运动系统解剖学培训课件

运动系统解剖学BasicConceptsofAnatomy

Definition:humananatomy,theoldestsciencedealingwiththestructuresandfunctionsofbodyGrossanatomy:systematicanatomyregionalanatomy

Appliedanatomy

Clinicalanatomy2运动系统解剖学人体解剖学发展简史HippcratesHippocrates----希波克拉底（公元前460~377）古希腊名医、解剖学鼻祖。3运动系统解剖学GalenGalen--------伽林（130~200）古希腊名医、解剖学家，著《医经》，对血液流动、神经分支和脑、心等器官有具体描述。4运动系统解剖学Vesalius------(1514~1564)现代解剖学的奠基人，1543年出版了《人体构造》这一划时代的解剖学巨著。Vesalius5运动系统解剖学HarveyHarvey------(1578~1657)解剖生理学家，发现了血液循环的原理，确定血液是在一个封闭的管道内循环。著有《血液循环论》、《动物的发生》两书。开创了动物实验研究的道路。6运动系统解剖学我国人体解剖学的发展历程公元前300～200《黄帝内经》已有对人体解剖的记载。两宋时代《五脏六腑》、《存真图》描述了解剖学知识。王清任（1768～1831）编著的《医林改错》更为详细的描述了解剖学知识。1949～2003年我国解剖学工作者队伍迅速成长，编写了多套具有我国特色的解剖学教材和解剖学图谱，对我国解剖学事业的发展做出了巨大的贡献。7运动系统解剖学人体解剖教学特点人体解剖学的教学包括讲授和实地解剖。主要讲授各系统的总论和各解剖操作区的重点内容。实地解剖采取分组形式，在教师指导下，按照解剖操作指导，参照图谱由学生亲自动手解剖尸体，部分内容观察标本和模型。同时，密切结合活体的观察和触摸，并适当的结合一些临床病例讨论以增强对解剖学内容的理解和记忆。教学大纲所列教学内容按要求程度的不同，分为“掌握内容”和“了解内容”两级。掌握内容为重点内容，学生必须通过反复学习与思考达到牢固掌握、熟练描述、准确指认和联系实际应用的程度。了解内容则要求学生达到一般的认识和了解。8运动系统解剖学

DescriptiveanatomicaltermsTheanatomicalposition:

(解剖学姿势)

Thebodyisupright,legstogether,anddirectedforwards.Thepalmsareturnedforward,withthethumbslaterally.9运动系统解剖学Thetermsofthedirection

(方位术语)superior上,inferior下anterior(ventral)前(腹侧)posterior(dorsal)后(背侧)medial内侧,lateral外侧internal内,external外superficial浅,profound深proximal近侧,distal远侧ulnar尺侧,radial桡侧tibial胫侧，fibular腓侧10运动系统解剖学

Anatomicalaxes

andplanes（轴与面）Axis轴：Verticalaxis垂直轴Sagittalaxis

矢状轴Coronalaxis冠状轴Plane面:Sagittalplane矢状面Coronalplane冠状面Horizontalplane

水平面或transverseplane横切面11运动系统解剖学TheLocomotorSystem

运动系统

运动系统由bone骨、joints关节和muscles骨骼肌组成，占成人体重60%骨起杠杆作用关节是运动的枢纽骨骼肌是动力器官功能:

support支持Protection保护Locomotion运动

12运动系统解剖学Introductionoftheosteology骨学总论

Bonesinadultare206innumber.Classificationofbone

Bonesareclassifiedaccordingtotheirpositionandshape

Thepositioncanbe:skull颅骨bonesoftrunk躯干骨appendicularskeleton四肢骨Typesofshapeinclude:

longbone长骨shortbone短骨flatbone扁骨

irregularbone不规则骨

13运动系统解剖学

Longbones(foundinlimbs):Diaphysisorshaft骨干,whichishollow(calledmedullarycavity骨髓腔),filledwithbonemarrowTwoends－epiphysis骺articularsurface关节面,metaphysis干骺端,epiphysialcartilage骺软骨,andepiphysialline骺线Shortbones:cuboidalinshape,e.g.carpalbones14运动系统解剖学Flatbones:thin,Irregularbones:haveanyirregularormixedshape,e.g.vertebrae,pneumaticbones含气骨*Sesamoidbones籽骨:developwithintendon15运动系统解剖学Generalstructuresofbone骨的构造Bonesubstance骨质compactbone

骨密质spongybone

骨松质

呈海绵状，由trabeculae骨小梁构成※Intheflatbonesoftheskull,thelayersofcompactbonearecalledtheouterplateandinnerplate外板和内板,whilethelayerofspongyboneiscalledthediploë板障

16运动系统解剖学Periosteum骨膜:

OuterorfibrouslayerInnerlayerisvascularandprovidestheunderlyingbonewithnutrition.Italsocontainsosteoblasts(成骨细胞)Endosteum骨内膜

isasingle-cellularosteogeniclayerliningtheinnersurfaceofbone.Bonemarrow骨髓Redmarrow红骨髓:haematopoietic造血Yellowmarrow黄骨髓:fatty17运动系统解剖学

Chemicalcompositionandphysicalproperties化学成分和物理性质Organicmaterial有机质：主要是骨胶原纤维束和粘多糖蛋白。构成支架，赋予骨的弹性和韧性。

Inorganicsalts无机质：主要是碱性磷酸钙。赋予骨硬度和脆性

OrganicmaterialInorganicsaltsChildren11Adult37Old1418运动系统解剖学Bonesoftrunk躯干骨

Composition:vertebrae,sacrum,coccyx,sternumandribs

Vertebrae椎骨Thereare33vertebraeinchildren,arrangedasfollows:Cervicalvertebrae颈椎C.7Thoracicvertebrae

胸椎T.12Lumbarvertebrae

腰椎L.5Sacralvertebrae

骶椎S.5sacrum骶骨Coccygealvertebrae

尾椎Co.3~4coccyx尾骨19运动系统解剖学GeneralfeaturesofvertebraeVertebralbody椎体Vertebralarch椎弓pedicleofvertebralarch椎弓根:sup.andinf.Vertebralnotch

椎上、下切迹

laminaofvertebralarch椎弓板process(7):spinousprocess棘突transverseprocess横突sup.andinf.articularprocesses上、下关节突Vertebralforamen椎孔

Vertebralcanal椎管Intervertebralforamen椎间孔20运动系统解剖学RegionalvariationsofvertebraeCervicalvertebraeVertebraeBody:smallVertebralforamen:largerandtriangularSpinousprocesses:shortandbifidinC3toC5,longinC6,andlongerinC7Transverseprocesses:shortandbifid,transverseforamen横突孔Articularprocesses:horizontal21运动系统解剖学Atlas寰椎(C1)Bodyandspinousprocessabsent,consistsofanteriorandposteriorarches,andtwolateralmassesGrooveforvertebralartery椎动脉沟22运动系统解剖学Axis枢椎(C2):distinguishedbydens齿突whicharticulateswithdentalfoveaofanteriorarchofatlas23运动系统解剖学Carotidtubercle:颈动脉结节:anteriortubercleoftransverseprocessofC6Vertebraprominens

隆椎(C7):containslongandnon-bifidspinousprocess,itisvisiblewithneckflexed,usedasclinicallandmarkincountingcervicalandthoracicspinousprocesses24运动系统解剖学Thoracicvertebrae

VertebraeBody：

heart-shape,superiorandinferiorcostalfovea上、下肋凹Vertebralforamen：

smaller,rounder

Spinousprocesses：

long,pointobliquelydownward

Transverseprocesses：transversecostalfovea横突肋凹

Articularprocesses:coronal

25运动系统解剖学VertebraeBody：larger,kidney-shapeVertebralforamen:largerandtriangularSpinousprocesses:projectshorizontallyTransverseprocesses:longArticularprocesses:sagittal26运动系统解剖学Sacrum

Anteriorsurface:

promontory岬,anteriorsacralforamina

骶前孔(fourpairs)

Posteriorsurface:

mediansacralcrest骶正中嵴,posteriorsacralforamina(fourpairs),sacralhiatus骶管裂孔，sacral

cornu骶角Lateralpart:

auricularsurface耳状面,sacraltuberosity骶粗隆27运动系统解剖学Transsacral(epidural)anasthesiaCornuapalpationSacralhiatus28运动系统解剖学Sternum

Manubriumsterni胸骨柄:jugularnotch颈静脉切迹,clavicularnotch锁切迹Bodyofsternum胸骨体

Xiphoidprocess★Sternalangle胸骨角:

thejunctionofmanubriumandbody,whichconnects2ndcostalcartilagelaterally,andliesoppositelowerborderofT4posteriorly29运动系统解剖学★Sternalangle胸骨角

whichconnects2ndcostalcartilagelaterally,andliesoppositelowerborderofT4posteriorly30运动系统解剖学Ribs肋:12pairGeneralfeaturesRibs1~7calledtrueribs真肋Ribs8~10calledfalseribs

假肋Ribs11~12calledfloatingribs

浮肋31运动系统解剖学

Characteristicsof“typical”ribPosteriorend:costalhead肋头,costalneck肋颈,costaltubercle肋结节

Shaft:costalangle肋角,costalgroove肋沟Anteriorend32运动系统解剖学AtypicalribFirstrib:tubercleforscalenusanterior前斜角肌结节,sulcusforsubclavianarteryandvein锁骨下动、静脉沟11thand12thribslackcostalnecks,tuberclesandangles33运动系统解剖学TheBonesofLimbs

山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华34运动系统解剖学Bonesofupperlimbs

Composition:Shouldgirdle上肢带骨clavicle锁骨，scapula肩胛骨Bonesoffreeupperlimb自由上肢骨Humerus肱骨inarmRadius桡骨andulna尺骨inforearmCarpal腕骨,metacarpals掌骨andphalanges指骨inhand35运动系统解剖学

Clavicle锁骨“S”shaped,medial2/3convexforwardandlateral1/3convexbackwardSternalend胸骨端mediallyandacromialend肩峰端laterally36运动系统解剖学Scapula

肩胛骨ThreebordersSuperior:coracoidprocess喙突,scapularnotch肩胛切迹Lateral(axillary)border腋缘Medial(vertebral)border脊柱缘ThreeanglesSuperior:oppositetothe2ndribInferior:oppositetothe7thribor7thintercostalsspaceLateral:glenoidcavity关节盂,

supra-andinfraglenoidtubercles盂上、下结节TwosurfacesAnteriorsurfaceconcave:subscapularfossa肩胛下窝Posteriorsurface:supra-andinfraspinousfossae冈上、下窝,

spineofscapula肩胛冈,acromion肩峰37运动系统解剖学

Humerus

肱骨Upperend:headofhumerus肱骨头,anatomicalneck解剖颈,greaterandlessertubercles大、小结节,crestsofgreaterandlessertubercle,大、小结节嵴，intertuberculargroove结节间沟,surgicalneck外科颈Shaft:deltoidtuberosity三角肌粗隆onlateralsurface,andagrooveforradialnerve桡神经沟onposteriorsurfaceLowerend:lateralandmedialepicondyles内、外上髁,capitulum肱骨小头,trochlea肱骨滑车,coranoidfossa冠突窝andradialfossa桡窝(anteriorly)andolecranonfossa鹰嘴窝(posteriorly),andsulcusforulnarnerve尺神经沟38运动系统解剖学RadiusUpperend:headofradius桡骨头,neckofradius桡骨颈,radialtuberosity桡骨粗隆,andarticularcircumference环状关节面Shaft：interosseousborder骨间缘Lowerend:styloidprocess

茎突laterally,ulnarnotch尺切迹medially,andcarpalarticularsurface腕关节面inferiorly39运动系统解剖学Fractureofthedistalendpftheradius

40运动系统解剖学UlnarUpperend:olecranon鹰嘴

coronoidprocess

冠突

trochlearnotch滑车切迹

radialnotch

桡切迹ulnartubersity尺骨粗隆

Lowerendstyloidprocess尺骨茎突headofulna尺骨头41运动系统解剖学Carpalbones腕骨Proximalrow―(lateraltomedial)scaphoid手舟骨,lunate月骨,triquetral三角骨

andpisiform豌豆骨Distalrow―(lateraltomedial)trapezium大多角骨,trapezoid小多角骨,capitate头状骨

andhamate钩骨Metacarpalbones掌骨NumberedonetofivefromthumbtolittlefingerStructureofeach―base(proximally),shaft,andhead(distally)Phalangesoffingers指骨Consistof14―twoforfirstdigit(thumb)andthreeforeachofotherfourdigitsStructureofeach―base(proximally),shaft,andtrochleaofphalanx(distally),tuberosityofdistalphalanx远节指骨粗隆42运动系统解剖学BonesofLowerLimb

Composition:

Pelvicgirdle:hipbone髋骨Bonesoffreelowerlimb:Femur股骨inthigh(patella髌骨)Tibia胫骨andfibula腓骨inlegTarsals跗骨,metatarsals跖骨,phalangesoftoes趾骨infoot43运动系统解剖学Hipbone

Consistingofthreefusedbones,ilium,ischium,pubisIlium髂骨Bodyofilium髂骨体

toformsuperior2/5ofacetabulum髋臼Alaofilium髂骨翼:iliaccrest髂嵴,anteriorsuperior

iliacspine髂前上棘，anteriorinferioriliacspine髂前下棘,tubercleofiliaccrest髂结节,posteriorsuperior

iliacspine髂后上棘，posteriorinferioriliacspine髂后下棘,greatersciaticnotch坐骨大切迹,glutealsurface臀面，iliacfossa髂窝,arcuateline弓状线,auricularsurface耳状面,iliactuberosity髂粗隆,44运动系统解剖学Ischium坐骨Bodyofischium坐骨体―toformposteriorandinferior2/5ofacetabulum,ischialspine坐骨棘,lessersciaticnotch坐骨小切迹Ramusofischium坐骨支,ischialtuberosity坐骨结节Pubis耻骨Bodyofpubis耻骨体―toformanteriorandinferior1/5ofacetabulum,iliopubiceminence髂耻隆起Superiorramusofpubis耻骨上支:pectenofpubis耻骨梳,pubictubercle耻骨结节,pubiccrest耻骨嵴,symphysialsurface耻骨联合面Inferiorramusofpubis耻骨下支:obturatorforamen闭孔Acetabulum髋臼―formedbybodiesofischium,iliumandpubisLunatesurface月状面,acetabularfossa髋臼窝,acetabularnotch髋臼切迹45运动系统解剖学

Femur

股骨Upperend:femoralhead股骨头,foveaoffemoralhead股骨头凹,neckoffemur股骨颈,greater

trochanter大转子，lessertrochanter小转子,

intertrochantericline转子间线,intertrochantericcrest转子间嵴Shaft:lineaaspera粗线,glutealtuberosity臀肌粗隆,pectinealline耻骨肌线，poplitealsurface腘面

Lowerend:medialandlateralcondyles内、外侧髁，medialandlateral

epicondyles内、外上髁,adductortubercle收肌结节，

intercondylarfossa髁间窝,patellarsurface髌面46运动系统解剖学Fractureofthefemoralneck47运动系统解剖学Tibia

胫骨Upperend:medialandlateralcondyles内、外侧髁,intercondylareminence髁间隆起,fibulararticularsurface腓关节面,tuberosityoftibia胫骨粗隆

Shaft:interosseousborder骨间缘,solealline比目鱼肌线Lowerend:fibularnotch腓切迹,medialmalleolus内踝48运动系统解剖学

Fibula

腓骨Upperend:fibular

head腓骨头,neckoffibula腓骨颈Shaft:interosseousborder骨间缘Lowerend:lateralmalleolus外踝Patella髌骨triangularsesamoidbone49运动系统解剖学Tarsalbones

跗骨ConsistofsevenshortbonesarrangedinthreerowPosteriorrow―talus距骨,calcaneus跟骨Intermediaterow―navicularbone足舟骨Anteriorrow―medial,intermediate,andlateralcuneiforms内侧、中间和外侧楔骨,cuboidbone骰骨50运动系统解剖学

Metatarsalbones跖骨Consistoffiveelongatedbones,numberedonetofivemedialtolateralStructureofeach―base(proximally),shaft,andhead(distally)ineachPhalangesoftoes趾骨Consistof14―twoforfirsttoe(hallux)andthreeforeachofotherfourtoes※Surfacelandmarks:

trochleaoftalus距骨滑车,calcanealtuberosity跟骨结节,tuberosityofnavicularbone舟骨粗隆,andtuberosityoffifthmetatarsalbone第五跖骨粗隆51运动系统解剖学Skull颅山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华52运动系统解剖学Theskulliscomposedof23bones,whichmaybedividedintothecerebralcraniumandfacialcranium

Cerebralcranium

脑颅(8)―larger,upperandposteriorpart,containsandprotectsthebrainSinglebones:includefrontalbone额骨,ethmoidbone筛骨,sphenoidbone蝶骨,occipitalbone

枕骨Pairedbones:includetemporalbone颞骨parietalbone顶骨

53运动系统解剖学Bonesoffacialcranium

面颅(15)―smaller,lower,andanteriorpart,containsbonesthatsurroundedtheeye,noseandmouthSinglebones:include

mandible下颌骨,vomer

犁骨hyoidbone舌骨Pairedbones:includemaxilla上颌骨,nasalbone鼻骨,

lacrimalbone泪骨,palatinebone腭骨,zygomaticbone颧骨,inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲54运动系统解剖学FrontalboneZygomaticboneNasalboneMaxilla

MandibleSphenoidbone

parietalbone

TemporalboneOccipitalbone55运动系统解剖学面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌，

外颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚。56运动系统解剖学Theskullasawhole颅的整体观Skullviewedfromabove(superiorview)Bones:frontal额,pairedparietal顶,occipital枕Sutures:coronal冠状缝,sagittal矢状缝,lambdoid人字缝parietaltuber顶结节，

parietalforamen顶孔Internalsurfaceofthecalvaria

sulcusforsuperiorsagittalsinus上矢状窦沟granularfoveola颗粒小凹arterialgrooves动脉沟Skullviewedfrombehind

externaloccipitalprotuberance枕外隆凸superiornuchalline上项线58运动系统解剖学Internalviewofbaseofskull

颅底内面观BaseofskullformsthreefossaeAnteriorcranialfossa

颅前窝Meddlecranialfossa

颅中窝Posteriorcranialfossa颅后窝59运动系统解剖学Anteriorcranialfossa颅前窝Formedbyorbitalpartoffrontalbone,cribriformplateofethmoid,andlesserwingsofsphenoidStructures:frontalcrest额嵴

foramencecum

盲孔

cristagalli鸡冠

cribriformplate筛板

cribriformforamina

筛孔60运动系统解剖学Meddlecranialfossa

颅中窝Formedbythebodyandgreaterwingsofsphenoid,petrouspartoftemporalStructures:bodyofsphenoidbone

蝶骨体

hypophysialfossa垂体窝

opticcanal视神经管anteriorclinoidprocess

前床突

tuberculumsellae鞍结节

dorsumsellae鞍背

posteriorclinoidprocess

后床突

sellaturcica蝶鞍

61运动系统解剖学Meddlecranialfossa

颅中窝carotidsulcus颈动脉沟

superiororbitalfissure眶上裂foramenrotundum圆孔

foramenovale卵圆孔

foramenspinosum棘孔sulcusformiddlemeningealartery脑膜中动脉沟foramenlacerum破裂孔

internalopeningofcarotidcanal颈脉管内口trigeminalimpression三叉神经压迹tegmentympani鼓室盖

62运动系统解剖学Posteriorcranialfossa

颅后窝FormedbyoccipitalandthepetrouspartoftemporalStructures:foramenmagnum枕骨大孔

clivus斜坡

internalopeningofhypoglossalcanal舌下神经管内口

internaloccipitalprotuberance

枕内隆凸internaloccipital

crest枕内嵴

sulcusfortransversesinus横窦沟

sulcusforsigmoidsinus乙状窦沟

jugularforamen颈静脉孔

internalacousticpore内耳门internalacousticmeatus内耳道63运动系统解剖学Skullseenfrombelow(inferiorview)alveolararch牙槽弓bonypalate骨腭medianpalatinesuture腭正中缝incisiveforamina切牙孔incisivecanal切牙管greaterpalatineforamen腭大孔posteriornasalapertures鼻后孔pterygoidprocess翼突occipitalcondyle枕髁externalopeningofhypoglossalcanal舌下神经管外口externalopeningofcarotidcanal颈动脉管外口styloidprocess茎突stylomastoidforamen

茎乳孔mandibularfossa下颌窝articulartubercle

关节结节64运动系统解剖学

Lateralviewoftheskull

颅侧面观externalacousticpore外耳门

mastoidprocess乳突

zygomaticarch颧弓

temporalfossa颞窝

pterion翼点pterygomaxillaryfissure翼上颌裂pterygopalatinefossa翼腭窝

sphenopalatineforamen蝶腭孔

65运动系统解剖学Skullviewedfromthefront(anteriorview)

颅的前面观Frontalregion:frontalsquama额鳞

frontaltuber额结节superciliaryarch眉弓

glabella

眉间66运动系统解剖学Orbit眶pyramid