全国职称英语等级考试试题-理工类

全国职称英语等级考试试题（理工类）1

第一部分阅读理解（75分）

Passage1

CATVisashortwayofsayingcommunityantenna

（天线）television.But"cabletelevision“isthe

termmostpeopleuse.Cabletelevisionallows

viewerstoreceiveTVprogramsthattheycannot

pickupwiththeirregularantennas.

Televisionsignalsdonotfollowthecurve（曲线）

oftheearth.Theytravelinstraightlinesin

alldirections.SignalsfromaTVstationmove

towardthehorizon（水平线）andthengointo

space.Ifyouliveonlyafewmilesfroma

station,youmaynotgetanypictureatall.

CATVbeganin1948.PeopleinplacesfarfromTV

stationssharedthecostofputtinguphigh

antennas.Acommunityantennawasusuallyplaced

onahill,amountain,oronahightower.The

antennapickedupTVsignalsandfedthemintoa

smalllocalstation.Fromthestation,thickwires

calledcablesranouttonearbyhomes.Each

personusingthecablepaidamonthlycharge.

CATVworkedwell,andsoonnewuseswerefound

forit.Localstationscouldfeedprogramsinto

emptychannelsthatwerenotinuse.Peoplealong

thecablecouldhavelocalnews,weatherreports,

andfarmandschoolnewsatnoextracharge.

Today,cabletelevisionhasmovedintocities.It

bringsinextraprogramsthatcityviewerswith

regularantennascannotsee.Itisalsousedin

manyclassroomsthroughoutthecountry.

1.Fromthefirstparagraphweknowthat、

OA.mostpeopleusecabletelevision

OB.''communityantenna“isanothernamefor

“regularantenna”

OC.acommunityantennaisusedforcable

television

OD.regularantennascannotpickupTVsignals

programs

2.Ofthefollowing,whichisNOTthewayTV

signalstravel?

OA.Inacurve.

OB.Inastraightline.

OC.Inalldirection.

OD.Towardthehorizon.

3.CableTVisbecomingmoreandpopularbecause

OA.itisfreeofcharge

OB.itcanprovidemoreprograms

OC.itprovidesallTVusersgoodpictures

OD.TVsetswithregularantennascanalsohave

agoodreceptionthroughCATV

4.Onthewhole,thispassageisabout.

OA.howtoputuphighantennas

OB.awayofpickingupbetterTVprograms

OC.howtousetheemptychannelsonyourTV

set

OD.thewaythatTVsignalsaresent

5.Fromthepassagewecaninferthat.

OA.TVhasbeguntobeusedforeducational

purposes

OB.thereisnochargeforCATV

OC.cableTVcannotbeusedinmountainousareas

OD.antennasforcableTVareusuallyputupin

thecenterofacommunity

Passage2

Inearliesttimes,menconsideredlightningtobe

oneofthegreatmysteriesofnature.Some

ancientpeoplebelievedthatlightningandthunder

weretheweaponsofthegods.

Inreality,lightningisaflowofelectricity

formedhighabovetheearth.Asingleflashof

lightning1.6kilometerslonghasenough

electricitytolightonemillionlightbulbs.

TheAmericanscientistandstatesman,Benjamin

Franklin,wasthefirsttoshowtheconnection

betweenelectricityandlightningin1752.Inthe

sameyearhealsobuiltthefirstlightningrod.

Thisdeviceprotectsbuildingsfromdamageby

lightning.

Modernsciencehasdiscoveredthatonestrokeof

1ightingcontainsmorethan15millionvolts.A

sparkbetweenacloudandtheearthmaybeas

longas13kilometers,andtravelataspeedof

30millionmeterspersecond.

Scientistsestimatethatthereareabout2000

millionflashesoflightningperyear.Lightning

hitstheEmpireStateBuildinginNewYorkCity

30to48timesayear.IntheUnitedStates

alongitkillsanaverageofonepersonevery

day.

Thesafestplacetobeincaseofanelectrical

stormisinaclosedcar.Outside,oneshouldgo

tolowgroundandnotgetundertrees.Also,one

shouldstayoutofwaterandawayfrommetal

fences.Insideahouse,peopleshouldavoidopen

doorwaysandwindowsandnottouchwiresormetal

things.

Withlightning,itisbettertobesafethan

sorry!

6.Lightningisreally.

OA.weapon

OB.electricity

OC.light

OD.mystery

7.Peopleoncethoughthatlightningcamefrom

OA.scientists

OB.ground

OC.lightningrod

OD.gods

8.Oneflashoflightningcanproduceenough

electricityforbulbs.

OA.10,000

OB.1,000

OC.1,000,000

OD.100

9.BenjaminFranklin.

OA.madethefirstlightningrod

OB.inventedelectricity

OC.builttheEmpireStateBuilding

OD.preventedLightningfromhittingcars

10.isthebestplacetobeduringan

electricalstorm.

OA.Swimmingpool

OB.ahighground

OC.Underatree

OD.Acar

Passage3

Becauseoftheenergycrisis,scientistsinthe

oil-consumingnationshavebecomeincreasingly

interestedinthepotential（潜在的）ofsolarenergy.

Someexpertsestimatethatthepresentsupplyof

fossil（化石）fuelwillnotlastuntiltheend

ofthetwentiethcentury.Theproblemthatsolar

energyresearchersfaceishowtoharness俐用）

thesun，senergyeffectivelyandinexpensively.One

ofthemostpopularmethodscurrentlybeingtested

usesrooftopsolarcollectorsandunderground

storagetanks.Anadvantageofaproperlyworking

systemofthistypeisthatitwillnotcreate

anyenvironmentalpollution.Anotheradvantageof

usingsolarenergyisthatthecostofthe

fuel-thesun'srays-iszero.Whenasolarheating

systemisworkingatmaximum（最大的）efficiency,

itcanprovideupto80percentofwinter

heatingneeds.

11.Themaintopicofthispassageis.

OA.theshortageoffossilfuel

OB.theproblemsthatenergyresearchersface

OC.anenvironmentalpollutionproblem

OD.aninexpensiveenergysource

12.Onepopularsolarheatingsystemmakesuseof

OA.roofcollectorsandundergroundstorage

OB.fossilfuelconversion

OC.undergroundoiltanks

OD.watercollectionandevaporation

13.Thecostofusingthesun，sraysforheating

is.

OA.aboutthesameasthecostoffossilfuels

OB.severalhundreddollarsperyear

OC.negligiblecomparedwithotherenergysources

OD.determinedbytheseverityofthewinter

14.Whichofthefollowingdescribesanadvantage

ofusingsolarenergy?

OA.Thereislittleornoenvironmentalpollution.

OB.Alargepercentageoffuelcostscanbe

saved.

OC.Fossilfuelswillbecomemoreplentiful.

OD.Theoil-consumingnationswillnothaveto

importoil.

15.Accordingtosomeexperts,thesupplyof

fossilfuelwillnotlast.

OA.onemorecentury

OB.anindeterminabletime

OC.untiltheendofthiscentury

OD.indefinitely

第二部分完成句子（25分）

根据短文内容完成句子，每个空格只能填一个单词。有的单词第一

个字母已经给出，请将其余字母补全。

Notlongago,anairplanewasflyingoverNew

Zealand.Therewasatelevisioncameracrewon

board.Suddenly,outinthenightsky,abright

sphere（球体）cameintoview.Everyoneonboard

sawitandeveryonethough,"UFO"-Unidentified

FlyingObject.Thecameracrewwentintoaction

andstartedfilming.Thatweekpeopleallover

theworldsawthefilmofthismysteriouslight

ontheirtelevisionscreens.Whatwasit?Wasit

aspaceshipfullofvisitorsfromanotherplanet?

Thecaptainoftheaeroplaneandthefilmcrew

believeditwas.Otherobservershadmany

differentexplanations.SomesaiditwasVenus（金

星）.Otherssaiditwasjustatrickoflight.

Anairtrafficcontrolleralsosawitonhis

radarscreen.Hethoughtthataflockofbirds

wascausingdotsonhisradarscreenwhenthe

"UFO"appeared.

Mostastronomersnowbelievethatwhatthese

peoplesawwasalmostcertainlytheplanetVenus.

Atthattimeofyearitisverybrightandeasy

tosee.Andfromamovingaeroplaneitcan

appeartobemovingfast.Sofarthereisno

proofthatUFOsorspaceshipsfromotherplanets

doexist.TheseyearsinvestigatorsofUFOshave

investigatedthousandsofsighting-oroccasionswhen

peoplesaidtheysawaUFO.Ninetypercentof

theseturnedouttohaveasimpleexplanation.

However,it'sgoodideatokeepanopenmind.

Scientistsinsomecountriesaretryingto

persuadetheirgovernmentstohelpthemstudyUFOs.

Andtheyareplanningtocooperateinter-nationally

onreportingandinvestigatingsightingsofUFOs.

Afterall,itisquitepossiblethatthereis

lifeoutthereintheuniverse.Andifsomething

isalive,itisquitepossiblethatitwillcome

tovisitus.

16.Thecaptainandthecameracrewbelievedthat

UFOwasavspaceshipfromanotherplanet.

17.ManyobelievedthattheUFOwasVenus.

18.SofarthereisnoproofthatUFOsaresp

fromouterspace.

19.Somescientistsintheworldareplanningto

dosomeronUFOs.

20.Plifeintheuniversemaytrytomakea

visittous.

第三部分阅读理解（80分）

Passage1

Inrecentyears,scientificandtechnological

developmentshavedrasticallychangedhumanlifeon

ourplanet,aswellasourviewsbothof

ourselvesasindividualsinsocietyandofthe

universeasawhole.Maybeoneofthemost

profounddevelopmentsofthelastdecadeisthe

discoveryofrecombinantDNAtechnology,which

allowsscientiststointroducegenetic（遗传学的）

material（orgenes）fromoneorganismintoanother.

Initssimplestform,thetechnologyrequiresthe

isolationofapieceofDNA,eitherdirectlyfrom

theDNAoftheorganismunderstudy,or

artificiallysynthesizedfromanDNA.Thispiece

ofDNAisthenligated（结扎）toafragmentof

bacterialDNAwhichhasthecapacitytoreplicate

（复制）itselfindependently.Therecombinant

moleculethusproducedcanbeintroducedintothe

commonintestinal（内部的）bacteriumEscherishchia

coli,whichcanbegrowninverylargeamounts

insyntheticmedia.Underproperconditions,the

foreigngenewillnotonlyreplicateinthe

bacteria,butalsoexpressitself,throughthe

processoftranscriptionandtranslation,togive

risetolargeamountsofthespecificprotein

codedbytheforeigngene.

Thetechnologyhasalreadybeensuccessfully

appliedtotheproductionofseveral

therapeutically（疗法的）importantbiomolecules,such

as,growthhormones,interferon,insulin.

Manyotherimportantapplicationsareunder

detailedinvestigationinlaboratoriesthroughout

theworld.

21.RecombinantDNAtechnologyconsistsprimarily

of.

OA.producingseveraltherapeuticallyimportant

biomolecules

OB.givingrisetolargeamountsofprotein

OC.introducinggeneticmaterialfromoneorganism

intoanother

OD.usingaviralenzymecalledreverse

transcriptase

22.RecombinantDNAtechnologyhasbeenusedin

theproductionofallofthefollowing

biomoleculesexcept.

OA.growthhormones

OB.Escherishchiacoli

OC.interferon

OD.insulin

23.Whichofthefollowingisnottrue?

OA.Theforeigngenewillreplicateinthe

bacteria,butitwillnotexpressitselfthrough

transcriptionandtranslation.

OB.ThebacteriumEscherishchiacolicanbegrown

inlargeamountsinsyntheticmedia.

OC.Researchcontinuesinanefforttofind

otherusesforthistechnology.

OD.RecombinantDNAtechnologyisarecent

development.

24.ExpressionofageneinEscherishchiacoli

requires.

OA.theviralenzymereversetranscriptase

OB.theprocessesoftranscriptionandtranslation

OC.productionofinsulinandotherbiomolecules

OD.thatthebacteriabegrowninasynthetic

media

25.Thetermrecombinantisusedbecause

OA.byligation,arecombinantmoleculeis

produced,whichhasthecapacityofreplication

OB.thetechniquerequiresthecombinationof

severaltypesoftechnology

OC.byligation,arecombinantproteinis

produced,partofwhoseaminoacidscomefrom

differentorganism

OD.Escherishchiacoliisarecombinantorganism

Passage2

Watchababybetweensixandninemonthsold,

andyouwillobservethebasicconceptsof

geometrybeinglearned.Oncethebabyhasmastered

theideathatspaceisthree-dimensional,it

reachesoutandbeginsgraspingvariouskindsof

objects.Itisthen,fromperhapsninetofifteen

months,thattheconceptsofsetsandnumbersare

formed.Sofar,sogood.Butnowominous（不祥的）

developmenttakesplace.Thenervefibersinthe

braininsulate（使隔离）themselvesinsuchaway

thatthebabybeginstohearsoundsvery

precisely.Soonitpicksuplanguage,anditis

thenbroughtintodirectcommunicationwithadults.

Fromthispointon,itisusuallydownhillall

thewayformathematics,becausethechildnow

becomesexposedtoallthenonsensewordsand

beliefsofthecommunityintowhichithasbeen

sounfortunateastohavebeenborn.Nature

havingdoneverywellbythechildnowbecomes

exposedtoallthenonsensewordsandbeliefsof

tothispoint,havingpermittedittheluxuryof

thinkingforitselfforeighteenmonths,now

abandonsittothearbitraryconventionsand

beliefsofsociety.Butatleastthechildknows

somethingofgeometryandnumbers,anditwill

alwaysretainsomememoryoftheearlyhalcyon

（平静的）daysnomatterwhatvicissitudes（变化）

itmaysufferlateron.Themainreservoirof

mathematicaltalentinanysocietyisthus

possessedbychildrenwhoareabouttwoyearsold.

Childrenwhohavejustlearnedtospeakfluently.

26.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

OA.Theimpactoflanguageonmathematics.

OB.Children,sabilitytolearnlanguages.

OC.Howbasicconceptsofphysicsarelearned.

OD.Math-learningstrategiesforbabies.

27.Accordingtothepassage,whichoffollowing

activitieswouldteachababygeometry?

OA.Pickingupawoodenblock.

OB.Recognizingthenumber2.

OC.Utteringanonsenseword.

OD.Lookingatdistantobjects.

28.Accordingtotheauthor,atwhatagedoesa

childprobablybegintolearnaboutsetsand

numbers?

OA.Sixmonths.

OB.Ninemonths.

OC.Fifteenmonths.

OD.Eighteenmonths.

29.Theuseoftheword"ominous“showsthatthe

authorbelievethechild's.

OA.1inguisticfutureisthreatened

OB.nerveswilldeteriorate

OC.hearingwillsuffer

OD.mathematicalabilityalldecline

30.Thepassagesupportwhichofthefollowing

conclusions?

OA.Thelanguageconceptsusedinearlyeducation

interferewithmathematicalreasoning.

OB.Itishopelesstotrytoteachchildren

mathematicsaftertheageoftwo.

OC.Languageteachingshouldincorporatesome

mathematicalformulas.

OD.Preschooleducationshouldstresssociety's

beliefsandconventions

第四部分概括大意（20分）

给下面一篇文章的每一段概括大意。每一段的主题用一个或儿个单

词表示，空出的词已给出了第一个字母，请把其余字母补全。

31.TheSolarE

Thesunisthesourceofmostoftheheatknown

tous.Asadirectsourceofheat,thesun

maintainslifeuponthisplanet,150000000

kilometersdistant.Itisalsoanindirectsource

ofheat.Sincetheearthisderivedfromthesun,

itisthelatterthatwemusttracesomeofthe

earth'sinternalheatthatrevealsitselfthrough

volcanoes,geysers（喷泉），andhotsprings.

32.InsectsandSurfaceT

Aninsectisnotafraidofgravity,butitis

indeadlyfearofanotherforceofnature.This

forceiscalledsurfacetension（张力）.Aman

comingoutofabathcarrieswithhimafilmof

wateraboutonefiftiethofaninchinthickness.

Thisweightsaboutapound.Awetmousehasto

carryitsownweightinwater.Awetflyhasto

liftmanytimesitsownweight,and,aseveryone

knows,aflyoncewettedbywateroranyother

liquidisinaveryseriouspositionindeed.An

insectgoingforadrinkisinasgreatdanger

asamanleaningovertheedgeofacliffin

searchoffood.Ifitoncefallsintothegrip

ofthesurfacetensionofthewater-thatis

tosay,getswetitislikelytoremainso

untilitdrowns.Afewinsectscontrivetobe

unwettable;themajoritykeepawayfromtheir

drinkbymeansoflongproboscis（喙）.

33.TofBoilingPointofLiquids

Whenthetemperatureofaliquidisraisedenough,

theliquidboils.Thismeansthatbubblesof

vapor,containingmillionsofmoleculesformbelow

thesurface.Inorderforsuchbubblestobe

produced,thepressureofthevaporinsidethem

mustbeequaltothepressureoftheairupon

thesurfaceoftheliquid.Iftheairpressure

isgreater,thebubblewillcollapse.Theboiling

pointofaliquid,then,isthetemperatureat

whichthevaporpressureoftheliquidisequal

totheatmosphericpressureupontheliquidat

thesurface.

34.EandContraction

Solidsalsoexpandwithincreaseintemperature

andcontractwhencooled.Buttheydonotbehave

quitesouniformly（相同地）inthisrespectas

liquidsandgasesdo,particularlyinthecaseof

widevariations,intemperature.Mostsolidsexpend

orcontractbyadefiniteamountforeverydegree

ofthetemperaturethatrisesorfalls.The

amountbywhichonsubstanceexpandsandcontracts

foronedegreeisnotusuallythesameasthat

foradifferentsubstance.Thus,foragivenrise

intemperature,apieceofbrassexpandsat

littlemorethanapieceofcopperandmuchmore

thanapieceofsteelofthesamesize.

35.AofElectricTrains

Electrictrainshavemanyadvantagesoverthose

drawnbysteamengines.Thereisnosmoketo

soilthepassengers'clothesandthecushionsin

thetrain.Becausetheycarrynoheavyloadsof

coalandwater,thesetrainscanstartandstop

withlesswasteofpower.Inastationtheyare

silent:there,snosteamtoproducenoiseto

deafenthepassengers.

第五部分阅读理解（120分）

Passage1

Intheatmosphere,carbondioxideactsratherlike

aone-waymirror…theglassintheroofagreen

housewhichallowsthesun'sraystoenterbut

preventstheheatfromescaping.

Accordingtoaweatherexpert,sprediction,the

atmospherewillbe7oCwarmerintheyear2050

thanitistoday,ifmancontinuestoburnfuels

atthepresentrate.Ifthiswarminguptook

place,theicecapesinthepoleswouldbeginto

melt,thusraisingsealevelseveralmetresand

severelyfloodingcoastalcities.Also,the

increaseinatmospherictemperaturewouldleadto

greatchangesintheclimateofthenorthern

hemisphere,possiblyresultinginanalterationof

theearth'schieffood-growingzones.

Inthepast,concernaboutaman-madewarming

oftheearthhasconcentratedontheArctic

becausetheAntarcticismuchcolderandhasa

muchthickericesheet.Buttheweatherexperts

arenowpayingmoreattentiontoWestAntarctic,

whichmaybeaffectedbyonlyafewdegreesof

warming:inotherwords,byawarmingonthe

scalethatwillpossiblytakeplaceinthenext

fiftyyearsfromtheburningoffuels.

Satellitepicturesshowthatlargeareasof

Antarcticicearealreadydisappearing.The

evidenceavailablesuggeststhatawarminghas

takenplace.Thisfitsthetheorythatcarbon

Dioxidewarmstheearth.

However,mostofthefuelisburntinthe

northernhemisphere,wheretemperaturesseemtobe

falling.Scientistsconclude,therefore,thatupto

nownaturalinfluencesontheweatherhave

exceededthosecausedbyman.Thequestionis.

Whichnaturalcausehasthemosteffectonthe

weather?

Onepossibilityisthevariablebehaviorofthe

sun.Astronomersatoneresearchstationhave

studiedthehotspotsand"cold"spots(thatis,

therelativelylesshotspots)onthesun.As

thesunrotates,every27.5days,itpresents

hotteror"colder“facestotheearth,and

differentaspectstodifferentpartsoftheearth.

Thisseemstohaveaconsiderableaffectonthe

distributionoftheearth'satmosphericpressure,

andconsequentlyonwindcirculation.Thesunis

alsovariableoveralongterm:itsheatoutput

goesupanddownincycles,thelatesttrend

beingdownward.

Scientistsarenowfindingmutualrelationsbetween

modelsofsolar-weatherinteractionsandthe

actualclimateovermanythousandsofyears,

includingthelastIceAge.Theproblemisthat

themodelsarepredictingthattheworldshould

beenteringanewIceAgeanditisnot.One

wayofsolvingthistheoreticaldifficultyisto

assumeadefaultofthousandsofyeaswhilethe

solareffectsovercometheinertia（惯性）ofthe

earth'sclimate.Ifthisisright,thewarming

effectofcarbondioxidemightthusbeservingas

ausefulcounter-balancetothesuns

diminishingheat.

36.Itcanconcludedthataconcentrationof

carbondioxideintheatmospherewould

OA.preventthesun'sraysfromreachingthe

earth'ssurface

OB.meanawarmingupintheArctic

OC.accountforgreatchangesintheclimatein

thenorthernhemisphere

OD.raisethetemperatureoftheearth'ssurface

37.Thearticlewaswrittentoexplain.

OA.thegreenhouseeffect

OB.thesolareffectsontheearth

OC.themodelsofsolar-weatherintraction's

OD.thecausesaffectingweather

38.Althoughthefuelconsumptionisgreaterin

thenorthernhemisphere,temperaturesthereseemto

befalling.Thisis.

OA.mainlybecausethelevelsofcarbondioxide

arerising

OB.possiblybecausetheicecapsinthepoles

aremelting

OC.exclusivelyduetotheeffectoftheinertia

oftheearth'sclimate

OD.partlyduetovariationsintheoutputof

solarenergy

39.Onthebasisoftheirmodels,scientistsare

oftheopinionthat.

OA.theclimateoftheworldshouldbebecoming

cooler

OB.itwilltakethousandsofyearsforthe

inertiaoftheearth'sclimatetotakeeffect

OC.theman-madewarmingeffecthelpstoincrease

thesolareffects

OD.thenewIceAgewillbedelayedbythe

greenhouseeffect

40.Iftheassumptionaboutthedelayofanew

IceAgeiscorrect,.

OA.thebestwaytoovercomethecoolingeffect

wouldbetoburnmorefuels

OB.icewouldsooncoverthenorthernhemisphere

OC.theincreasedlevelsofcarbondioxidein

theatmospherecouldwarmuptheearthevenmore

quickly

OD.thegreenhouseeffectcouldworktothe

advantageoftheearth

Passage2

Forme,scientificknowledgeisdividedinto

mathematicalsciences,naturalsciencesorsciences

dealingwiththenaturalworld(physicaland

biologicalsciences),andsciencesdealingwith

mankind(psychology,sociology,allthesciencesof

culturalachievements,everykindofhistorical

knowledge).Apartfromthesesciencesisphilosophy,

aboutwhichwewilltalklater.Inthefirst

place,allthisispureortheoreticalknowledge,

soughtonlyforthepurposeofunderstanding,in

ordertofulfilltheneedtounderstandwhatis

intrinsic(内在的)andconsubstantial(同体的)to

man.Whatdistinguishesmanfromanimalisthat

heknowsandneedstoknow.Ifmandidnotknow

thattheworldexisted,andthattheworldwas

ofacertainkind,thathewasintheworldand

thathehimselfwasofacertainkind,he

wouldn'tbeman.Thetechnicalaspectsor

applicationsofknowledgeareequallynecessaryfor

manandareofthegreatimportance,becausethey

alsocontributetodefininghimasmanandpermit

himtopursuealifeincreasinglymoretruly

human.

Butevenwhileenjoyingtheresultsoftechnical

progress,hemustdefendtheprimacy（第一位）and

autonomyofpureknowledge.Knowledge