农业昆虫学蔬菜害虫

农业昆虫学蔬菜害虫第1页/共71页第二节农业害虫种类概述中国主要蔬菜种类简介中国主要蔬菜害虫种类简介蔬菜地生态系统的特点蔬菜害虫的发生特点及对防治的要求第2页/共71页Part1

中国主要蔬菜种类第3页/共71页Group1ChineseCabbageGroupFloweringChineseCabbage—菜心Pak-choi—白菜、油菜ChineseCabbageetc.Family:CruciferaeGenus:

Brassica—芸薹属第4页/共71页Group2ColeCrop-甘蓝类

Chinesekale-芥蓝Cauliflower-花椰菜Broccoli-绿菜花Cabbage-甘蓝Family:CruciferaeGenus:

Brassica第5页/共71页Group3

GreenVegetablesWaterspinach-空心菜Lettuce-生菜Celery-芹菜

Family:Convolvulaceae–旋花科Compositae—菊科

Chenopdiaceae—藜科第6页/共71页Group4

Gourds—葫芦类

Chieh-qua-节瓜Waxgourd（wintermelon)-冬瓜CucumberSpongegourd-丝瓜Pumpkin,etc.Family:Cucumbitaceae-葫芦科第7页/共71页Group5

Vegetablelegumes-豆类AsparagusbeanKidneybean-芸豆

Vegetablepea-豌豆

Vegetablesoybean—毛豆Family:

Laguminosae-豆科第8页/共71页

Group6

SolanaceousFruits-茄果类TomatoEggplantPepper,etc.Family:

Solanaceous第9页/共71页Group7

Root

VegetableRadish-萝卜Carrot-胡萝卜Tablebeet.—樱桃萝卜Family:CruciferaeUmbelliferae第10页/共71页Group8

TuberCropsTaro-芋头Yam-山药YambeanGinger-姜Potato,etc.Family:

Araceae-天南星科Dioscoreaceae--薯蓣科

Zingiberceae—姜科

第11页/共71页Group9

BulbCropsOnionChinesechive-韭菜Garlic-大蒜Scallion-葱,etc.Family:

Liliaceae第12页/共71页Group10

AquaticVegetables

Watercress—西洋芹lotusroot-莲藕Chinesearrowhead-慈姑Waterbamboo-茭白,etc.Family:

CruciferaeNymphaeaceae—睡莲科Alismatacea-泽泻科（慈姑）Gramineae-禾本科第13页/共71页一、中国蔬菜

主要害虫简介第14页/共71页十字花科蔬菜害虫鳞翅目

小菜蛾、菜青虫斜纹夜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、粉纹夜蛾、菜螟

同翅目甘蓝蚜、萝卜蚜桃蚜鞘翅目黄条曲跳甲大、小猿叶甲

茄、瓜、豆类蔬菜害虫鳞翅目

棉铃虫、烟青虫、玉米穗蛾小地老虎、豇豆荚螟、豆野螟粉虱类烟粉虱（A型、B型）温室白粉虱、纹翅粉虱螨类朱砂叶螨、截形叶螨、二斑叶螨、侧多食跗线螨其它节瓜蓟马、瓜蚜、美洲斑潜蝇、黄守瓜、黑守瓜害虫种类第15页/共71页小菜蛾Plutellaxylostella(L.)

Diamondbackmoth第16页/共71页菜青虫

Pierisrapae(L.)

CabbageButterfly1.ItshostincludeBrassicaspecies.CultivatedandwildCruciferae.ItiswidespreadthroughoutEuropeandmuchofAsia,NorthAfrica,Australia,NewZealand,Hawaii,Canada,USAandMexico.2.Damage:Thelarvaefeedsingly,usuallydeepinthecabbageheart,makingholesintheleaves,eveneatupallleafblade,onlythemainveinsareleft,withfrassaccumulation.Thecaterpillarsprefertofeedinthe‘heart’ofthecabbageandoccasionallycauseheavyinfestationsandpartialdefoliation.InGuangdongProvincetheremaybe7-8generationsperyear.

3.IdentificationAdult:Adultisawhitebutterflywithawingspanabout45-55mminthefemale.Thewingsbearseveralblackmarkings.Eggs:Thebulletin-likeeggsarelaidsinglyonlowsurfaceoftheleaves.Therearemanyverticalridgesonthesurfaceofegg.Larva:

Fully-grownlarvaisabout30mmlong,velvetygreenwithafaintyellowdorsalstrip,andarowofyellowspotsalongeachsideinlinewiththespiracles.

Pupa:Thepupaisshuttle-likeform,sharplyangled,attachedusuallytotheundersideoftheleafbyaloopofsilk.EggsLarvaAdultPupa第17页/共71页1.Itisatotallypolyphagouspestandfeedonaverywiderangeofcropsincludingvegetables,cotton,rice,tomatoandtobacco.OtherhostplantsincludeCitrus,cacao,sweetpotato,rubberlegumes,sorghum,maizeetc.2.Distribution:ItmainlydistributesinSouthandEasternOldWorldtropics,includingPakistan,India,Bangladesh,SriLanka,China,Korea,Japan,Thailand,Vietnam,Philippines,Indonesia,Austral-Asia,Pacificislands,HawaiiandFiji.3.Damage:Thiscaterpillarisbasicallyaleaf-eater.Heavyinfestationscanseriouslydefoliatethecrops,especiallytheyoungplants.Newlyhatchedlarvaearegregariousandremaintogetherandskeletonizetheleafonwhichtheyfeed.Latertheydisperseandbecomemoresolitaryandnocturnalinhabits.Onegenerationcanbecompletedinaslittleas24-30days,andinthehumidtropicstheremaybe8generationsannually.

4.Identification:Adult:Theadultsarepalebrownishmoth,withtheyellow-brownforewinghavingadistinctivepalebandmedially:wingspanis30-40mm.Eggs:Eggsarespherical(0.3mm)indiameter,andlaidontheundersidesofleavesinbatchesof100-300andcoveredwithyellowcoloredhair-scales.Eachfemalelaysabout100-2000eggs,hatchingrequires2-6days.Larvae:Thenewlyhatchedlarvaearepalegreenatfirst,andwithadistinctblackbandonthefirstabdominalsegment.Latertheybecomebrownwithdarkmarking,withyellowlateralanddorsalstripes.Thelateralyellowstripisbordereddorsallywithaseriesofsemi-lunarmarks.

Pupa:Pupationtakesplaceinthesoilinanearthencell,justbeneaththesurface,Thepupaisdarkred,15-20mmlong.

斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera

litura

(F.)

CommonLeafworm

AdultEggsLarvae第18页/共71页1.Itattacksmorethan170differentspeciesofhostplantsincludingcabbage,radish,lettuce,eggplant,pepper,tomatoes,potatoes,beansgourds,rice,cotton,sugarbeet,tobacco,etc.2.Distribution:Africa,SoutheastAsia,CentralandSouthEurope,MiddleEast,Australia,SouthernUSA,India,SouthernChina,Philippines,Indonesia,andCanada.3.Damage:Younglarvaeeatfoliagewithinwebsundersideoftheleaves.Thecaterpillarsaregregarious,movinginswarms,anddestroyingtheyoungleavesandstemsofthehostplants.Youngseedlingscanbecompletelydestroyed,butolderplantsoftenrecoverafteranattackandmaybestillvigorously.Younglarvaeskeletonizetheundersideoftheleaves,butlaterastheygrowtheyeattheentirelamina.InSouthChinathereareusuallyeightgenerations.4.Identification:Adult:Theadultisasmallbrownmothofwingspanupto25mm,andtheforewingisgrayish-brownwithtwoyellowspotsnearthecenter.Thehindwingisatranslucentwhitewithnarrowbrownborders,Therearerathernondescriptinappearanceandnoteasytorecognize.Eggs:Eggsarelaidontheleavesofthehostplants,inclusters,severallayersthick,andcoveredwithhairsfromthefemaleabdomen.Eachclustercontains50-300eggs,onefemalecanlay300-900eggs(upto1700).Eggsusuallyhatchafter2-4days.Larvae:

Thelarvaeareverygregarious,atfirstgreen,laterbecomingvariablegreenorbrownusuallywithalateralstrip.Younglarvaeskeletonizetheundersideoftheleaves,butastheygrowtheyeattheentirelamina.Pupa:Pupationtakesplaceinthesoilandlastsabout6days.甜菜夜蛾

Spodopteraexigua

BeetArmyworm

AdultEggsLarvae第19页/共71页粉纹夜蛾

Trichoplusiani

Cabbagelooper

EggsLarvae第20页/共71页蔬菜蚜虫

Vegetable

aphids1萝卜蚜

Lipaphiserysimi

TurnipAphid2桃蚜

Myzuspericae

GreenPeachAphid3甘蓝蚜

Brevicoryne

brassicae

CabbageAphid1.Cabbageaphidandturnipaphidmainlyfeedoncruciferae.CabbageaphidpreferscabbageandotherBrassicasppbutturnipaphidlikesChinesecabbageandradishbetter.Greenpeachaphidistrulyapolyphagousspecies;about875plantsin35differentfamiliesarerecordedasitshosts.Themainhostispeach,thealternativehostsincludepotato,tomato,tobacco,beet,cerealsandvegetables.AllthreespeciesofaphidsoccurcommonlyandmixedoncruciferousvegetablesinChina.2.DistributionCabbageaphid:Theaphiddistributesthroughouttheworldintemperateandsubtropicalclimates.InChinaitoccursnearlyallpartsofthecountrybesidesTibet.Turnipaphid:Mostlyintemperateandsubtropicsregions.InChinaitisdominatespeciesinXinjiangautonomicdistract.Greenaphid:Acompletelycosmopolitanspecieswithaworldwidedistribution.AllspeciesoftheaphidsoccuryeararoundinSouthChina.Noeggsarefoundinthehostplantsduringthewinter.Allstagesofthepestscanbefoundonthevegetablecropsinwinterseason.Theyreproducebyparthenogenesis.Thepopulationincreasesveryrapidlyunderfavoriteconditions.3.Damage:Cabbageaphid:Theaphidattacksmanycrucifers,especiallycabbage,cauliflower.Itisknowntotransmitanumberofvirusdiseasesinthehostplants.Nymphsandadultssuckplantsap,causingdistortion,stunting.curling,wiltingandoftenleadtodeathofthesehostplantswhenseverelyattackhappened.

4.IdentificationTurnipAphid:

Turnipaphidissimilartothecabbageaphidinappearance,buthasamoredistinctgreentoyellow-greencolorwithlessnoticeablepowderywaxonthebody,anditlacksthedarktransversemarksonabdomen.GreenPeachAphid:

Greenpeachaphidisratherslenderinform,lightgreenoryellow,withindefinitelydarkerstripesontheabdomen.CabbageAphid:

Cabbageaphidisgrayish-greenincolorandthebodyiscoveredwithafinepowderywax,whichgivesheavilyinfestedplantsawhitishappearance.TurnipAphidGreenPeachAphidCabbageAphid第21页/共71页黄曲条跳甲

PhyllotretastriolataStrippedFleaBeetles第22页/共71页1.Host:Thetwospeciesarecommonpestsonvegetablecrops,especiallyonBrassicous.InSouthChina,thesepestsmainlyattackradishandcabbages.2.Damage:Boththelarvaeandtheadultsfeedonthefoliageofthehostplants.Whenheavilydamagealmostthewholefoliageiseatenandjusttheveinsareleft.3.Lifehistory:InSouthChina,Colaphellusbowringicancomplete5-6generationsperyear,whilePhaedonbrassicaeoccurs5generations.Usuallythetwospeciesaremixedoccurrenceinasamevegetableplantation.AdultfemaleofColaphellusbowringilayeggsinclusterwithseveralto20individuals,buteggsofPhaedonbrassicaearelaidseparatelyonthesurfaceofthehostplants.Boththelarvaeofthetwospeciesundergo4instars.4.IdentificationColaphellusbowringi(Cabbageleafbeetle)(1)AdultShape:EllipticalSize:4.7mmlongColor:BluetoblackPuncturesontheelytra:IrregularsarrangementScutum:Triangular(2)LarvaSize:7.5mmlongColor:headisblack,thoraxandabdomenaregrayishyellowSpots:Apairofdarklateral-spotsoneachsegmentofthoraxandabdomenSize:6.0mmlongPhaedonbrassicae(Daikonleafbeetle)(1)AdultShape:OvalSize:3.5mmlongColor:BluetogreenPuncturesontheelytra:Arrangeinverticallines.Scutum:Oval(2)LarvaSize:6.0mmlongColor:headisblack,thoraxandabdomenaregrayishyellowSpots:Fourpairofdarklateral-spotsoneachsegmentbesidetheprothoraxandthelastsegmentofabdomen小猿叶甲PhaedonbrassicaeDaikonLeafBeetleAdultDamageAdultLarvae大猿叶甲

Colaphellusbowringi

CabbageLeafBeetle第23页/共71页烟粉虱A型BemisiatabaciSweetpotatoWhiteflyAdultNymphPupaEggs第24页/共71页TobaccoWhiteflyAdultNymphPupa烟粉虱B型（银叶粉虱）

Bemisiatobacci

Silverleafwhitefly第25页/共71页GreenhouseWhiteflyAdultNymphPupa温室白粉虱

Trialeurodesvaporariorum(Westwood)第26页/共71页BandedwingedWhitefly纹翅粉虱

Trialeurodesabutilonea(Haldeman)第27页/共71页朱砂叶螨

Tetranychuscinnarinus

CarmineSpiderMite1.Host:Itdamagesaverywiderangeofwildandcultivatedplantsincludingeggplantandgourds.Cottonisitsmainhostplant2.Distribution:Africa,MiddleEast,Pakistan,India,SriLanka,SoutheastAsia,Australia,USA,Japan,China,CentralandSouthAmerica.3.Damage:Itcausesclustersofyellowspotsontheuppersideoftheleafespeciallybetweenthemainveinsneartheleafstalk.Latertheaffectedareasspread,theleafreddensandfinallywithersandisshed.Redorgreenishmitesjustvisibletotheunaidedeyecanbeseenontheundersideoftheleaf.About15-18generationsoccurperyearinSouthChina.4.IdentificationAdult:Theadultfemalesareoval,redorgreenish,and0.4-0.5mmlong.Themalesareslightlysmaller.Finestrandsofsilkarespunbytheadultsandformanopenwebabovetheleafsurface.Egg:Theeggsarespherical,whitish,about0.1mmondiameter.TheyarelaidsinglyontheundersideofleavesLarva:Thelarvaissix-legged,pinkish,andslightlylargerthantheegg.Theyarefourpairsoflegsandaregreenishorreddish.DamageEggsMaleAdultFemaleAdult第28页/共71页二斑叶螨TetranychusurticaeKoch

Twospottedspidermites第29页/共71页1.Hosts:Tomato,potato,beans,peppers,tea,cottonandmanyotherplants.2.Distribution:Itisvirtuallycosmopolitanspecies,butrecordsaresparseinsomeareas.RecordedfromEurope,Africa,Asia,Australia,USA,andSouthAmerica.3.Damage:Thebladesofflushleavesarecuppedorotherwisedistorted,withcorkybrownareasbetweenthemainveinsontheundersideoftheleaf.Thesecorkyareasareoftenboundedbytwodistinctbrownlinesparalleltothemainvein,theedgesoftheleafbeingundamaged.4.IdentificationAdult:Femalesareelliptical-shaped,whitetoyellow,andabout0.2mminlength,fourpairsoflegs.Malesareslightlydiamond-shaped,yellow,fourpairsoflegs,thefourthpairoflegsarebiggerthanothers.Egg:Eggsarelaidsinglyontheundersidesofflushleaves.Theyareovalinoutlinebutflattenedonthelowerside.Larva:Thelarvaareminute,white,andpear-shaped.侧多食跗线螨Polyphagotarsonemus

latus

YellowTeaMite

DamageeggplantDamagetomatoDamagegreenpepper第30页/共71页1.Itisacommonspeciesofpestsonvegetables,andsometimesadominantoneoncotton,tobacco,tomato,bean,maizeandsorghumaswell..Thisspeciesisasporadicallyveryseriouspestinmanypartsoftheworld.Itiscompletelypolyphagous,andverywidespread.2.Distribution:Itdistributestropics,subtropics,andwarmertemperateregionsoftheOldWorld,extendingasfarnorthasGermanyandJapan.3.Damage:Cleancircularholesareboredinflowerbudsandballsofallsizes.Thebracteolesofbudsopenoutcausingtheconditionknownas‘flared’squares;thesesquarethendieandareshed.Thecaterpillaralsofeedsdirectlyonfoliageofvegetablecrops.4.Lifehistory:Egg-layingstartsabout4daysafteremergenceandmaycontinueforafurther10days.Eachfemalemaylay1,000ormoreeggs.Eggsarelaidsingly,stuckontothehostplant;hatchingtakesplaceafter2-4days.Youngcaterpillarsfeedonsmallpods.Oldercaterpillarsfeedonsmallsquaresandterminalbuds,andbeanflowersandsmallbolls.Theyalsoburrowintolargepodsandeatthedevelopingseeds.Thecaterpillarsoftenfeedwiththeirheadinsidethebollorbean,butwiththeposteriorpartofthebodyoutside.Thefull-grownlarvaburrowsintothesoilandpupatesthere.Theshinybrownpupaisabout16mmlong;thepupalperiodusuallylasts10-14days.Inthetropicsthereareusually5-6generationsannually.5.IdentificationAdult:Theadultisastout-bodied,brownmoth,ofwingspan40-44mm;thehindwingispalebutwithabroaddarkborder.Egg:Theeggsarespherical,about0.5mmindiameter,yellowwhenlaidbutturningbrownastheembryodevelops.Eggsarelaidsingly,stuckontothehostplant.Larva:Thelarvaisastoutcaterpillarofvariablecolorbutoftengreenishorbrownish.Thebodyismarkedwithlongitudinalbandsalternativelydarkandpale;thepalebandsdownthesidesofthebodyareparticularlynoticeable.Thefull-grownlarvaisabout40mmlong.Pupa:Thefull-grownlarvaburrowsintothesoilandpupatesthere.Theshinybrownpupaisabout16mmlong.棉铃虫

Heliothisarmigera

CottonbollwormAdultLarvaDamage第31页/共71页Damage烟青虫

Heliothisvirescens(Fabricius)

Tbaccobudworm第32页/共71页玉米穗蛾（美国棉铃虫）

Helicoverpazea

CornearwormLarvaDamage第33页/共71页1.Thisisacosmopolitanpestofsporadicimportanceonmanycropsindifferentpartsoftheworld.Itcancauseseveredamageinmanycrops.2.Hosts:Apolyphagouscutwormattackingtheseedlingsofmostcrops,inparticularoncotton,rice,potato,tomato,tobacco,cereals,andcrucifers.3.Distribution:Almostcompletelycosmopolitan,fromnorthernEurope,Canada,Japan,downtoNewZealand,SouthAfrica,andSouthAmerica.Ithasnotbeenrecordedtodatefromafewareasinthetropics.4.Damage:Theyounglarvaefeedontheleavesofthehostplants;theoldercaterpillarsfeedatthebaseofcropplantsorontherootsorstemsunderground.Seedlingsaretypicallycutthroughatthegroundlevel;onecaterpillarmaydestroyanumberofseedlingsinthismannerinasinglenight,oftenworkingalongtheplantrows.5.Lifecycle:Thelifecyclefromeggtoadulttakes32daysat30℃,41daysat26℃,and67daysat20℃,respectively.6.IdentificationAdult:Theadultsarelarge,darknoctuidswithwingspanof40-50mm,withagraybody;andgrayforewingsarealmostwhitebaselybutwithadarkterminalfringe,palerinthemales.Egg:Theeggsarewhite,globular,andribbed,0.5mmindiameter.Larva:Thelarvaearebrownishabovewithabroadpalegraybandalonethemid-line,andwithgray-greensideswithlateralblackishstripes.Theheadcapsuleisbrownish-blackwithtwowhitespots.Thegeneralappearanceofthecaterpillarisblackish,hencethecommonnameof‘blackcutworm’.Thematurecaterpillaris25-35mmlong.Pupa:Thepupaisdarkbrown,20mmlong,withaposteriorspine.

LarvaAdult

Seedingiscutthroughatthegroundlevel.

Damage小地老虎Agrotisipsilon

BlackCutworm第34页/共71页1.Distribution:Itisalmostcosmopolitanindistribution.Itisannewimportedpest.AndhasbeenfoundinseveralprovincesinSouthChina:Guangdong,Hainan,GuangxiandFujian.IthascausedveryseriousdamageinvegetableproductioninrecentyearsinChina.2.Host:Thehostplantsareincludedover100speciesofplants,withapreferenceforbeans,cucumbersandtomatoes.3:Damage:Thispestisapolyphagous.Itdamagesthehostplantsbyadultfeedingpunctures,ovipositionpuncturesandlarvalmines.Thelarvaefeedwithintheleaf,makingalongserpentinetunnelwhichisusuallywhitewithdampenedblackanddriedbrown,andirregularshapes,increasinginwidthaslarvaldevelopment.Ifmanyleavesareminedtheyieldmaybereduced;InBrassicathedamageaffectssaleability.Heavilyinfestedleavesshrivelandwither.4.LifehistoryInSouthChinathelifehistoryofthispestoccursthroughouttheyear.Itcompletesthelifecyclein13-17daysinsummerandin50-60daysinwinter.Theremaybe14-16generationstakesplaceperyear.5.Identification

Egg:Eggis0.2-0.3mminlength,withslightlytranslucentLarva:Larvaisheadlessmaggot,about3mminlengthwhenfullgrown.1stinstarlarvacolorless,butpaleyellow-orangeonhatching.Laterinstarsyellow-orange.Larvaewithapairofposteriorspiraclesshapedlikeatriplecone.Eachposteriorspiracleopensbythreepores,oneporelocatedtowardtheapexofeachcone.Pupa:Pupaoval,slightlyflattenedventrally,paleyellow-orangebutoftendarkeningtogoldenbrown.幼虫潜入叶肉中，留下弯曲的蛀道美洲斑潜蝇

LiriomyzasativaeAmericanLeafMiner第35页/共71页节瓜蓟马Thripspalmi

PalmThrips1.Distribution:SoutheastAsia,Japan,SouthChina.2.Host:ThisinsectisoneofthemostimportantpestsongourdandpotatofamilyinSouthChina.3.Damage:Thelarvaandadultsuckthejuiceoftheplantsontheyoungleaf,bud,andyoungfruit,leadingtowitherordwarfoftheyoungleaf.Thehairsonthesurfaceofthehostplantdarkened,thefruitsdroppedandtheyieldlostobviouswhenseveredamagehappensintheplantations.4.IdentificationAdult:Adultisabout1mminlength,golden,headslightlysquare.Eyesproject,ocelli3,reddish,rangingintriangle,antenna7segmented,wingsnarrow.Egg:Eggis0.2mminlength,elongated,white-yellowish.Nymph:Nymphyellow-whitish,eyesredin3rdinstar.5.LifeHistory:Thisinsectcanoccurover20generations,withheavilyoverlappingbetweengenerations.ItdevelopsandreproducesalloverthewholeyearintheplantationsinSouthChina.Usuallydamagegourds,beansandeggplantduringtheperiodofMarchtoOctober,andforming3peaksofpopulationdynamicsinlateMaytomid-June,mid-Julytoearly-August,andSeptember,respectively.Inautumnthepopulationissohighthatserverdamageisled.AdultNymphDamage第36页/共71页瓜蚜（棉蚜）

AphisgossypiiGlover

Melonaphids第37页/共71页1.Hostplants:TheinsectcanattacksPigeonpea,limabean,greenpeas,cowpeas,andotherLeguminosae.2.Distribution:Almostcompletelypantropicalregionsindistribution,extendingupintothesubtropicsandwarmertemperateareas,butonlyafewrecordfromAustralia.3.Damage:Earlyinstarlarvaefeedinsidethedevelopingseeds,butlaterinstarsfeedfreelyinsidethepods.Theimmaturecaterpillarmayleavetheoriginalpodandpenetrateoneormorefreshpodsbeforereachingmaturity.Thisisverycommonpestofpigeonpeaandotherlegumecropsinmanypartsoftheworld;sometimesrecordedasaseriouspest.4.IdentificationAdult:Theadultmothisbrown,withawingspanof24-27mm.Therearetwowhiteandtransparentspotsinthemiddleoftheforewing.Egg:Theeggsareoval,shinywhite,0.6mminlength.Theyarelaidsinglyorinsmallgroups(upto6)onimmaturepods.Larva:Thecaterpillarisbluewithayellowhead,and12-17mmlongwhenmature.Caterpillarwrigglesveryviolentlyifthepodisopenedanditisdisturbed.Pupa:Whenthelarvaisfull-grownitleavesthepod,dropsintotheground.Andabout3cmbelowsoillevelitspinsa