新标准大学英语三unit

TextText1

hepaintingGirlwithaPearlEarringisoneofthegreatestworksbytheDutchpainter

JohannesVermeer,andoneofthebestlovedpaintingsintheworld.Itshowsastrikingyoungwomanwearinganexoticcostumeanda

turban,peeringoverhershoulderstraightoutattheviewer.Setagainstadarkandunspecifiedbackground,oureyesaredrawntoherpearlearring,thefocalpointofthepainting.

ThemysteryofGirlwithaPearlEarringT

Butaftermorethanacenturyofstudy,theworkposessomefascinatingquestions.Whoistheyoungwoman?Isthepaintingaportraitofarealperson,orasitterrepresentingmoregeneralattributesofwomanhood?Howoldisshemeanttobe?Isthepearlreal?What'sthesignificanceoftheturban?Whatisshethinkingasshestaresoutatus?TextText2Ingeneral,verylittleisknownaboutVermeer.Weknowhewasbornin1632,spenthisentirelifeinDelft,anddiedin1675.Weknowhisworkincludespaintingsofreligiousandmythologicalthemes,domesticinteriorsandlandscapes.Heneverseemstohavebeenwealthy,perhapsbecauseheproducedrelativelyfewpaintings.

Hisotherwell-knownworksincludeGirlReadingaLetteratanOpenWindow,andWomanwithWaterJug.Text

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WealsoknowthatalthoughhecamefromaProtestantfamily,hemarriedaCatholicgirlCatharina,whoinsistedthatheconverttoCatholicismbeforetheymarriedandhad14children.4

AsfarastheGirlwithaPearlEarringisconcerned,itseemsthatitwasn'tmeanttobeaportrait,butastudyofexpressions,facialcharacteristicsorotherinterestingfeatures.It'struethatthegirl'sfacewouldprobablynotbeconsideredbeautifulinaconventionalsense.Ifithadbeenaportrait,apainterwouldhaveworkedhardertoconveythesitter'sbeauty,evenifitmeantslightlydistortingthetruth!ThiskindofstudywaspopularinHollandatthetime,andwouldhavebeeneasytosell.Text

Wedon'tknow,however,ifthispaintingwaseversoldduringVermeer'slifetime.Wedon'tevenknowifitwascommissionedbyVermeer'spatron,vanRuijven.Ifso,themodelmighthavebeenoneofhisdaughterswhowasaboutthesameageasthesitter.WeknowlessabouttheGirlwiththePearlEarringthananyofVermeer'sworks.Indeed,theunexplainablelackofbackgroundinformationmayevencontributetotheworldwidepopularitythepaintingenjoys.Text

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Withsomuchmystery,thepaintinghas

beenthethemeoffirst,anovelandlater,afilm,bothofwhichattempttoanswersomeofthequestionsaboutthepainting,aswellasone,whichisimmediatelymoreappropriate

tothemediumofthe

novelorthe

film:Areherwideeyesandenigmatichalf-smileinnocentorseductive?Text

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TracyChevalier'snovel,publishedin1999,tellsusthestoryofGriet,a16-year-oldDutchgirlwhoneedstostartworkinordertosupportherfamily.ShebecomesamaidinVermeer'shousehold,withitsfivechildren,grandmother,along-timeservant,andCatharina,Vermeer'svolatilewife.WhileGrietgoesaboutherduties,sheattractstheattentionnotonlyofabutcher'sboy,Pieter,butalsoofthepainterhimself.

Despitetheirdifferentbackgroundsandclass,heinvitesherintohisstudioandengagesherinhisworld.Text

7AtfirstGrietmerelyrunserrandsandperformstasksforVermeer.Butgradually,hisrelationshipwithherchanges.VermeerrecognizesGrietashavingvisualtalentandartisticpromise,andtakesheronashisstudioassistant.GrietiswaryofherpositionintheVermeerhouseholdbutrevelsinbeingencouragedtodevelopherskills.

Text

HerroleistogrindpaintsanddevelopthecolourswhichVermeerwilluseforhispaintingsandwhenamodelfallsill,shetakesherplace.Catharinahaslongbeenforbiddentoenterthestudio,sotheapprenticeshiptakesplaceinsecret.GrietandVermeergrowcloser,althoughtheirfeelingsareneverstatedexplicitly.Text8ButthenVermeer'spatron,thewealthyvanRuijven,whoisattractedbyGriet,insiststhatthemaidandhebethesubjectsofVermeer'snextcommissionedwork.GrietandVermeerarereluctanttoagreebecauseofherstrictmodestyandthescandalcausedbythelastoccasionvanRuijvenwaspaintedwithayoungwoman.Eventually,VermeercompromisesandagreestopaintGrietonherown,wearingCatharina'spearlearrings.Butwhileheispaintingher,VermeerseesGriet'shair,whichtakessomeofhermodestyawayand,deeplyembarrassed,sherunstoPieterforcomfort.Text

9OnedayVermeer'sdaughterdiscoversthatGriethasbeenmodellingforherfather,andtellshermother.Filledwithjealousy,Catharinastormsintothestudioanddemandstoseethepainting.GrietisembarrassedwhenVermeeraccusesCatharinaofnotunderstandingart,anddecidestoleavetheVermeerhousehold.Text

10TenyearslaterweunderstandthatGriethasmarriedPieter,andhashadchildrenwithhim.Inthemeantime,Vermeerhasdiedandinhiswill,haslefttheearringstoGriet.ShesellsthemtosettlethedebtduetotheVermeersbythebutcher'sshopwhenGrietandPietergotmarried.Text

11TracyChevalier'stalentwastobringtolifeformodernreadersthestoryofayoungwomaninasmallcitymanycenturiesago,andaboveall,tospeculateontheanswerstosomeofthequestionswhichthepaintingprovokes.Text

12Thenovelwasabest-seller,andconsequentlywasmadeintoafilmofthesamenamein2003.VermeerwasplayedbyColinFirth,andGrietbyScarlettJohannson.ThefilmshowsveryeffectivelythetensionbetweenthetwowhenVermeerpiercesGriet'searlobessoshecanwearhiswife'spearlearringsfortheportraitcommissionedbyhispatron.Itendswithascenenotdescribedinthenovel,withthepearlearringsbeing

mysteriouslydeliveredtoGriet,andwe'releftwonderingifsheevermarriesPieter.Text

13ThepaintingcanbefoundintheMauritshuisMuseuminTheHague,Holland.Ithasbeendescribedasthe

MonaLisaofthenorth,preciselybecause,likeLeonardodaVinci'spainting,nowinParis,itappearstobeasimplelikenessofawomanwithanenigmaticsmile,yetwhichcontainslevelsofmeaningsandquestions.Thefactthatasinglepaintingcangenerateathoroughlyrewardingnovelandawell-composedfilmdemonstratesourfascinationinthemysteryoftheGirlwitha

PearlEarring.《戴珍珠耳环的少女》之谜

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《戴珍珠耳环的少女》是荷兰画家约翰尼斯·维梅尔最伟大的作品之一，也是世界上最受欢迎的画作之一。画里有一位引人注目的年轻女子，身穿异国服饰，戴着头巾，她侧身回眸，望着欣赏画作的观众。画面的背景一片漆黑，我们的视线被吸引到女子所佩戴的珍珠耳环上，那耳环也是整幅画的焦点。Text这幅画在被世人研究了一个多世纪后，仍然留存着一些饶有趣味的问题待人们解答。那位年轻女子是谁？这幅画到底是一幅真人肖像画，还是一幅表现女人普遍特征的模特画？她有多大年纪？那颗珍珠是真的吗？她戴的头巾有什么特殊含义吗？她回眸看着我们的时候到底在想些什么？Text

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总的来说，有关维梅尔的记载很少。我们知道他出生于1632年，一辈子都住在代尔夫特，于1675年逝世。我们知道他的画作包括宗教及神话题材的画，室内家居画以及风景画。他好像从来没富有过，可能是因为作品相对较少的缘故。他的其他名画包括《在窗前读信的女孩》和《拿着水罐的女人》。Text

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我们还知道，虽然他来自于一个新教家庭，却娶了一位信仰天主教的女孩凯瑟琳娜，凯瑟琳娜坚持要他改信天主教，然后才肯跟他结婚，婚后他们育有14个孩子。

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《戴珍珠耳环的少女》这幅画似乎不是被当作肖像画来画的，而是一幅表现人物表情、面部特征，以及其他一些特点的习作。的确，少女的那张脸在传统意义上或许算不上漂亮。如果是一幅肖像画，画家会花更多的力气来表现被画者的美貌，即便那么做会有些背离事实！这种肖像画当时在荷兰很流行，而且可能也更容易出售。Text

然而，我们并不知道这幅画在维梅尔生前是否卖出去过。我们甚至不清楚它是不是维梅尔的资助人范·鲁文的委托之作。如果是的话，画中的模特有可能是维梅尔的一个年龄相仿的女儿。我们对《戴珍珠耳环的少女》的了解比对维梅尔的其他作品都少。实际上，这种无法解释的背景资料的缺失甚至会使得该画更受欢迎。Text

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正因为如此神秘，这幅画先是成了一部小说的主题，而后又被一部电影所采纳。它们都试图揭开有关这幅画的一些谜题，其中一个是：女孩那双睁得大大的眼睛，以及那一丝神秘的微笑，到底是天真还是诱惑？像小说或电影这类媒介更适合作出回答。Text

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崔西·雪佛兰于1999年出版的小说向我们讲述了一位16岁的荷兰女孩格里特的故事。她必须去工作来养活家人，于是成了维梅尔家的一名女仆，和维梅尔的五个孩子、一位老佣人以及他喜怒无常的妻子凯瑟琳娜生活在一起。在他家干活的时候，格里特不仅被一个屠夫的儿子彼得看上了，也引起了画家本人的注意。尽管他们有着不同的背景，隶属于不同的阶级，但维梅尔还是邀她进画室，并让她走入自己的世界。Text

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起初，格里特只是帮维梅尔跑跑腿，干些杂活。可渐渐地，他们的关系发生了变化。维梅尔发现了格里特的视觉才能和艺术潜质，开始让她做画室助手。格里特清楚自己在维梅尔家的地位，一直谨小慎微，但她还是对画家鼓励她学习绘画技巧而感到高兴。Text她的工作是帮维梅尔磨颜料、调颜色，有模特生病的时候，她担当模特之职。凯瑟琳娜很久之前就被禁止进入画室了，所以格里特的学徒生涯是在秘密中进行的。格里特和维梅尔的关系日见亲密，虽然他们之间的感情从未被挑明过。Text

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可是，维梅尔的那位有钱的资助人范·鲁文喜欢上了格里特，他坚持要维梅尔在他定的下一幅画里为他和格里特画张双人像。格里特和维梅尔都不情愿，因为格里特本人很矜持庄重，还因为范·鲁文最近和一位年轻女子一起画像时传出了绯闻。最终，维梅尔作了一点妥协，他答应为格里特画一幅单人像，并让她戴上凯瑟琳娜的珍珠耳环。作画的时候，维梅尔看着格里特的头发，那一头秀发让她少了几分矜持庄重，格里特为此感到十分难堪，跑到彼得那里寻求安慰。Text

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一天，维梅尔的女儿发现格里特在给他父亲当模特，就把这事告诉了她妈妈。凯瑟琳娜顿生醋意，冲进画室，要求看那幅画。维梅尔则指责凯瑟琳娜不懂艺术，此时的格里特处境很尴尬，她决定离开维梅尔家。Text

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我们知道，十年后格里特嫁给了彼得，还为他生了孩子。同时，维梅尔也去世了。他在遗嘱里把珍珠耳环留给了格里特。在与彼得结婚时，格里特把珍珠耳环卖了，用来偿还彼得家的肉铺欠维梅尔的债。Text

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崔西·雪佛兰的才华在于她把几个世纪前一位生活在小城市的年轻女子的故事栩栩如生地展现在了现代读者的眼前；最重要的是，她对于那幅画所引发的某些问题给出了自己的思考。Text

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这本小说很畅销，所以在2003年被改编成了同名电影。维梅尔由科林·弗思扮演，格里特由斯嘉丽·约翰松扮演。电影在描述维梅尔为格里特穿耳洞，为了让她戴上他妻子的珍珠耳环，然后来画那位资助人要的画时，非常到位地表现出他俩之间的紧张状态。电影的结尾是小说里没有的，那副珍珠耳环被神秘地送到了格里特的手中，至于她是否会嫁给彼得，电影留下了悬念。Text

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这幅画现在收藏于荷兰海牙的莫瑞泰斯皇家美术馆。正是因为它像现馆藏于巴黎的列奥纳多·达·芬奇的画作一样，画了一位面带神秘微笑的女人，那微笑蕴藏着多层意义和疑问，它被誉为北方的《蒙娜丽莎》。仅仅一幅画就催生了一部备受推崇的小说，以及一部制作精良的影片，这说明了《戴珍珠耳环的少女》之谜的巨大魅力。TextWords&Phrasespearlexoticturbanviewer

focalportrait

sitterfeatureconvert

CatholicismCatholicProtestantjuginteriorwaryerrand

engagevolatileseductive

enigmaticunexplainablewomanhood

mythologicaldomesticpatron

commission

distortapprenticeshipgrindrevelWords&Phrasesexplicitlymodestyscandaljealousy

meantime

consequently

pierce

earlobe

mysteriouslythoroughlyWords&Phrasesasfarassth.isconcernedrunanerrandtake(sb.)onstorminto/outbringsth.tolife

Words&PhrasesJohannesVermeer

约翰尼斯·维梅尔Delft

代尔夫特（荷兰城市）Catharina

凯瑟琳娜vanRuijven

范·鲁文（人名）TracyChevalier

崔西·雪佛兰Griet

格里特（人名）Pieter

彼得（人名）ColinFirth

科林·弗思ScarlettJohannson

斯嘉丽·约翰松MauritshuisMuseum莫瑞泰斯皇家美术馆Words&PhrasesTheHague海牙MonaLisa《蒙娜·丽莎》

LeonardodaVinci列奥纳多·达·芬奇pearln.[C]

asmallroundjewelthatiswhiteandshinyandthatgrowsinsidetheshellofanoyster珍珠e.g.1.

Thepearlsparkledinthemoonlight.

那颗珍珠在月光下闪闪发光。

2.

SingaporeisdescribedasthepearloftheOrient.

新加坡被视为东方明珠。

Words&Phrasesexotica.1)interestingorexcitingbecauseofbeingunusualornotfamiliarorbecauseofbeinginorfromdistantforeigncountries

奇异的；别致的；异乎寻常的；异国情调的e.g.1.

Shelovesexoticclothesandtravellingtheexoticplaces.她喜欢穿奇装异服，到充满异国情调的地方去旅游。2)originatinginorcharacteristicofadistantforeigncountry

外（国）来的e.g.TherearesomeexoticwordsinEnglishlanguage.

英语中有一些外来词。Wordfamily:exotically

ad.Words&Phrasesturbann.[C]alongpieceofclothwrappedaroundthehead,wornespeciallybySikh,Hindu,andMuslimmen(尤指锡克教教徒、印度教教徒和穆斯林男子的）包头巾，缠头巾e.g.Alargehandkerchiefofbrightlycoloredsilkorcottonisoftenwornasaturban.一种颜色鲜艳的丝质或棉布大手巾常当作头巾戴。

Words&Phrasesviewern.[C]1)

someonewholooksatapicture,photograph,or

pieceofart

（图片、照片或艺术品的）观赏者e.g.

TheAmericansceneawestheviewerwithbothitsvarietyandsize.

来美国观光的人无不赞叹这块土地幅员广阔、多姿多彩。2)someonewhowatchestelevision电视观众e.g.

Lettersfromviewersexpresstheirdissatisfactionwithcurrentprogrammes.电视观众来信表示对当前节目不满。Wordfamily:view

v.

Words&PhrasesChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.

Thedefenselawyerwasquestioningtheoldmanwhowasoneofthe______ofthemurdercommittedlastmonth.(CET4-2005-12-44)A)observersB)witnessesC)audiencesD)viewers

Words&PhrasesBfocal

a.

ofmajorimportance

最重要的；中心的；焦点的e.g.1.

Thefocalpointofourdiscussionwastheneedforaction.我们讨论的中心是采取行动的必要性。2.

Televisionhasnowbecomethefocalpointoffamilylifeinmanycountriesintheworld.现在世界上的许多国家看电视已经成为人们家庭生活中的主要消遣。Wordfamily:focus

n.[C]&v.

Words&Phrasesportrait

n.[C]

1)

apainting,drawing,orphotographofsomeone,especiallyoftheirfaceonly（尤指面部的）画像，照片，肖像e.g.

Theportraitshowsfineeffectsoflightandshade.

这幅肖像画的浓淡色调表现得很好。2)adescriptionofsomeoneorsomething,forexampleinabook描述；描绘；描写e.g.ThebookcontainsafascinatingportraitoflifeatthecourtofHenryVIII.该书生动地描写了亨利八世的宫廷生活。

Words&Phrasessittern.[C]1)

someonewhositsorstandsinaparticularpositionwhileanartistpaintsorphotographsthem（坐着或站着供人画像或照相的）模特e.g.Thepaintingwasthoughttobenamedafterthesitter.这幅画被认为是以画中人的名字命名的。2)(infml)ababysitter（代人照看小孩的）临时保姆e.g.Iwasluckythatmyfamilyandmybabysittercouldalsorelievemesothatmysonwasneveralone.幸运的是，我的家人和保姆也能减轻我的负担，所以儿子一直有人陪着。Words&Phraseswomanhood

n.[C]1)

(fml)allwomenconsideredasagroup（总称）女性e.g.

GraceandcompassionhavecometorepresenttheidealofwomanhoodintheEast.优雅和怜悯共同表现了完美的东方女人气质。2)thestateofbeingawoman,ortheperiodoftimewhensomeoneisawoman女子成年的状态；女子成年期e.g.ShewasalittlegirlwhenIlefthome;nowshebudsintowomanhood.我离开家时她还是个小女孩,

现在已经是成年女子了。Words&Phrasesmythologicala.

of

mythology

神话的e.g.Thismasterisrememberedforhishistoricalandmythologicalworks.这位大师以其带有历史感和神话色彩的作品而著称。Wordfamily:

mythology

n.acollectionofancientmyths,especiallythoseofaparticularcountryorreligione.g.

HestudiesGreekandRomanmythology.

他研究希腊和罗马神话。

Words&Phrasesdomestica.

1)

relatingtothecountrybeingtalkedabout,andnotothercountries

本国的；国内的e.g.

Thenewspaperprovidesmoreforeignnewsthandomesticnews.

这家报纸刊登的国外消息多于国内消息。2)(usubeforenoun)

relatingtopeople’shomesandfamilylife家的；家庭的e.g.

MyhusbandlovesadventurouslifewhileIenjoyamorepeacefuldomesticlife.

我丈夫喜欢冒险的生活，而我则喜欢宁静的家居生活。Words&Phrases3)adomesticanimalisonethatiskeptasapetoronafarm驯养的；家养的e.g.Dogs,catsandoxenarealldomesticanimals.

狗，猫和牛都是家禽。Words&Phrasesinteriorn.1)

[C](ususing)theinsidepartofsomething,especiallyabuildingorvehicle内部；（尤指）屋内，车内e.g.

1.Theinteriorofthehighbuildingismagnificentandluxurious.大楼内部装饰得富丽堂皇。2.Theinteriorofthecarwasveryspacious.这部车的内部空间非常宽敞。

Words&Phrases2)(the~)theinnerpartofacountryorregionthatisfurthestawayfromitsbordersorcoasts内地；腹地；内陆e.g.ThepeopleoftheAfricaninteriorbegantooffergoldinexchangeforthegoodstheyneededfromabroad.从此后非洲内地的各族人民开始用黄金交换他们所需要的外国货物。Antonym:exteriorn.

Words&Phrasesjugn.

[C](BrE)acontainerfromwhichyoupourliquidssuchaswaterormilk.TheusualAmericanwordispitcher罐；壶e.g.1.

Shefilledthejugwithfreshwater.她将水壶注满了清水。2.Sheputmoreandmorestonesinuntilthewatercameuptothetopofthejug.Soshehadaverylong

drink.

她丢更多的石头进去直到水满到瓶口。因此她可以喝一大口的水。

Words&PhrasesProtestant1)

a.

connectedwiththeProtestantChurch新教的e.g.IsheCatholicorProtestant?他是天主教徒还是新教徒？2)n.

[C]

amemberofagroupofChristianchurchesthatseparatedfromtheRomanCatholicChurchinthe

16thcentury

新教徒（16世纪脱离罗马天主教的基督教教派成员）e.g.

1.AProtestantdeliveredaspeechtothecrowd.一名新教徒向人群发表了演说。2.ThevastmajorityoftheworkershereareProtestants.这里的工人绝大多是新教徒。Words&PhrasesAProtestantisabelieverintheProtestantchurch,

whichdevelopedinthe16thcenturyinEurope.

ProtestantismisthebranchofChristianitywhich

believesintheauthorityoftheBible,andinthe

importanceoffaithinJesusChrist,thesonofGod.Words&PhrasesCatholic1)

a.

connectedwiththeRomanCatholicChurch

天主教的e.g.ThePopeisthesupremeleaderoftheRomanCatholicChurch.教皇是罗马天主教的最高领袖。2)n.

[C]

amemberoftheRomanCatholicChurch

天主教徒e.g.Shewasadevoutcatholic.她曾是个虔诚的天主教徒。ACatholicisabelieverintheRomanCatholicchurch,whoseleaderisthePope.CatholicismisthebranchofChristianitywhichmaintainsthatbelieversshouldshowtheirloveofGodbyfollowingtheexampleofJesusChrist.Italsoplacesimportanceonconfessingsinsandtheafterlife.Seealso:Catholicism.

Words&PhrasesCatholicismn.[U]thereligionoftheRomanCatholicChurch天主教CatholicismisabroadtermforthebodyoftheCatholicfaith,itstheologiesanddoctrines,itsliturgical,ethical,spiritual,andbehavioralcharacteristics,aswellasareligiouspeopleasawhole.e.g.

1.HehasconvertedfromCatholicismtoJudaism.他已从天主教改信犹太教。2.Catholicismismoreawayoflife.天主教更多只是一种生活方式。Seealso:Catholic.

Words&Phrasesconvertv.

1)

changeyourbeliefs,especiallyyourreligiousbeliefs,

orpersuadesomeonetodothis（使）改变信仰（尤指宗教信仰）；（使）皈依e.g.Hewassentouttoconverttheheathens.他被派去教化那些异教徒。2)changefromonesystem,use,ormethodtoanother,ormakesomethingdothis

（使）转换；（使）转变；（使）转化e.g.Thesolarcellcanconverttheenergyofsunlightintoelectricenergy.太阳能电池能把阳光的能量转化为电能。

Words&Phrasesfeaturen.[C]

animportantpartoraspectofsomething特点；特征；特色e.g.

1.Hereyesarehermoststrikingfeature.她面部最突出的部分是那双眼睛。2.WetweatherisafeatureinScotland.潮湿的天气是苏格兰的一个特色。Words&Phrasesdistortvt.

1)

changesth.suchasinformationsothatitisnolongertrueoraccurate歪曲；曲解e.g.Thebiasofareportercaneasilydistortthenews.记者的偏见很容易歪曲新闻的报导。2)changethewaythatsth.looks,sounds,orbehavessothatitbecomesstrangeordifficulttorecognize使变形；使扭曲e.g.Tallbuildingscandistortradiosignals.

高大的建筑物会使无线电信号失真。Wordfamily:distortion

n.

Words&Phrasescommissionvt.

1)

officiallyaskforapieceofworktobedoneforyou

委托制作；委托创作e.g.Themusicianwascommissionedanewsymphonyforthefestival.那位音乐家受托为这个节庆写一首新的交响乐曲。2)

(usupassive)makesomeoneanofficerinthearmedforces

委任；任命……为军官e.g.IwascommissionedintotheRAF.

我被授予皇家空军的军官军衔。3)orderorauthorize(apersonororganization)todoorproducesth.授权（或委托）（人，组织）做（或制造）某事物e.g.Myfathercommissionedarealestateagenttosellourhouse.我父亲委托了一名房地产经纪人来卖我们的房子。Words&Phrasespatronn.[C]1)

someonewhosupportstheworkofwriters,artists,musiciansetc,especiallybygivingthemmoney（作家、艺术家、音乐家的）资助人，赞助者e.g.Modernartistshavedifficultyinfindingpatrons.现代艺术家们很难找到赞助人。

2)

(fml)someonewhousesaparticularrestaurant,hotel,orotherbusiness（餐馆、酒店或其他生意的）主顾，顾客e.g.Thenewmanagementisassuringitspatronofitsbesteffortandhospitality.新的管理组织将保证为顾客提供最优质的服务。Words&Phrasesunexplainablea.

unabletobeexplainedorunderstood不可解释的；无法说明的；费解的e.g.Aphobiaisanirrationalandoftenunexplainablefearthatcausesanuncontrollablephysicalreaction.恐惧症是一种不理性及通常很难解释的恐惧，它会引起一种无法自我控制的生理反应。Antonym:explainableWordfamily:explainv.explanationn.

Words&Phrasesenigmatica.

mysteriousanddifficulttounderstand谜一般的；神秘莫测的；难以捉摸的TranslatethefollowingintoChinese:Thefocusofthepaintingistheattractive,gentlebutenigmaticsmileonthefaceofMonaLisa.这幅画的重点是蒙娜·丽莎脸上那迷人、温柔而又神秘莫测的微笑。Wordfamily:enigmatically

ad.Words&Phrasesseductivea.

1)

sexuallyattractive

性感的；勾引人的e.g.Sheis

averyattractiveandseductivewoman.她是位非常有魅力的、性感的女人。2)attractiveandlikelytopersuadeyoutodosth.youwouldnotusuallydo诱人的；有诱惑力的e.g.Thisofferofahighsalaryandafreehouseisveryseductive.这种高薪加免费住房的条件十分诱人。Wordfamily:seduce

vt.

Words&Phrasesvolatilea.

1)

someonewhoisvolatilecanquicklybecomeangryorviolent（人）暴躁的2)avolatilesituationcansuddenlychangeorbecomemoredangerous易变的；动荡不定的TranslatethefollowingintoChinese:1.Poetsarehighlynervousandvolatileintemperament.诗人生性神经过敏，喜怒无常。2.Thepoliticalsituationisbecomingmorevolatile.政局变得更加动荡不定。Words&Phrasesengagevt.

1)

(fml)

starttoemploysomeoneorusetheirservices

雇用；聘用e.g.Herfatherengagedatutortoimprovehermaths.她爸爸请了一位家庭教师给她补习数学。2)attractandkeepsomeone’sinterestorattention吸引住（某人的兴趣、注意力）e.g.1.

Thetoydidn’tengagehisinterestforlong.

这个玩具对他的吸引力没有维持多久。2.Brightcolorsengageababy’sattention.

鲜艳的颜色会引起婴儿的注意。Wordfamily:engagement

n.

Words&Phraseserrandn.

[C]

asmalljobthatinvolvesgoingtocollectordeliversth.差使；跑腿e.g.1.

Yourerrandwastomailtheletter.你的差事是去寄这封信。2.Thefathersenthimoutonanerrandtothecity.

父亲派他进城去办件事。Seealso:

runanerrand.

Words&Phraseswarya.

(~of)

carefulornervousaboutsomeoneorsomethingbecauseyouthinktheymightcauseaproblem谨慎的；小心翼翼的e.g.Keepawaryeyeontheweatherbeforeyousetsail.

出航前要密切注意天气。TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish:我们一定要教育孩子警惕陌生人。Wemustteachchildrentobewaryofstrangers.Wordfamily:warilyad.Antonym:unwaryWords&Phrasesrevelvi.1)

(~in)

enjoysth.verymuch

陶醉于；着迷于e.g.1.Sheseemstorevelinannoyingherparents.她似乎以惹父母生气为乐。2.Aletawasblindfrombirth,soshelearnedtoadapttothedarknessandrevelinthesoundsandsmellsoftheforest.

艾丽塔出生时双目失明，因而她学会了适应黑暗，并沉浸于森林的声音与气息。2)engageinlivelyandnoisyfestivities,especiallythosewhichinvolvedrinkinganddancing（尤指饮酒和跳舞）作乐，狂欢e.g.Theyweredrinkingandrevelingallnight.他们整夜喝酒作乐。Words&Phrasesgrindv.

ground/ground1)

overysmallpiecesorpowder,byusingamachineorbycrushingitbetweentwohardsurfaces

磨碎；把……磨成粉状e.g.1.

Wegrindupthewheattomakeflour.

我们把小麦磨成面粉。2.Wouldyoupleasegrindapoundofcoffeeforme?请给我磨一磅咖啡好吗?2)

presssth.downontoasurfaceusingalotofforce用力压e.g.

Hegroundouthiscigaretteonthewindowledge.

他在窗台上把香烟按灭。

Words&Phrasesapprenticeshipn.

[C,U]

employmentasanapprentice;thepositionofapprentice

当学徒；学徒的身份e.g.1.Heservedhisapprenticeshipwithatailor.

他曾跟一个裁缝当过学徒。2.Apprenticeshipisthemosttraditionalwayofvocationaleducation.学徒制度是世界上最古老的职业教育形式。3.AfterhisapprenticeshipheworkedforJoeManton,thegreatestgunsmithinEnglandandalegendinhisownlifetime.学徒期满后，詹姆士为英国最伟大的造枪巨子及其所在时代的一个传奇人物乔曼顿工作。Wordfamily:apprenticen.[C]

学徒，徒弟Words&Phrasesexplicitlyad.

inanexplicitmanner

清楚地；明白地；无可怀疑地

Wordfamily:explicit

a.saidorexplainedinanextremelyclearway,sothatyoucannotdoubtwhatismeant清楚明确的；直截了当的e.g.1.

Hegavemeexplicitdirectionsonhowtogetthere.他清清楚楚地告诉我怎样到达那里。

2.

Heexplicitlysaidthathewouldn'tberetiringfromthematch.

他已明确表示不会退出比赛。Words&Phrasesmodestyn.[U]

1)unwillingnesstoshowyourbodyordoanythingthatmayattractsexualinterest羞怯；腼腆；端庄

2)

thetendencynottotalkaboutyourself,yourachievements,oryourabilitiesevenifyouaresuccessful

谦逊；谦虚Wordfamily:modest

a.Words&PhrasesFigureoutthemeaningsof“modesty”inthefollowingsentences.Matchitsusagewiththemeaning1羞怯；腼腆；端庄

or2谦逊；谦虚andtranslatethemintoChinese.1.

Onelosesbyprideandgainsbymodesty.()满招损，谦受益。2.Asconceitmakesonelagbehind,somodestyhelpsonemakeprogress.()

骄傲使人落后，谦虚使人进步。

3.Hermodestypreventedherfrommakingherrealfeelingsknowntohim.()

她由于羞怯未曾向他吐露真情实意。Words&Phrases212scandaln.

[C,U]

asituationinwhichimportantpeoplebehaveinadishonestorimmoralwaythatshockspeople丑闻；丑行；丑事e.g.1.

Scandalandgossiparemeatanddrinktothem.各种丑闻和流言蜚语是他们最感兴趣的事。2.Hesufferedalossofprestigewhenthescandalwaspublicized.这件丑事公开后他便威信扫地。Words&Phrasesjealousyn.

[U]

anunhappyfeelingbecausesomeonehassth.thatyouwouldlikeorcandosth.thatyouwouldliketodo妒忌e.g.1.Amandrivenbyjealousyiscapableofanything.

嫉妒心可使人什么都做得出来。2.Unfortunately,hersuccessexcitedjealousyinherfriends.不幸的是，她的成功引起了朋友们的妒忌。Wordfamily:jealous

a.Words&Phrasesmeantimen.

[U]

duringthetimebetweentwoeventsorbetweenthepresenttimeandafutureevent在这期间；与此同时e.g.1.Ilikeskiingandinthemeantime,Iknowitisverydangerous.我喜欢滑雪，同时也知道这非常危险。2.Inthemeantimeoftakingcareofhislife,youhavetoinsulateyourselffromhismoods.

在照顾他生活的同时，你必须将你自己隔绝在他的情绪之外。Words&Phrasesconsequentlyad.

asaresult因此；结果e.g.1.

Thecompanywentbankrupt.Consequently,helosthisjob.公司破产，因此他失业了。2.Somepeoplehavenorespectforthespeedlimitandconsequentlyarepunished.有些人全然不顾限速规定，结果受到处罚。Wordfamily:consequent

a.consequencen.Words&Phrasespiercev.

makeaholeinsomethingbypushingasharpobjectintoit（在身体某部位）扎眼，穿孔（以佩戴珠宝）e.g.Ihadmyearspiercedyearsago.多年前我在耳朵上穿了洞眼。TranslatethefollowingintoChinese:1.Thesoftdropsofrainpiercethehardmarble.水滴石穿。2.Awordisnoarrow,butitcanpiercetheheart.言语虽非箭，却能刺人心。Words&PhrasesChoosetheONEthatbestcompletesthesentence.Hishandshookalittleashe______thekeyinthelock.(CET4-2005-06-64)A)squeezedB