山东科技大学跨文化交际13年试卷

答案不知道是谁做的，不一定对。山东科技大学研究生教育学院

2013—2014学年第二学期《跨文化交际》期末考试试卷(A)班级 姓名_ 1一 一学号——.一.一Pari!RtttdingComprehension(2*15=30points)Directions：Thereare3passagesinthispedion.EachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedPaiements.Foreachofthemtheremejourchoicesmarked[A}r[B],[C]and[DJ.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice方以markthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetasinglelinethrau^hfhe.ientrc.Passage1Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbomtorevery100females,butthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturity^；」：[daiiKHii;70-year-oldstherearetwict：asmanyWomenasmen.ButthegreatLuiiversj](5l-iivjIctnortaliiyiybeingchanged.Now,boybabiessurvivealmost:於u；日1girlsdy,Ibismeansthat,tortheHrsiiimestherewillbeanexcessof卜口}导in crucialycari；wh^iitheyaresearchingforamate+Moreimportant,山】口由廿cJ；；i]Kefornaturalselecticnhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsago,thechanceof：ibaby(particularlyaboybaby)survivingdependedonitsweight.Akilivrarniiurlight<irlooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.TodayitmakesS门i-二diii-crence.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenes,onemoreiigciilore--oiiirionSkisgone."门出reisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalive,buthaveMwrll:ih心门FegpeopleareaslertiJeasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscnininiiiiitics,veryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbinhiliketheageofdeath,haj>becomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesajuentimbcrofuflspring.Again,OifterencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityIbrnaturjlselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiash)Rswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfbrtheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrity0ftoday——everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--■meansthat第•l；页共【2贞

Mturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinuppermiddle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes.Forus,thismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiah(isarrived.Strangely,ithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100,000years—eventhepast100years-ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:they4(Icokatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksataship,asatsomethingwhollyb*?yondhisComp「ehenxion.”Nodoubt*七willremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcompreliensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustI汰已us.-AVhatusedtobethedangerinbeingamanaccordingtothefirstparagraph?[A]Alackofmales. [B]Afiercecompetition,JC]Alowersurvivalrate. [d]Adefectivegene,WhalJoeytheexampleoflndiaillustrate?[A]Wealthypeopletendtohavefewerchildrenthanpoorpeople.Naturalselectionhardlyworksamongtherichandthepoor.ThemiddEeclasspopulationis80%smallerthanthatofthetribes.[L)]Indiaisojicofthecountrieswithaveryhighbirthrate.TheauthorarguesthatourbodieshavestoppedevolvingbecauselAJlifehasbeenimprovedbytechnologicaladvanceLB]thenuniberoffemalebabieshasbeendeclining[C]ourspecieshasreachedthehigheststageofevolution[L)]thedifferencebetweenwealthandpovertyisdisappearing4W}-；ichoftlicfollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?SexRadoCliarigcsinHumanEvolution.[Ei]WaysofContinuingMan'sEvolution.[C]TheEvolutionaryFutureofNature*HumanEvolutionGoingNowhere,doestheauthorsaythat"Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous*'?[A]Becausesomeboyswilldiewhengrowingupforsomereasons.Becausemenusuallydieearlierthanwomen.Becausetherewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhenthey*»aresearchingforamatefL/fAlloftheaboveanswers.第-2•页共12页Passage2Overthepastcentury,ailkindsofunfairnessanddiscriminationhavebeencondemnedormadeillegal.Butoneinsidiousformcontinuestothrive:alphabetism.This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.Ithaslongbeenknd\vnthatataxifirmcalledAAAAcarshasabigadvantageoverZodiaccarswhencustomersthumbthroughtheirphonedirectories.LesswellknownistheadvantagethatAdamAbbotthasinlifeoverZoCZysman.Englishnamesarcfairlyevenlyspreadbetweenthehalvesofthealphabet.YetasuspiciouslylargenumberoftoppeoplehavesurnamesbeginningwithlettersbetweenAandK・ThustheAmericanpresidentandvice-presidenthavesurnamesstartingwithBandCrespectively;and26ofGeorgeBush'spredecessors(includinghisfather)hadsurnamesinthefirsthalfofthealphabetagainstjust16inthesecondhalf.Evenmorestriking,sixofthesevenheadsofgovernmentoftheG7richcountriesarealphabeticallyadvantaged(Berlusconi,Blair,Bush,Chirac,ChretienandKoizumi).Theworld'sthreetopcentralbankers(Greenspan,DuisenbergandHayaini)areallclosetothetopofthealphabet,evenifoneofthemreallyusesJapanesecharacters.Asaretheworld'sfiverichestmen((iates,Buffett,/\ilen,EllisonandAlbrecht).Canthismerelybecoincidence?Onetheory,dreamtupinallthesparetimeenjoyedbythealphabeticallydisadvantaged,isthattherotsetsinearly.Atthestartofthefirstyearininfantschool,teachersseatpupilsalphabeticallyfromthefront,tomakeiteasiertoremembertheirnames.Soshort-sightedZysmanjuniorgetsstuckinthebackrow,andisrarelyaskedtheimprovingquestionsposedbythoseinsensitiveteachers.Atthetimethealphabeticallydisadvantagedmaythinktheyhavehadaluckyescape.Yettheresultmaybeworsequalifications,becausetheygetlessindividualattention,aswellaslesscoiifiJcnceinspeakingpublicly.Thehumiliationcontinues.Atuniversitygraduationceremonies,theABCsproudlygeltheirawardsfirst;bythetimetheyreachtheZysmansmostpeoplearcliterallyhavingaZZZ.Shortlistsforjobinterviews,electionballotpapers,listsofconferencespeakersandattendees:alltendtobedrawnupalphabetically,andtheirrecipientsloseinterestastheyploughthroughthem.6WhatdoestheauthorintendtoillustratewithAAAAcarsandZodiaccars?第：3•页共12页Akindofoverlookedinequality.Atypeofconspicuousbias.Atypeofpersonalprejudice.Akindofbranddiscrimination.Whatcanweinferfromthefirstthreeparagraphs?InbothEastandW^st,namesareessentialtosuccess.ThealphabetistoblameforthefailureofZoeZysman.CustomersoftenpayalotofattentiontocompaniesJnames.Someformofdiscriminationistoosubtletorecognize.8/The4thparagraphsuggeststhat一__questionsareoftenputtothemoreintelligentstudents.alphabeticallydisadvantagedstudentsoftenescapefromclass.{Cpfeachersshouldpayattentiontoalloftheirstudents.[D]studentsshouldbeseatedaccordingtotheireyesight.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“mostpeopleareliterallyhavingaZZZ”(Lines2-3,Paragraph5)?Xaregettingimpatient.arenoisilydozingoff.Theyarefeelinghumiliated.[0]Theyarebusywithwordpuzzles.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?PeoplewithsurnamesbeginningwithNtoZarcoftenill-treated.VIPsintheWesternworldgainagreatdealfromalphabetism.{CJ/Thecampaigntoeliminatealphabetismstillhasalongwaytogo.[D]Puttingthingsalphabeticallymayleadtounintentionalbias.Passage3Attheheartofthedebateoverillegalimmigrationliesonekeyquestion:arcimmigrantsgoodorbadfortheeconomy?TheAmericanpublicoverwhelminglythinksthey'rebad.Yettheconsensusamongmosteconomistsisthatimmigration,bothlegalandillegal,provides-asmallnetboosttotheeconomy.Immigrantsprovidecheaplabor,lowerthepricesofeverythingfromfarmproducetonewhomes,andleaveconsumerswithalittlemoremoneyintheirpockets.Sowhyistheresuchadiscrepancybetweentheperceptionofimmigrants'impactontheeconomyandthereality?【hereareanumberoffamiliartheories.Somearguethatpeoplearcanxiousandfeelthreatenedbyaninflowofnewworkers.Othershighlightthe第・4•页共12页strainthatundocumentedimmigrantsplaceonpublicsendees,likeschools,hospiuls,andjails.Stillothersemphasizetheroleofrace,aiguingthatforeignersaddtothenation'sfearsandinsecurities.There'ssometruthtoallTheseexplanations,buttheyaren'tquitesufficient.Togetabetterunderstandingofwhat'sgoingon,considerthewayimmigration'simpactisfelt.Thoughitsoveralleffectmaybepositive,itscostsandbenefitsaredistributedunevenly.DavidCard,aneconomistatUCBerkeley,notesthattheoneswhoprofitmostdirectlyfromimmigrants5low-costlaborarebusinessesandemployers—meatpackingplantsinNebraska,forinstance,oragriculturalbusinessesinCalifornia.Granted,theseproducers*savingsprobablytranslateintolowerpricesatthegrocerystore,buthowmanyconsumersmakethatmentalconnectionatthecheckoutcounter?Asforthedrawbacksofillegalimmigration,these,too,areconcentrated.Nativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromthecompetitionofforeignlabor.AccordingtoastudybyGeorgeBorjas,aHarvardeconomist,immigrationreducedthewagesofAmericanhigh-schooldropoutsby9%betweenAmonghigh-skilled,better-educatedemployees,however,oppositionwasstrongestinstateswithbothhighnumbersofimmigrantsandrelativelygeneroussocialservices.Whatworriedthemmost,inotherwords,wasthefiscal（贝才政的）burdenofimmigration.Thatconclusionwasreinforcedbyanotherfinding:thattheiroppositionappearedtosoftenwhenthatfiscalburdendecreased,asoccurredwithwelfarereforminthe1990s,whichcurbedimmigrants'accesstocertainbenefits.Theironyisthatfbralltheoverexciteddebate,theneteffectofimmigrationisminimal.Evenfbrthosemostacutelyaffected—say,low-skilledworkers,orCaliforniaresidents--theimpactisn'tallthatdramatic.“Theunpleasantvoiceshavetendedtodominateourperceptions/fsaysDanielTichcnor,apoliticalscienceprofessorattheUniversityofOregon.uButwhenallthosefactorsareputtogetherandtheeconomistscalculatethenumbers,itendsupbeinganetpositive,butasmallone”Toobadmostpeopledon'trealizeit.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?Whetherimmigrantsaregoodorbadfortheeconomyhasbeenpuzzlingeconomists.TheAmericaneconomyusedtothriveonimmigrationbutnowit'sa第.5•页共72页

differentstory.Theconsensusamongeconomistsisthatimmigrationshouldnotbeencouraged.^[DjXhegeneralpublicthinksdiflerentlyfrommosteconomistsontheimpactofimmigration.InwhatwaydoestheauthorthinkordinaryAmericansbenefitfromimmigration?Theycanaccessallkindsofpublicservices.4§?Theycangetconsumergoodsatlowerprices.Theycanmixwithpeopleofdifferentcultures.Theycanavoiddoingmuchofthemanuallabor.Whydonativelow-skilledworkerssutlermostfromillegalimmigration?[A]Theyhavegreaterdifficultygettingwelfaresupport.eyaremorelikelytoencounterintenacialconflicts.eyhaveahardertimegettingajobwithdecentpay.[D]Theyarenomatchforillegalimmigrantsinlaborskills.Whatisthechiefconcernofnativehigh-skilled,better-educatedemployeesabouttheinflowofimmigrants?[A]Itmaychangetheexistingsocialstructure.[BJItmayposeatlireattotheireconomicstatus.[C]Itmayleadtosocialinstabilityinthecountry.mayplaceagreatstrairwnthestatebudget.Whatistheironyaboutthedebateoverimmigration?Eveneconomistscan'treachaconsensusaboutitsimpact.TJrbsewhoareopposedtoitturnouttobenefitmostfromit.CJ/Peoplearemakingtoobigafussaboutsomethingofsmallimpact.[D]Thereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenseeminglyoppositeopinions.PartIITrueorFalseQuestions(1*30=30points)Directions:Foreach^True^statement,pleasemarkthecorrespondingletter"A"ontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter;foreachaFalsef9statement,pleasemarkthecorrespondingletter"B"ontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.Inourworldofexpandingtechnologyandshrinkinggeography,peopleofdifferentcultureshavedecreasingfrequencyofcontactandneedfbreffectivecommunicationonadailybasis,p第・6•页共12页Astheinternationalsystemissaturatedwithnaturalcompetitionsandstrugglesforpower,muchofAmericanentertainmentmediatodayisfueledbythespiritofcompetition.Americansusedtoidentifythemselveswithonlyonepoliticalparty.Foday,however,Americansdisplayamuchmoresophisticatedandcomplexarrayofideasandidentifications,anddonotnecessarilylimitthemselvestoonlyonepoliticalparty.ThecausesofconflictwithintheUnitedStateshavenothingtodowithdifferingopinionsabouttheroletheyshouldplayinworldaffairs..SomenationsfearthespreadofAmericanpopularculturebecausetheyseeitasacorruptingforce.Theterminterculturalreferstonationsthathavediverseculturalgroups,usuallyasaresultofimmigration,whilethetermmulticulturalreferstothediversityamongseparatenations.ThetermmulticulturalismreferstotheviewthatimmigrantsshouldmergetheircultureswiththeAmericancultureandallculturalgroupsshouldbetreatedwithrespectas4xjuals.WhenweusetheterminterculturalweareusuallyreferringtocitieslikeNewYorkorMontrealthathavediverseculturalgroupsratherthanculturaldiversityamongnations.Atpresentpeoplefromdifferentculturesinteractmoreoftenthaneverbefore,andmisunderstandingsevenconflictscausedintheprocessofthisinteractionalsodecrea5gjoafairlylargeextent.Innonscientificusage,thetermculturereferstopersonalrefinementssuchasclassicalmusic,thefinearts,worldphilosophy,andgourmetcuisine.A26.AsLeslieWhitestatedsoeloquently,theabilitytosymbolizeisthesingle'mostimportanthallmarkofhumanity.卜27.Accordingtoanthropologists,aracereferstoaninterbreedingpopulationwhosemembersshareanumberofimportantphysicaltraitswithoneanother,suchasbloodtypes,eyecolorandshape,skincolor,andhairtexture,tomentionjustafew.Accordingtoanthropologists,culturemayrefertoourbiologicalandgeneticcharacteristics.Theconceptsofcivilizationandculturearenotinterchangeable.Whileallcivilizationsarecultures,notallculturesarecivilizations.Cultureshockisaformofpsychologicaldistressthatcanresultindepression,overeating,orirritability.第・7•页共12页

D31.Asmembersoftheworld,wehavetoagreewiththeviewstheothershave,andwchavetounderstandandrespecttheworldviewthatleadsmembersofthatculturetohavethebeliefsandtobehaveastheydo./\32.Perspectivescanbepresentedasacombinationofperceptions,values,beliefs,andattitudes.Theyaretheexplicitandimplicitmeaningssharedbymembersoftheculture,manifestedinproductsandpractices.C33.“TheAmericanDream"isacultureperspectivethatreflectsabeliefthatanyonecanachievefameandfortuneintheUnitedStatesthroughthehelpofothers.g34.Thisbeliefof"theAmericanDream”isbaseduponvaluesofinequality,.collectivism,achievement,competition,andmaterialism.Whilethediscoveryoftacitperspectivesispossible,itisquestionablewhetheralltacitperspectivescaninfactbesurfaced.AftValuesarecloselylinkedtobeliefs,whatweholdtobetrueorfalse,whichalsocanneverbemadeexplicit,withreflection.AftWorldviewisusedmostoftentodescribethefundamentalperceptionssharedbymembersofaculture.Eticperspectivesprovideframeworkstodescribe,analyze,andexplainaculturefromtheinside.Valuesarerelativelyconcrete,discrete,andspecific.InAmericanculture,decisionsaremorelikelytobemadebyagroup,andfornooneindividualorroleoccupanttoassumeresponsibilityforit.g41.MostAsianpeopleimplicitlyassumethatlearningisanactiveprocessrequiringperformancebytheleamer,whoseincentivetolearniseitherafuturerewardortheavoidanceofpunishment.A42.ForAmericans,thewordfriendmayservetodescribeanyonefromapassingacquaintancetoalifetimeassociate.§43.MostLatinAmericansandAfricanstendtoberelativelyimpartialandobjectiveintheconductofsocialrelations,comparedtothe*personalizedinteractionsfoundinmanypartsoftheworld.V44.AnIndian'sidentityand,toalargedegree,worthareestablishedby；accomplishments;anIndianiswhatanIndianachieves.Americansjojiotattributeparticularmeaningtoplaceofbirth,family,heritage,traditionalstatus,orotherprescriptiveconsiderationswhichcanbeusedtodefinetheself第•页共12页PartHICloze(1*10=10points)Directions:Thereare15blanksinthefbllowin^passc^e.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA.BC.andD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecenterHowoftenhavewelistenedtosomeonespeakandwonderedwhatthespeaker46wassaying?Wemayagreeintuitivelywiththewords,butintheback,ofourmindswefeelthatthereis.47 t。由emessagethanthewords.Wemayevencometotheconclusionthatthespeakermeansthe 4Sofwhatshesays.Wemaybaseuurjudgmentonanevaluationoftone,intonation,emphasis,facialexpressions,gesturesandhandmovements,distance,andeyecontact,inshort,nonverbal49 ,,orthesilentlanguage.Someresearchersmaintainthatinface-to-facecommunication5093percentofanoralmessageiscommunicatednonverballyandthatthenonverbalelementsareamuchbetterindicationofthetruemeaningthanthe一wordsarc.Yetthetruemeaningandinterpretationdependonavarietyoffactors.Peoplefromdifferentculturesattachdiflerentmeanings 笈nonverbalsignals.Asoneexample,inWesterncultureseyecontactcansignifyhonest),53inAsianculluresitmayindicaterudeness.Theinterpretationofnonverbalsignalsiscomplicatedfurtherbythefactthatwithinaculture54peopleusethesamesignals.Menandwomenoftenusediflerentnonverballanguage.MeninWesternculturestendtobemoreoutspokenthanwomenare;however,withwomenassertingtheirrightsmore,women'scommunicationischanging.PeoplefromdifferentsocialclasseswithinaculturealsomayusetionverbalsignalsdifTercntly.Peoplefromthe55classesorpeopleinleadingpositionsmaybemoreassertiveandoutspokeninmanycultureswhentheyarecommunicatingwithpeoplefromlowerclassesandinlowerposition.• [Aj^rcally[B]truly[C]exactly[D]seriouslyC47.[A]less[B]many[C]moreID]muchg48.[A]same[B]opposite[C]truth[D]fact<49.[A]signs[BJbehaviors[C]signals[D]gesturesJ)50.[A]to[B]until[C]up[D]uptoA51.[A]actual[B]true[CJreal[D]authenticg52.[A]with[HJto[C]by[D]alongP53.[A]yet[B]however[C]and[BJ^yhcreasC54.[A]all[B]allnot[C]notall[D]everyone第.9•页共12页•A55」A]upper[BJlower[C]middle[D]highPartIVCaseAnalysis（3*5=20points）Directions：PleaseanalyzetheproblemsthatexistinthefollowingcasesandwriteyouranalysisontheAnswerSheetAmultinationalDutchfirmthatoutsourced（外包）thedevelopmentofanewglobalinfbnnationtechnologyserviceplatformtoanIndiancompany.WhentheDutchheadoftheITgroupmetwiththeprogrammingteaminBangaloretodiscussthecoreplatformonwhichtobuildtheapplication,hecasuallysuggestedthattheIndiansuseawell-known,commerciallyavailableplatform.Thiswasonlyoneofmanyplatformsthatcouldbeusedbutonewithwhichthemanagerwasfamiliar.HeaskedtheleadontheIndianteamiftheycouldbuildtheapplicationonthatplatfbnn."Yes/theteamleaderreplied,uwccandoit.”Aftersixmonthsofdelayandcostoverruns（超支）inexcessof$10million,thejobwasfinished.1'heITmanageroftheDutchfirmaskedtheIndianteamwhyithadcostsomuchmoreandhadtakensomuchlongerthantheyhadoriginallyestimated."Youaskedustobuilditonaveryunfriendlyplatformforthisapplic镇ion,“wasthereply.ultwouldhavebeenbetterdoingitinadifferentway；'TheDutchtechnologymanagerwasastonished.Wh>wastheDutchtechnologymanagersoshocked?Homcouldsuchmisunderstandingsinthiscasebeavoided?AgroupofrecentLatinAmericanimmigrantsinNewYorkCityappliedforandreceivedapermittoconductapeacefuldemonstrationinfrontoftheUnitedNationsbuilding.Onthedayofthedemonstration,oneoftheirleadersapproachedaNewYorkCitypolicemantoaskwherethedemonstratorsneededtobeconfinethemselvesto.Asthetwomenweretalking,thepoliceofficerbecameincreasinglyuncomfortablebecausetheLatinAmericandemonstratorkeptgettingtooclosetohim.Theofticertoldthedemonstratorto“getoutofmyface^butowingtolanguagediiTerences,thedemonstratordidn'tquiteunderstandwhatthepolicemanwanted.TheLatinAmericanjustcontinuedtalkingtothepolicemanwhilestandingclosertotheofficerthantheofficerfeltwasappropriate.Withinminutes,theLatinAmericanwasarrestedfor第JO•页共12页threateningthesafetyofalawenforcementofficer.WhywasthepeacefulLatinAmericandemonstratorarrested?WhatcausedthemisunderstandingbetweentheLatinAmericanandtheNewYorkCitypoliceman?Case3Guangrui,astudentinaNorthAmericanuniversity,wasworkingonarcseaichprojectthathadbeenfundedbyafederalagencyaspartofaprogramtoencouragestudentstolearntoworkwithpublicdatasets.ThecontractrequiredthatGuangruisubmitaprogressreporttotheagencythreemonthsintothesix-monthlongproject.Hesubmittedthereportonschedule,describingtheworkdonetodateandoutliningthebalanceoftheworktobedone.Acoupleofweekslater,MsMorin,theagencymanagerresponsiblefbrthestudentscontractprogram,sentGuangruialetteracceptinghisprogressreportandsuggestedanewlineofresearch.Guangruifeltthesuggestionswouldtakehimindireclionsthatwereoutsidethescopeofhisinitialideas.Inlact.someofthemanager'sideasdidnotevenmakesensetoGuangrui.GuangruishowedhissupervisorProfessorStevenstheletterandexplainedhisconcerns.ProfessorStevenslistenedtoGuangruiandagreedthatthesuggestionsofthemanagerseemedodd.Sohesaid,"Let'sphoneMsMorin.Iknowher."ProfessorStevensthenphonedMsMorin,thankedherfbrth