占所有由聚领论的分之一如5.1所示Naturally,therapidgrowthofthenumberofthepapersinthefieldsinceoughttobealmosttotallyattributabletodevelopmentinthisarea.1995的开。grouptransfermechanism基团转移前:commencement开livingpolymerizationlivingradicalpolymerizationsimultaneousreaction平行反Specificity,特nitroxide-mediatedpolymerization(NMP)atomtransferradicalpolymerization(ATRP)reversibleaddition-fragmentationchaintransferpolymerization(RAFT)-dormant休眠dormantspecies休眠activespecies活性versatileSimultaneously平地,联立地Beattributedto归Rely靠Convert…….把.转化Takethefirststep头做事Accountfor:

quarterhemi,semimono,unidi,bi,bister,tritetra,penta,hexahepta,septioctaennea,nonadecaMono-一，单monoxidemonoacidDi-，重，偶，联双dimolecular分子的dioxide氧化物diphenyl()苯Bi-两个，双bimolecular双分biphenyl联)苯Bis-bisdiazoTri-triangle角trichloromethane三氯Tetra-tetrahedron面，，Withrespectto:于inconclusion:总之Insummary:总之Thus;Equalto:于Approximate:大概

carbontetrachlorideAdd加Subtraction:减Multiplication:乘Divide:Power:指数Inorderto:按…序Extraction:减Approach:接近Formula:公式equation1.macromolecule,polymer2.suprapolymer高子3.naturalpolymer子4.inorganicpolymer高分子5.organicpolymer

figureFig.1:图Diagram:Illustration:分TableSchedule:方Chart:表Catalog:目Dimer机二聚三子

Prepolymer

6.inorganicorganicpolymer-有机高分子7.Organometallicpolymer合物

属有机

Monodispersepolymer,uniformpolymer8.elementpolymer元子9.Oligomer低聚,"齐聚物“Heterochainpolymer

Polydispersepolymer,non-uniformpolymer15.carbonchainpolymer17.heterocyclicpolymer

子Unit6MolecularanditsDistributionsofPolymersmolecularweightofapolymerisofprimeimportanceinitssynthesisandapplication.Prime,interestingandusefulmechanicalpropertieswhichareuniquelyassociatedwithpolymericmaterialsareaconsequenceoftheirhighmolecularweight.趣价能存合子带物子兴。Mostimportantmechanicalpropertiesdependonandvaryconsiderablywithmolecularweight.。Thus,strengthofpolymerdoesnotbegintodevelopuntilaminimummolecularweightofabout～000isachieved.因约000,来.Abovethatsize,thereisarapidincreaseinthemechanicalperformanceofpolymersastheirmolecularweightincreases;theeffectlevelsoffatstillhighermolecularweights.Leveloff加;，这种。Inmostinstances,thereissomemolecularweightinwhichagivenpolymerpropertywilloptimumforaparticularapplication.Inmostinstances,在

Optimum，的于某种的应分子。controlofmolecularweightisessentialforthepracticalapplicationofapolymerizationprocess.Beessentialfor…,的聚物分子的制对合程际应而是需的实际的合程，。Whenonespeaksofthemolecularweightofapolymer,onemeanssomethingquitedifferentfromthatwhichappliestosmall-sizedSpeakof…谈到…..(适)低分子化合。Polymersdifferthesmall-sizedcompoundsinthattheyarepolydisperseorheterogeneousinmolecularweight.Differfrom…，…..不，不一。多分性的Heterogeneous,不，于聚的。ifapolymerissynthesizedfreecontaminantsandimpurities,itisstillnotasubstanceinusuallyacceptedsense.Freefrom,，..Contaminant,物质Intheusuallyacceptedsense合杂被广上纯物。Polymers,intheirpurestform,aremixtureofofdifferentmolecularweights.分子合物。Thereasonforthepolydispersityofpolymersliesinthestatisticalvariationspresentinthepolymerizationprocesses.Liein…在….Statistical,统计的[vərieiSən],n变。Whenonediscussesthemolecularweightofapolymer,oneisactuallyinvolvedwithitsaveragemolecularweight.。Boththemolecularweightandtheexactdistributionofdifferentmolecularweightswithinapolymerarerequiredinordertofullycharacterizeit.Inorderto,为了……物均要同。Thecontrolofmolecularweightandmolecularweightdistribution(MWD)isoftenusedtoobtainandimprovecertaindesiredphysicalpropertiesinapolymerproduct.和物品我子。Variousareavailablefortheexperimentalmeasure