渤海大学905英语语言教学历年真题

#渤海大学2013年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：英语语言与教学科目代码：905考试时间：月日

（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）Chapter1IntroductionHowdoyouinterpretthefollowingdefinitionoflinguistics:Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage？答：Linguisticsisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.Inordertodiscoverthenatureandrulesoftheunderlyinglanguagesystem,thelinguistshastocollectandobservelanguagefactsfirst,whicharefoundtodisplaysomesimilarities,andgeneralizationsaremadeaboutthem;thenheformulatessomehypothesesaboutthelanguagestructure.Thehypothesesthusformedhavetobecheckedrepeatedlyagainsttheobservedfactstofullyprovetheirvalidity.Inlinguistics,asinanyotherdiscipline,dataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation,thatis,atheorywithoutthesupportofdatacanhardlyclaimvalidity,anddatawithoutbeingexplainedbysometheoryremainamuddledmassofthings.Whatarethemajorbranchesoflinguistics?Whatdoeseachofthemstudy?答：Themajorbranchesoflinguisticsare:phonetics:itstudiesthesoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication;phonology:itstudieshowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningincommunication;morphology:itstudiesthewayinwhichlinguisticsymbolsrepresentingsoundsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords;syntax:itstudiestheruleswhichgovernhowwordsarecombinedtoformgrammaticallypermissiblesentencesinlanguages;semantics:itstudiesmeaningconveyedbylanguage;pragmatics:itstudiesthemeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.Inwhatbasicwaysdoesmodernlinguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar?答：Thegeneralapproachthustraditionallyformedtothestudyoflanguageovertheyearsisroughlyreferredtoas“traditionalgrammar.”Modernlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinseveralbasicways.Firstly,linguisticsisdescriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Second,modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Traditionalgrammarians,ontheotherhand,tendedtoemphasize,maybeover-emphasize,theimportanceofthewrittenword,partlybecauseofitspermanence.Then,modemlinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammaralsointhatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.Ismodernlinguisticsmainlysynchronicordiachronic?Why?答：Inmodemlinguistics,asynchronicapproachseemstoenjoypriorityoveradiachronicone.Becausepeoplebelievedthatunlessthevariousstatesofalanguageindifferenthistoricalperiodsaresuccessfullystudied,itwouldbedifficulttodescribethechangesthathavetakenplaceinitshistoricaldevelopment.Forwhatreasonsdoesmodernlinguisticsgiveprioritytospeechratherthantowriting?答：Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.Modemlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasthenaturalortheprimarymediumofhumanlanguageforsomeobviousreasons.Fromthepointofviewoflinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.Thewritingsystemofanylanguageisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeechwhentheneedarises.Evenintoday'sworldtherearestillmanylanguagesthatcanonlybespokenbutnotwritten.Thenineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.Andalso,speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue,andwritingislearnedandtaughtlaterwhenhegoestoschool.Formodernlinguists,spokenlanguagerevealsmanytruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewrittenlanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.Thustheirdataforinvestigationandanalysisaremostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardasauthentic.HowisSaussure'sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky'sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?答：Saussure'sdistinctionandChomsky'sareverysimilar,theydifferatleastinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions,andChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.Whatcharacteristicsoflanguagedoyouthinkshouldbeincludedinagood,comprehensivedefinitionoflanguage?答：Firstofall,languageisasystem,i.e.,elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Second,languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatthesymbolstandsfor.Third,languageisvocalbecausetheprimarymediumforalllanguagesissound.Fourth,languageishuman-specific,i.e.,itisverydifferentfromthecommunicationsystemsotherformsoflifepossess.WhatarethemainfeaturesofhumanlanguagethathavebeenspecifiedbyC.Hocketttoshowthatitisessentiallydifferentfromanimalcommunicationsystem?(2．2语言的识别性特征)美国语言学家C.Hockett提出了人类语言的12种识别性特征，其中最重要的识别性特种有5种：即语言的任意性、创造性、二重性、移位性和文化传递性。这些特征是所有人类语言所共有的。人类语言的识别性特征是动物“语言”所不具有的。任意性：它指音与义之间没有逻辑联系。比如说，不同的语言使用不同的音指相同的事物。创造性：语言的创造性主要表现在语言使用者能够以有限的语言规则为基础说出和理解无限的句子，包括他们以前从没有听说过的句子。二重性：它指语言在结构上存在两个层次：低层次和高层次。在低层次是一个个没有意义的音，如/p/,/g/,/i/等，但是这些处在低层次的没有意义的音可以依照一定的语言规则结合在一起形成语言体系的高层次，即：有意义的单位，如词素，单词等。移位性：移位性指人类可以使用语言来谈论过去的事情，现在的事情或将来的事情；语言也可以用来谈论我们客观世界中的事情，或假想世界中的事情。总之，语言的使用可以脱离交际的直接情景语境，从而不受语言时空距离的影响。文化传递性：文化的传递性是指，虽然人类习得语言的能力有遗传因素的原因，但是语言体系具体内容的习得不是通过遗传来传递的，而是要通过后天的学习来获得。答：Themainfeaturesofhumanlanguagearetermeddesignfeatures.Theyinclude:ArbitrarinessLanguageisarbitrary.Thismeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Agoodexampleisthefactthatdifferentsoundsareusedtorefertothesameobjectindifferentlanguages.ProductivityLanguageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Thisiswhytheycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentences,includingsentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore.DualityLanguageconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerorthebasiclevelthereisastructureofsounds,whicharemeaninglessbythemselves.Butthesoundsoflanguagecanbegroupedandregroupedintoalargenumberofunitsofmeaning,whicharefoundatthehigherlevelofthesystem.DisplacementLanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisiswhat“displacement”means.CulturaltransmissionWhilehumancapacityforlanguagehasageneticbasis,i.e.,wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,thedetailsofanylanguagesystemarenotgeneticallytransmitted,butinsteadhavetobetaughtandlearned.Whatarethemajorfunctionsoflanguage?Thinkofyourownexamplesforillustration.答：Threemainfunctionsareoftenrecognizedoflanguage:thedescriptivefunction,theexpressivefunction,andthesocialfunction.Thedescriptivefunctionisthefunctiontoconveyfactualinformation,whichcanbeassertedordenied,andinsomecasesevenverified.Forexample:“Chinaisalargecountrywithalonghistory.”Theexpressivefunctionsuppliesinformationabouttheuser'sfeelings,preferences,prejudices,andvalues.Forexample:“Iwillnevergowindow-shoppingwithher.”Thesocialfunctionservestoestablishandmaintainsocialrelationsbetweenpeople..Forexample:“Weareyourfirmsupporters.”渤海大学2014年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语语言与教学科目代码：905考试时间：月日（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）Whatarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication?Ofthetwo,whichoneisprimaryandwhy?答：Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunication.Ofthetwomediaoflanguage,speechismoreprimarythanwriting,forreasons,pleaserefertotheanswertothefifthprobleminthelastchapter.Whatisvoicingandhowisitcaused?答：VoicingisaqualityofspeechsoundsandafeatureofallvowelsandsomeconsonantsinEnglish.Itiscausedbythevibrationofthevocalcords.Explainwithexampleshowbroadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscriptiondiffer?答：Thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolsonlyiscalledbroadtranscription.Thisisthetranscriptionnormallyusedindictionariesandteachingtextbooksforgeneralpurposes.Thelatter,i.e.thetranscriptionwithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacriticsiscallednarrowtranscription.Thisisthetranscriptionneededandusedbythephoneticiansintheirstudyofspeechsounds.Withthehelpofthediacriticstheycanfaithfullyrepresentasmuchofthefinedetailsasitisnecessaryfortheirpurpose.Inbroadtranscription,thesymbol[l]isusedforthesounds[l]inthefourwordsleaf[li:f],feel[fi:l],build[bild],andhealth[hel0].Asamatteroffact,thesound[l]inallthesefoursoundcombinationsdiffersslightly.Thein[li:f],occurringbeforeavowel,iscalledadear[l],andnodiacriticisneededtoindicateit;the[1]in[fi:l]and[bild],occurringattheendofawordorbeforeanotherconsonant,ispronounceddifferentlyfromtheclear[1]asin“leaf”.Itiscalleddark[]andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[~]isusedtoindicateit.Theninthesoundcombination[hel0],thesound[l]isfollowedbytheEnglishdentalsound[0],itspronunciationissomewhataffectedbythedentalsoundthatfollowsit.Itisthuscalledadental[l],andinnarrowtranscriptionthediacritic[、]isusedtoindicateit.Itistranscribedas[hel0].Anotherexampleistheconsonant[p].Weallknowthat[p]ispronounceddifferentlyinthetwowordspitandspit.Inthewordpit,thesound[p]ispronouncedwithastrongpuffofair,butinspitthepuffofairiswithheldtosomeextent.Inthecaseofpit,the[p]soundissaidtobeaspiratedandinthecaseofspit,the[p]soundisunaspirated.Thisdifferenceisnotshowninbroadtranscription,butinnarrowtranscription,asmallraised“h”isusedtoshowaspiration,thuspitistranscribedas[pht]andspitistranscribedas[spit].HowaretheEnglishconsonantsclassified?答：Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintwoways:oneisintermsofmannerofarticulationandtheotherisintermsofplaceofarticulation.IntermsofmannerofarticulationtheEnglishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtypes:stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,nasalsandglides.Intermsofplaceofarticulation,itcanbeclassifiedintofollowingtypes:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velarandglottal.WhatcriteriaareusedtoclassifytheEnglishvowels?答：Vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,central,andbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.Tofurtherdistinguishmembersofeachgroup,weneedtoapplyanothercriterion,i.e.theopennessofthemouth.Accordingly,weclassifythevowelsintofourgroups:closevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowels,andopenvowels.Athirdcriterionthatisoftenusedintheclassificationofvowelsistheshapeofthelips.In

English,allthefrontvowelsandthecentralvowelsareunfoundedvowels,i.e.,withoutroundingthelips,andallthebackvowels,withtheexceptionof[a:],arerounded.Itshouldbenotedthatsomefrontvowelscanbepronouncedwithroundedlips.A.Givethephoneticsymbolforeachofthefollowingsounddescriptions:voicedpalatalaffricatevoicelesslabiodentalfricativevoicedalveolarstopfront,close,shortback,semi-open,longvoicelessbilabialstopB.Givethephoneticfeaturesofeachofthefollowingsounds:1)[t]1)[t]2)[l]3)[f]答：A.⑴应](2)[f](3)[d]B.(1)voicelessalveolarstop

(3)voicelesspalatalaffricate

(5)back,close,short4)[w]5)[u]6)[囘(4)[i](5)[o:](6)[p]voicedalveolarliquid(4)voicedbilabialglide(6)front,openHowdophoneticsandphonologydifferintheirfocusofstudy?Whodoyouthinkwillbemoreinterestedinthedifferencebetween,say,[l]and[t],[ph]and[p],aphoneticianoraphonologist?Why?答：(1)Bothphonologyandphoneticsareconcernedwiththesameaspectoflanguage一thespeechsounds.Butwhilebotharerelatedtothestudyofsounds,,theydifferintheirapproachandfocus.Phoneticsisofageneralnature;itisinterestedinallthespeechsoundsusedinallhumanlanguages:howtheyareproduced,howtheydifferfromeachother,whatphoneticfeaturestheypossess,howtheycanbeclassified,etc.Phonology,ontheotherhand,aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.(2)Aphonologistwillbemoreinterestedinit.Becauseoneofthetasksofthephonologistsistofindoutrulethatgovernsthedistributionof[l]and[t],[ph]and[p].Whatisaphone?Howisitdifferentfromaphoneme?Howareallophonesrelatedtoaphoneme?答：Aphoneisaphoneticunitorsegment.Thespeechsoundswehearandproduceduringlinguisticcommunicationareallphones.Aphonemeisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironmentsarecalledtheallophonesofthatphoneme.Forexample,thephoneme/l/inEnglishcanberealizedasdark[t],clear[l],etc.whichareallophonesofthephoneme/l/.Explainwithexamplesthesequentialrule,theassimilationrule,andthedeletionrule.答：Rulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguagearecalledsequentialrules.TherearemanysuchsequentialrulesinEnglish.Forexample,ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.Thatiswhy[lbik][lkbi]areimpossiblecombinationsinEnglish.Theyhaveviolatedtherestrictionsonthesequencingofphonemes.Theassimilationruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.Assimilationofneighboringsoundsis,forthemostpart,causedbyarticulatoryorphysiologicalprocesses.Whenwespeak,wetendtoincreasetheeaseofarticulation.This“sloppy”tendencymaybecomeregularizedasrulesoflanguage.WeallknowthatnasalizationisnotaphonologicalfeatureinEnglish,i.e.,itdoesnotdistinguishmeaning.ButthisdoesnotmeanthatvowelsinEnglisharenevernasalizedinactualpronunciation;infacttheyarenasalizedincertainphoneticcontexts.Forexample,the[i:]soundisnasalizedinwordslikebean,green,team,andscream.Thisisbecauseinallthesesoundcombinationsthe[i:]soundisfollowedbyanasal[n]or[m].Theassimilationrulealsoaccountsforthevaryingpronunciationofthealveolarnasal[n]insomesoundcombinations.Theruleisthatwithinaword,thenasal[n]assumesthesameplaceofarticulationastheconsonantthatfollowsit.WeknowthatinEnglishtheprefixin-canbeaddedtomaadjectivetomakethemeaningofthewordnegative,e.g.discreet-indiscreet,correct-incorrect.Butthe[n]soundintheprefixin-isnotalwayspronouncedasanalveolarnasal.Itissointhewordindiscreetbecausetheconsonantthatfollowsit,i.e.[d],isanalveolarstop,butthe[n]soundinthewordincorrectisactuallypronouncedasavelarnasal,i.e.[g];thisisbecausetheconsonantthatfollowsitis[k],whichisavelarstop.Sowecanseethatwhilepronouncingthesound[n],weare“copying”afeatureoftheconsonantthatfollowsit.Deletionruletellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented.Wehavenoticedthatinthepronunciationofsuchwordsassign,design,andparadigm,thereisno[g]soundalthoughitisrepresentedinspellingbytheletterg.Butintheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,andparadigmatic,the[g]representedbythelettergispronounced.Therulecanbestatedas:Deletea[g]whenitoccursbeforeafinalnasalconsonant.Giventherule,thephonemicrepresentationofthestemsinsign-signature,resign-resignation,phlegm-phlegmatic,paradigm-paradigmaticwillincludethephoneme/g/,whichwillbedeletedaccordingtotheregularruleifnosuffixisadded.Whataresupra-segmentalfeatures?Howdothemajorsupra-segmentalfeaturesofEnglishfunctioninconveyingmeaning?答：Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsupra-segmentalfeatures.Themainsupra-segmentalfeaturesincludestress,intonation,andtone.ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning.Therearetwokindsofstress:wordstressandsentencestress.Forexample,ashiftofstressmaychangethepartofspeechofawordfromanoun,toaverbalthoughitsspellingremainsunchanged.Tonesarepitchvariationswhichcandistinguishmeaningjustlikephonemes.Intonationplaysanimportantroleintheconveyanceofmeaninginalmosteverylanguage,especiallyinalanguagelikeEnglish.Whenspokenindifferenttones,thesamesequenceofwordsmayhavedifferentmeanings.渤海大学2015年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：英语语言与教学科目代码：905考试时间：月日

（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）Part11.Dividethefollowingwordsintotheirseparatemorphemesbyplacinga“+”betweeneachmorphemeandthenext:microfilebedraggledmicrofilebedraggledannouncementpredigestion答：a.micro+filec.announce+menttele+communicate+iong.psycho+physicse.telecommunicationforefatherpsychophysicsmechanistb.be+draggle+edd.pre+digest+ionf.fore+fatherh.mechan+istThinkofthreemorphemesuffixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybesuffixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.Model:-orsuffix:-ormeaning:thepersonorthingperformingtheactionstemtype:addedtoverbsexamples:actor,“onewhoactsinstageplays,motionpictures,etc.”translator,“onewhotranslates”答：(1)suffix:-ablemeaning:somethingcanbedoneorispossiblestemtype:examples:addedtoverbsacceptable,“canbeaccepted”respectable,“canberespected”(2)suffix:-lymeaning:functionalstemtype:examples:addedtoadjectivesfreely.“adverbialformof‘free'”quickly,“adverbialformof'quick'”.(3)suffix:-eemeaning:thepersonreceivingtheactionstemtype:addedtoverbsexamples:employee,“onewhoworksinacompanyinterviewee,“onewhoisinterviewed”Thinkofthreemorphemeprefixes,givetheirmeaning,andspecifythetypesofstemtheymaybeprefixedto.Giveatleasttwoexamplesofeach.Model:a-prefix:a-meaning:“without;not”stemtype:addedtoadjectivesexamples:asymmetric,“lackingsymmetry”asexual,“withoutsexorsexorgans”答：(1)prefix:dis-meaning:showinganoppositestemtype:addedtoverbsornounsexamples:disapprove,“donotapprove”dishonesty,“lackofhonesty”.(2)prefix:antimeaning:against,opposedtostemtype:addedtonounsoradjectivesexamples:antinuclear,“opposingtheuseofatomicweaponsandpower”antisocial,“opposedorharmfultothelawsandcustomsofanorganizedcommunity.”prefix:countermeaning:theoppositeofstemtype:addedtonounsoradjectives.examples:counterproductive,“producingresultsoppositetothoseintended”counteract,“actagainstandreducetheforceoreffectof(sth.)”Theitalicizedpartineachofthefollowingsentencesisaninflectionalmorpheme.Studyeachinflectionalmorphemecarefullyandpointoutitsgrammaticalmeaning.Suemovesinhigh-societycirclesinLondon.AtrafficwardenaskedJohntomovehiscar.TheclubhasmovedtoFriday,February22nd.Thebranchesofthetreesaremovingbackandforth.答：(1)thethirdpersonsingular(2)thepasttense(3)thepresentperfectthepresentprogressiveDeterminewhetherthewordsineachofthefollowinggroupsarerelatedtooneanotherbyprocessesofinflectionorderivation.go,goes,going,gonediscover,discovery,discoverer,discoverable,discoverabilityinventor,inventor's,inventors,inventors'democracy,democrat,democratic,democratize答：(略)Thefollowingsentencescontainbothderivationalandinflectionalaffixes.Underlineallofthederivationalaffixesandcircletheinflectionalaffixes.Thefarmer'scowsescaped.Itwasraining.c）Thosesocksareinexpensive.d）Jimneedsthenewercopy.e）Thestrongestrowercontinued.f）Shequicklyclosedthebook.g）Thealphabetizationwentwell.答：（略）Part2.Fillineachblankbelowwithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:P__ragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Thenotionofcontextisessentialtothepragmaticstudyoflanguage.Allthespeechactsthatbelongtothesamecategorysharethesamepurposeorthesameillocutionary（言外之力）point,buttheydifferintheirstrengthorforce.Ifwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesanu.Themeaningofasentenceisa_bstract,anddecontextualized.C_onstativeswerestatementsthateitherstateordescribe,andwerethusverifiable.P_erformativesweresentencesthatdidnotstateafactordescribeastate,andwerenotverifiable.Alocutionary（言内）actistheactofutteringwords,phrases,clauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Anillocutionary___（言外）actistheactofexpressingthespeaker'sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Ane_xpressives___（表达类）istoexpressfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstate.Therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple（合作原贝则）:themaximofquantity,themaximofquality,themaximofrelationandthemaximofmanner.Part3.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:doesnotstudymeaninginisolation,butincontext.PragmaticsB.SemanticsC.SenserelationD.ConceptThemeaningoflanguagewasconsideredassomethingintraditionalsemantics.contextualB.behaviouristicC.Intrinsic（内在的）D.logicalWhatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhetherinthestudyofmeaningisconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.contextAsentenceisaconcept,andthemeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedinisolation.A.pragmaticB.grammaticalC.mentalD.conceptualIfwethinkofasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesa（n）.A.constativeB.directiveC.utteranceD.expressiveistheactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;itistheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbytheutterance.A.AlocutionaryactB.AnillocutionaryactC.Aperlocutionaryact（言后行为）D.AperformativeactAccordingtoSearle,theillocutionarypointoftherepresentativeis.togetthehearertodosomething（directives命令）tocommitthespeakertosomething'sbeingthecasetocommitthespeakertosomefuturecourseofaction（commissives承诺）toexpressthefeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistingstateofaffairs.（expressives）isadvancedbyPaulGriceCooperativePrinciplePolitenessPrincipleTheGeneralPrincipleofUniversalGrammarD.AdjacencyPrincipleWhenanyofthemaximsunderthecooperativeprincipleisflouted（嘲笑），mightarise.A.impolitenessB.contradictionsC.mutualunderstandingD.conversationalimplicature（含义）Theillocutionarypointofistoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.directivesB.expressives（feelingattitude）C.commissivesD.representativesfoundthatnaturallanguagehaditsownlogicandthusconcludedthefamousCooperativePrinciple.A.JohnAustinB.JohnFirthC.PaulGriceD.WilliamJonesAsfarasthesentence“Mybagisheavy”isconcerned,linguistsofpragmaticsmoreinterestedinitsmeaning.A.literalB.logicalC.utterence■D.sentence15.Whatessentiallydistinguishessemanticsandpragmaticsiswhether，inthestudyofmeaning，isconsidered.A.referenceB.speechactC.practicalusageD.contextPart4.Answerthefollowingquestions.AccordingtoAustin，whatarethethreeactsapersonispossiblyperformingwhilemakinganutterance.Giveanexample.WhatarethefourmaximsoftheCP?Trytogiveyourownexamplestoshowhowfloutingthesemaximsgivesrisetoconversationalimplicature?Whatispragmaticfailure?TrytofindinstancesofpragmaticfailureintheEnglishusedbyChineselearnersofEnglish.渤海大学2016年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目：英语语言与教学科目代码：905考试时间：月日

（注：特别提醒所有答案一律写在答题纸上，直接写在试题或草稿纸上的无效！）Directions:Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.DecidewhichoneofthefourchoicesbestcompletesthestatementandputtheletterA,B,CorDinthebrackets.(2%x10=2O%)1、Asmodernlinguisticsaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,andnottolaydownrulesfor"correct"linguisticbehavior,itissaidtobe___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Ofallthespeechorgans,the___is/arethemostflexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocalcords3、Themorpheme"vision"inthecommonword"television"isa(n)___.A、boundmorphemeB、boundformC、inflectionalmorphemeD、freemorpheme4、A___intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator5、"CanIborrowyourbike?""Youhaveabike."A、issynonymouswithB、isinconsistentwithC、entailsD、presupposes6、Thebranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowcontextinfluencesthewayspeakersinterpretsentencesiscalled___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammaticalchangesmaybeexplained,inpart,asanalogicchanges,whichare___orgeneralization.A、elaborationB、simplificationC、externalborrowingD、internalborrowing8、___referstoamarginallanguageoffewlexicalitemsandstraightforwardgrammaticalrules,usedasamediumofcommunication.A、LinguafrancaB、CreoleC、PidginD、Standardlanguage9、Psychologists,neurologistsandlinguistshaveconcludedthat,inadditiontothemotorareawhichisresponsibleforphysicalarticulationofutterances,threeareasoftheleftbrainarevitaltolanguage,namely,___.A、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandtheangulargyrusB、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandcerebralcortexC、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandneuronsD、Broca'sarea,Wernicke'sareaandExner'sarea10、AccordingtoKrashen,___referstothegradualandsubconsciousdevelopmentofabilityinthefirstlanguagebyusingitnaturallyindailycommunicativesituations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisitionDirections:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinOnewordonly,andyouarenotallowedtochangethelettergiven.(1%x10=10%)11、Chomskydefines"competence"astheidealuser'skoftherulesofhislanguage.12、Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e,theyareallb.13、Misabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.14、Asisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.15、Synonymsthataremutuallysubstitutableunderallcircumstancesarecalledcsynonyms.16、Theillocutionarypointofristocommitthespeakertosomething'sbeingthecase,tothetruthofwhathasbeensaid.17、Wordsarecreatedoutrighttofitsomepurpose.Suchamethodofenlargingthevocabularyisknownaswordc.18、Whereverthestandardlanguagecanuseacontraction(he+is—he's),BlackEnglishcandtheformof"be".19、Thebasicessentialsofthefirstlanguageareacquiredintheshortperiodfromaboutagetwotopuberty,whichiscalledthecperiodforfirstlanguageacquisition.20、Asatypeoflinguisticsystemin12learning,IisaproductofL2training,mothertongueintereference,overgeneralizationofthetargetlanguagerules,andlearningandcommunicativestrategiesofthelearner.Directions:Judgewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.Ifyouthinkastatementisfalse,youmustexplainwhyyouthinksoandgivethecorrectversion・(2%x10=20%)()21、Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thewrittenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthespokenformforanumberofreasons.()22、VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.()23、Thecompoundword"bookstore"istheplacewherebooksaresold.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.()24、Syntacticcategoriesrefertosentences(S)andclauses(C)only.()25、DialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutcannotbefoundwithinthevarietyitself,forexample,withinBritishEnglishorAmericanEnglish.()26、OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.()27、TheterritoryinwhichtheIndo-EuropeanlanguagesaremainlyspokentodayalsoincludeslanguagesthatarenotIndo-European.()28、Inmostbilingualcommunities,twolanguageshavethesameinspeechsituationsknownasdomains.()29、AccordingtothestrongversionoftheSapir-Whorfhypothesis,speakers'perceptionsdeterminelanguageandpatterntheirwayoflife.()30、Allnormalchildrenhaveequalabilitytoacquiretheirfirstlanguage.IV・Directions:Explainthefollowingterms,usingoneortwoexamplesforillustration・(3%x10=30%)31、duality32、diachroniclinguistics33、broadtranscription34、morphologicalrules35、phrasestructurerule36、relationalopposites37、componentialanalysis38、context39、euphemism40、brainlateralizationV.Answerthefollowingquestions.（1O%X2=20%）41、Explainhowtheinventoryofsoundscanchange,givingsomeexamplesinEnglishforillustration.42、Brieflydiscusstheindividualfactorswhichaffecttheacquisitionofasecondlanguage.参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActuallymodernlinguisticslaysmoreemphasisonthespokenformoflanguagethanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.22、FVoicingdistinguishesmeaninginEnglishbutnotinChinese.23、FThemeaningofsomecompoundwordshasnothingtodowiththesumtotalofthemeaningsoftheircomponents,suchasthecompound"redcoat".24、FApartfromSandC,theyalsorefertoaword,oraphrasethatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.25、FDialectalsynonymscanoftenbefoundnotonlyindifferentregionaldialectssuchasBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishbutalsowithinthevarietyitself.Forexample,withinBritishEnglish,"girl"iscalled"lassie"inScottishdialect,and"liquor"iscalled"whishey"inIrishdialect.26、T27、T28、FTheyhaveafairlyclearfairlyclearfunctionaldifferentiation,i.e.onelanguagemaybeusedinsomedomains,otherlanguageinotherdomains.29、FThetruestatementis"Accordingtothestrongversionofthe