学术英语(社科)-Unit1含答案

学术英语(社科)_Unit1含答案第一页，共69页。第二页，共69页。Unit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLead-inTextATextBListeningSpeakingWritingUnitContents第三页，共69页。Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第四页，共69页。Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionReadingcritically:Everytextiswrittenonapurpose,somearesupposedtomakeyoubelieve.Itisimportanttolearntoreadcriticallytogetthepoint.Onewayoftrainingcriticalreadingistoaskyourselfthefollowingquestions:Doyouagreewiththeauthor?Unit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesWhatistheauthorassumingIwillagreewith?Whatistheauthortryingtoprove?第五页，共69页。Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionDoestheauthoradequatelydefendtheirargument?Whatkindofproofdotheyuse?Unit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesIstheresomethingtheyleaveoutthatyouwouldputin?Doesputtingitinhurttheirargument?第六页，共69页。Lead-inReadingcritically:questionsfordiscussionDiscussthefollowingquestions:Howdoyoumakethedecisionthatyoutakethiscourse?Whatdoyouconsiderwhenyoumakethisdecision?Unit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第七页，共69页。TextAKeytermsCriticalreadingandthinkingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeSpecializedvocabularyCollocationsFormalandinformalEnglishSignpostlanguageUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第八页，共69页。TextAKeyterms

rationalpeople:理性人Thosepeoplewhosystematicallyandpurposefullydothebesttheycantoachievetheirobjectives,giventheavailableopportunities.Unit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesmarginalchange:边际变化smallincrementaladjustmentstoaplanofaction

marginalbenefit:边际效益theadditionalbenefitfromanincreaseinanactivity第九页，共69页。TextAKeytermsUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities

marginalcost:边际成本theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivity

marginaldecision-making:边际决策theadditionalcostfromanincreaseinanactivity

incentive:激励

somethingthatinducesapersontoact第十页，共69页。HowPeopleMakeDecisionsEconomists’explanationaboutdecisionmaking:Therearerulesbehindpeople’sdecision-makingbehaviors.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第十一页，共69页。Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesExample1:standbyticketsWhatarationalairlinecando?Situation:Flyinga200-seatplaneacrosstheU.S.coststheairline$100,000.Costofeachseat:$500(That’stosay,neversellaticketforlessthan$500.)Suppose:Aplaneisabouttotakeoffwith10emptyseats.Astandbypassengerwillpay$300foraseat.Question:shouldtheairlineselltheticket?第十二页，共69页。Answer:Yes.Reason:Iftheplanehasemptyseat,thecostofaddingonemorepassengeristiny.Herethemarginalcostismerelythecostofsomethingtoeat,likepeanuts,coco,etc.Conclusion:Aslongasthestandbypassengerpaysmorethanthemarginalcost,sellingtheticketisprofitable.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第十三页，共69页。Example2:watervs.diamondWhyiswatersocheap,whilediamondsaresoexpensive?waterdiamondNecessaryforsurvivalThemarginalbenefitofanextracupissmallbecausewaterisplentiful.UnnecessaryforsurvivalThemarginalbenefitofanextradiamondislargebecausediamondsarerare.Unit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesTextACriticalreadingandthinking第十四页，共69页。TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesConclusion:Rationalpeoplethinkatthemargin.(Theymakedecisionsbycomparingcostsandbenefits.)

Areyouarationalperson?第十五页，共69页。Example1:thepriceofanappleHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?Whenthepricerises:Itprovidesanincentiveforbuyerstoconsumeless;Itprovidesanincentiveforsellerstoproducemore.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesRationalpeoplerespondtoincentives.第十六页，共69页。

Example2:ataxongasolineHowpeoplerespondtoincentives?

Encouragepeopleto□drivesmall,morefuel-efficientcars;□carpool□takepublictransportation;□liveclosertowheretheywork;□drivehybridcars;□driveelectriccars.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第十七页，共69页。

Example3:aseatbeltlawAmericanlawsrequireseatbeltsasstandardequipmentonnewcars.Howaseatbeltlawaltersadriver’scost-benefitcalculation(Peltzman’sanalysis):Seatbeltsreducethelikelihoodofinjuryordeath→makeaccidentslesscostly→drivefasterandlesscarefully→alargenumberofaccidentsTextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第十八页，共69页。Result:Theselawsproducebothfewerdeathsperaccidentandmoreaccidents.

Conclusion1:Thenetresultislittlechangeinthenumberofdriverdeathsandanincreaseinthenumberofpedestriandeaths.Conclusion2:Whenanalyzinganypolicy,considerboththedirecteffectsandlessobviousindirecteffects.Ifthepolicychangesincentives,itwillcausepeopletoaltertheirbehavior.TextACriticalreadingandthinkingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第十九页，共69页。→Rationalpeopleknowthatwhentheymakeadecision,itisoftennotayes-or-nochoice,butrequiresdeliberateconsiderationoftheprosandcons.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities

Rationalpeopleknowthatdecisionsinlifearerarelyblackandwhitebutusuallyinvolveshadesofgray.(Para.2)第二十页，共69页。→Themostimportanttheoryineconomicstudyconcernsitselfwithincentives.Othertheoriesarenotasimportant.“Therestiscommentary”isaphraseusedinAmericanEnglishtomean“therestistrivialorlessimportant”.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”(Para.6)第二十一页，共69页。→Atfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikerandomtalknotsupportedbyevidence.TextADifficultsentencesUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesAtfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeidlespeculation.(Para.12)第二十二页，共69页。Specializedvocabularyrationalpeoplemarginaldecision-makingmarginalchangemarginalbenefitmarginalcostnetresultTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第二十三页，共69页。CollocationsTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesachievethehighlevelofsatisfactionmaximizeprofitsachieveobjectivesbeblackandwhiterollroundblowoffflystandbypuzzlingeconomicphenomenatakeanactionallocatescarceresourcesendupwithunintendedconsequencesidlespeculation第二十四页，共69页。FormalandinformalEnglishSeePage9,anddoTask3.TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第二十五页，共69页。Signpostlanguage

Showconnectionsbetweensentencesandparagraphs.SeePage9,anddoTask2

TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第二十六页，共69页。SignpostlanguageTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities

Signalimportantpartsofacademicwriting,suchasstructure,writer’sposition,arguments,conclusionReportingsomeone’sview:

Somepeople/researcher(s)maintain(s)/argue(s)/assert(s)/claim(s)/point(s)out…第二十七页，共69页。SignpostlanguageDisagreeingwithsomeone’sview:Idisagreewith…thatTheviewisopentodoubt/notnecessarilytrue/highlydebatable…Oneofthemainargumentagainst…isthatTextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第二十八页，共69页。SignpostlanguagePointingoutagapinresearch:Howeverlittleinformation…Thesestudieshaveemphasized…,asopposedto…Althoughconsiderableresearchhasfocusedon…,lessattentionhasbeengivento…TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第二十九页，共69页。SignpostlanguageAgreeingwithsomeone’sview:Iagreewith…whenhewritesthat…Xiscertainlycorrectinsayingthat…Anotherpointinfavourof…is…Afurtherargumentsupporting…is…NB:Inthefollowingunitsofstudy,moreexampleswillbegiven.TextAEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第三十页，共69页。Task1Thetreediagrambelowillustratesthemainpointsofthetext.Fillintheblanksaccordingtothetext.TextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesDecision-makingbehaviorsineconomicactivitiesThinkingatthemargincomparingmarginal________andmarginal__________Respondingto__________Example1standbyticketsCriticalreadingandthinkingExample2______vs._________Example1thepriceofanappleExample2ataxon_________Example3_____________costbenefitswaterdiamondsincentivesgasolineseatbeltslaw第三十一页，共69页。Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).TextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesCriticalreadingandthinkingF___1Whenrationalpeoplemakedecisionsinlife,theyareverycertainofthechoice.___2Atthetimeofexamination,studentshavetodecidehowtousealltheirtimestudying.___3Marginalchangesaresmallgradualchangesofthepresentplanofaction.___4Theexampleofthestandbyflyistoldtoshowhowcostcanbeignored.___5Diamondsaremoreexpensivethanwaterbecausepeoplearemoreattractedtothem.FFFT第三十二页，共69页。Task2Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrue(T)orfalse(F).TextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesCriticalreadingandthinkingT___6Thequotationofoneeconomist“Peoplerespondtoincentives.Therestiscommentary.”isgiventoshowtheimportanceofincentives.___7Theexampleoftheappleshowshowfoodpricesvaryaccordingtomarketneeds.___8Thegasolinetaxhasaneffectonpeople’schoiceofcars.___9Whentheseatbeltismadecompulsory,peopledrivemorecarefully.___10Policymakersneedtotakeintoconsiderationthelessobviousindirecteffectsofapolicy.FFFT第三十三页，共69页。Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese.ColumnAColumnB1marginalaresource2scarcebresult3maximizecchange4netdsatisfaction5levelofepeople6rationalfprofit第三十四页，共69页。Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1MatchthewordsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBandthentranslatethephrasesyouhavegotintoChinese.1____________________________________________2____________________________________________3____________________________________________4____________________________________________5____________________________________________6____________________________________________marginalchange边际变化scarceresources稀缺资源maximizeprofits最大化利润netresult净结果levelofsatisfaction满意度rationalpeople理性人第三十五页，共69页。Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingsomeofthephrasesabove.1

我们明年的目标是获得利润最大化。_______________________________________________2

时间是一种稀缺资源，因此如果工人失业，他们的时间就浪

费了。______________________________________________________________________________________________Weaimtomaximizeprofitsoverthenextyear.Timeisascarceresource,soifworkersareunemployedtheirtimeiswasted.第三十六页，共69页。Task1SpecializedvocabularyTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish,usingsomeofthephrasesabove.3理性人有非理性的想法吗？_______________________________________________4

满意度调查结果表明游客对某些服务不满意。______________________________________________________________________________________________Dorationalpeoplehaveirrationalthoughts?Researchintosatisfactionlevelhasfoundthattouristsarenotsatisfiedwithsomeoftheservices.第三十七页，共69页。Task2SignpostlanguageTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1MatchthesignpostlanguagefromTextAwiththepurposeeachofthemserves.

SignpostlanguagePurposes1aswewillseeaexplanation2atthesametimebtimesequence3bycontrastcgivingexamples4forexampledcomparisonandcontrast5inotherwordsecoherence6inthiscase1__2__3__4__5__6__ebdcae第三十八页，共69页。Task2SignpostlanguageTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2Completethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove.1Heisnotwell-knownforhisrespectforfactualaccuracy,_____________,hewaslying.2Officescaneasilybecomemoreenvironmentally-friendlyby,___________,usingrecycledpaper.3Wedon’tlikethesituation.But_______________,wehavetodealwiththisproblem.inotherwordsforexampleatthesametime第三十九页，共69页。Task2SignpostlanguageTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2Completethefollowingsentencesusingthesignpostlanguagelistedabove.4Theireconomyhasexpandedenormously,whileours,___________,hasdeclined.5_____________,inthischapterthereisnogeneralformulaforthesolutiontothisquestion.6Thewholeteamdon’twanttolosehim.___________,heneedstorealizethatcompanyregulationsmustbeobeyed.bycontrastAswewillseeInthiscase第四十页，共69页。Task3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.1Asyoustudyeconomics,youwillcomeacrossfirmsthatdecidehowmanyworkerstohireandhowmuchoftheirproducttomanufactureandselltomaximizeprofits.

Key:___________2Thereasonisthataperson’swillingnesstopayforanygoodisbasedonthemarginalbenefitthatanextraunitofthegoodwouldproduce.

Key:____________encounteryield第四十一页，共69页。Task3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.3Anincentiveissomethingthatpersuadesapersontoact,suchastheprospectofapunishmentorareward.

Key:___________4Manypolicieschangethecostsorbenefitsthatpeoplefaceand,therefore,changetheirbehavior.

Key:____________5Forexample,considerpublicpolicyaboutautosafety.

Key:____________inducesalterregarding第四十二页，共69页。Task3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up1ReplacetheunderlinedwordsinthefollowingsentenceswiththemoreformalonesfromTextA.6Thedeclineinsafedrivinghasaclear,badimpactonpedestrians.

Key:___________7Atfirst,thisdiscussionofincentivesandseatbeltsmightseemlikeanidleguess.

Key:____________8Whenapersonwearsaseatbelt,thelikelihoodofsurvivinganautoaccidentrises.

Key:____________adversespeculationprobability第四十三页，共69页。Task3FormalEnglishTextASuggestedanswersUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesLanguagebuilding-up2Completethesentenceswithsomeoftheanswersyouhavegotintheaboveexercise.1Stresscanhavea(n)________effectonpeople’shealth.2Thisdoesn’t_____thefactthatwhatyoudidwaswrong.3Hewarnedusthatwemight__________alotofoppositionattheverybeginning.4Somebelievethatsurgerycould_______aheartattack.5Hehasverylittletosay_________thenewEUregulations.6Knowingaboutthepastdoesn’tnecessarily_____solutionstocurrentproblems.adversealterencounterinduceregardingyield第四十四页，共69页。TextBCriticalreadingDifficultsentencesEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第四十五页，共69页。NewAirportLandingFeesDelayedSeePage14,anddoTask1andTask2TextBCriticalreadingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesAnewfederalpolicy:allowingairportstochargehigherlandingfeesduringpeakperiodsReasonforformulatingthispolicy:encourageairlinestoarrangeflightsmoreevenlythroughouttheday,thusreducingflightdelays第四十六页，共69页。TextBCriticalreadingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesCostsBenefitsAirportsAirlines第四十七页，共69页。TextBCriticalreadingUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesYourreflectionsonthispolicy:Itwillwork:Itwon’twork:第四十八页，共69页。…,whichlastmonthcalledtheproposal“congestionpricingdisguisedasanairportfee”.(Para.13)TextBDifficultsentencesUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities→…,whichclaimedthattheproposalwasactuallychargingfeeforcongestionratherthanfortheairport.第四十九页，共69页。

“Becausethecentralpolicyissueatstakehere–influencingairlinemarketdecisionsthroughairportpricing–isinherentlycomplexandhistoricallyhasbeencontroversial,webelievethatitmeritsadditionaltimetofullydevelopcommentsreflectingtheviewsofindustrystakeholders,”(Para.14)TextBDifficultsentencesUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities→“Thecentralpolicyissuewhichishowtoinfluenceairlinemarketdecisionsthroughairportpricinghasalwaysbeencomplexandcontroversial.Henceitisnecessarytoallowmoretimeforthepartiesinvolvedintheindustrytophrasetheiropinionsthatmostclearlyexpresstheirviews.”第五十页，共69页。Collocations

reduce/addresscongestionchargehigherlandingfeespeakperiodsreducedelaystakeeffectimplementmeasuresTextBEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第五十一页，共69页。Collocations

trafficvolumeon-timearrivalratebesupportiveofaccommodaterequestsclearupambiguitygointoeffectTextBEnglishlanguageforacademicpurposeUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第五十二页，共69页。ListeningPredictionstrategiesListeningtasksUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第五十三页，共69页。Predictionstrategies

Prediction

Insteadofrelyingontheactualwordsorsounds,youusebackgroundinformationandcommonworldknowledgetodevelopexpectationsaboutwhatyouwillhearandthenconfirmorrejectthemasyoulisten.ListeningUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities第五十四页，共69页。

PredictionstrategiesListeningUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesPredictionstrategiesUsevisualinformationincludingtitlesontheboard,onslides,orinaPowerPointpresentation.Thinkaboutwhatyoualreadyknowaboutthetopic.Askyourselfquestionsthatyouthinkthespeakermightanswer.Listenforspecificphrases.第五十五页，共69页。Task1Beforelistening,lookatthefirstsentenceofthelectureyouaregoingtohearandpredictwhatwillfollow.Writedownyourexpectation.ListeningUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesBusinessesarestructuredindifferentwaystomeetdifferentneeds.Thesimplestformofbusinessiscalledanindividualorsoleproprietorship.Theproprietorownsallofthepropertyofthebusinessandisresponsibleforeverything.Listeningtasks第五十六页，共69页。Task2Listentothelectureagainandcompletethefollowingtableaccordingtowhatyouhaveheard.ListeningUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivitiesListeningtasksFormsofbusinessOwnershipResponsibilityfordebtsLengthofexistence______________________Proprietorship____________ownerfullyresponsible________________________________________________________________Partnership_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________anunlimitedlifetimeIndividual/soleCorporationsoleownerlimitedliabilitypartnershipsharesofownershipbystockholderspartlyresponsibleshareholdersnotresponsibleexistonlyforaslongastheownersremainaliveexistonlyforaslongasthepartnersremainalive第五十七页，共69页。Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.ListeningUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities1Whichofthefollowingdescriptionsfitsanindividualproprietorship?ATheownerhastopayanydebtsalone.BThecompanygoesbankruptwhentheownerdies.CTheownerkeepsalltheprofitswithhisfamily.DTheownercannotborrowmoney.Key:___ListeningtasksA第五十八页，共69页。Task3Listentothelectureathirdtimeandchoosethecorrectanswertoeachofthefollowingquestions.ListeningUnit1

Decision-MakingBehaviorsin

EconomicActivities2Whatisamustwhentwopeoplegointobusinesstogether?ATheymustshareequalresponsibility.BTheymustnotbehusbandandwife.CTheymustdecidehowtosharethepartnership.DTheymustbedoctors,l