2014年真题b5试题本英语试卷11.11版

★启 年入学统一考管理类专业联英语试 年管理类专业联考英语（二SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ForeachnumberedblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,D.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1.(10Thinnerisn'talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave1thatnormal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsomediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightisactually2.Forexample,heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.3amongtheelderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan4ofgoodOfevengreater5isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itisoften6bodymassindex,orBMI.BMI7bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideredtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.Obesity,8,canbedividedintomoderayobese,severelyobese,andveryseverelyWhilesuchnumericalstandardsseem9,theyarenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,10otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor11.Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballyers12asobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatislow.Conversely,someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfatbuta13BMI.Todaywehavea(an)14tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightsometimes15inthemediawiththeirfacescovered.Stereotypes16withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.Teachers,employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese.17veryyoungchildrentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity, inhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberof .Myownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.Mic eObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilityn20 childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.[A] [B] [C] [A] [B] [C] [A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A] [B] [C] [D][A]interms [B]incase [C]infavor [D]in7.[A][B][D]8.[A]in[B]in[C]in[D]in9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]SectionII PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40TextWhatwouldyoudowith590m?ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMackenzie,an84-year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew-foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfillment,shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethDumnandMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.Yetsatisfactionwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyquicklywhatwasonceexcitingandnew esold-hat;regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,sayMsDumnandMrNorton,likeinterestingtrips,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchases emorevaluablewithtime-asstoriesormemories-particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost"happinessbangforyourbuck."Itseemsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingevision(somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoptwomonthsayearng,andishardlyjollierforit).Buyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsforoneself,andluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonMacDonald'srestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib-amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.Readersof"HappyMoney"areclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfillment,nothunger.Moneymaynotquitebuyhappiness,butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpoorones.Yetthelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityenhancesthepleasureofmostthingsformostpeople.Noteveryonewillagreewiththeauthors' ideas,whichrangefrommandatingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent.AccordingtoDumnandNorton,whichofthefollowingisthemostrewarding[A]Arich [B]Aspecial [C]Astylish [D]AbigTheauthor'sattitudetowardAmericans'watchingTV Macribismentionedinparagraph3toshow popularityusuallycomesafter [B]consumersaresometimesmarketingtricksareafter [D]raritygenerallyincreasesAccordingtothelastparagraph,Happy mayprovetobeaworthwhilehasleftmuchroomforreaders'criticism[C]haspredictedawider egapintheus[D]maygiveitsreadersasenseofachievementThistextmainlydiscusseshowto [A]balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoney[B]spendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteries[C]obtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyemorereasonableinspendingonTextAnarticleinScientificAmericahaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchsaysthat,actually,youthinkyou'remorebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep-seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself-enhancingstrategiestoresearchintowhatthecallthe"aboveaverageeffect",or"illusorysuperiority",andshownthat,forexample,70%ofusrateourselvesasaboveaverageWerosetintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself-affirmingsituations.We edefensivewhencriticized,andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostourownesteem,westalkaroundthinkingwe'rehotstuff.PsychologistandbehavioralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyingintoself-enhancementandattractiveness.Ratherthathavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycompresswithothers,heaskedthemtoidentifyanoriginalphotograghofthemselves'fromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmoreandlessattractive.Visualrecognition,readsthestudy,is"anautomaticpsychologicalprocessoccurringrapidlyandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdeliberation".Ifthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatteringimage-whichmustdid-theygenuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowtheylooked.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Norwasthereanyevidencethat,thosewhoself-enhancethemust(thatis,theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpicturewerereal)werengsotomakeupforprofoundinsecurities.Infactthosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewererealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermakersforhavinghigherself-esteem."Idon'tthinkthefindingsthatwehavinghaveareanyevidenceof aldelusion",saysEpley."It'sareflectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves'.Ifyouaredepressed,youwon'tbeself-enhancing.KnowingtheresultsofEpley'sstudy,itmakessensethatwhypeopleheatphotographsofthemselvesViscerally-ononelevel,theydon'tevenrecognizethe inthepictureasthemselves,Facebooktherefore,isaself-enhancer'sparadise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,inlectandlifestyleit'snotthatpeople'sprofilesaredishonest,saysCatalinatomaofWiscon-Madisonuniversity,"buttheyportrayanidealizedversionofAccordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologisthavefound ourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyillusorysuperiorityisbaselessself-enhancingstrategiesareourneedforleadershipisVisualrecognitionisbelievedtobe rapidconsciousEpleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherself-esteemtended underestimatetheircoveruptheirbelieveintheiroversimplifytheirTheTheword"Viscerally"(Line2,para.5)isclosestinmeaning Itcanbeinferredthat isself-enhancer'sparadisebecausepeoplecan [A]presenttheirdishonestprofileswithholdtheirunflatteringsharetheir lectualCryingishardlyanactivityencouragedbysocietyTearsbetheyofsorrow,angeronjoytypicallymakeAmericansfeel fortableandembarrassed.Theshedderoftearsislikelytoapologize,evenwhenadevastating(性的)tragedywastheprovocation.Theobserveroftearsislikelytodoeverythingpossibletoputanendtotheemotionaloutpouring.Butjudgingformrecentstudiesofcryingbehavior,linksbetweenillnessandcryingandthechemicalcompositionoftears,boththoseresponsetotearsareofteninappropriateandmayevenbecounterproductive.Humansaretheonlyanimalsdefiniyknowntoshedemotionaltears.Sinceevolutionhasgivenrisetofew,ifany,purposelessphysiologicalresponse,itislogicaltoassumethatcryinghasoneormorefunctionsthatenhancesurvival.Althoughsomeobservershavesuggestedthatcryingisawaytoclicitassistancefromothers(asacryingbabymightfromitsmother),thesheddingoftearsishardlynecessarytogethelp.Vocalcrieswouldhavebeenquiteenough,morelikelythantearstogainattention,So,itappears,theremustbesomethingspecialabouttearsthemselves.Indeed,thenewstudiessuggestthatemotionaltearsmayyadirectroleinalleviatingstress,UniversityofMinnesotaresearcherswhoarestudyingthechemicalcompositionoftearshaverecentlyisolatedtwoimportantchemicalsfromemotionaltears.BothchemicalsarefoundonlyintearsthatareResearchersatseveralotherinstitutionsareinvestigatingtheusefulnessoftearsasameansofdiagnosinghumanillsandmonitoringdrugs.AtTulaneUniversity’sTeatysisLaboratoryDr.PeterKastlandhiscolleaguesreportthattheycanusetearstodetectdrugabuseandexposuretomedication(药物),todeterminewhetheracontactlensfitsproperlyofwhyitmaybe fortable,tostudythecausesof“dryeye”syndromeandtheeffectsofeyesurgery,andperhapseventomeasureexposuretoenvironmentalpollutants.AtColumbiaUniversityDt.LiasyFarisandcolleaguesarestudyingtearsforcluestothediagnosisawayfromtheeyes.Tearscanbeobtainedpainlesslywithoutinvadingthebodyandonlytinyamountsareneededtoperformhighlyrefinedyses.Itisknownfromthefirstparagraph sheddinglearsgivesunpleasantfeelingstocryingmayoftenimitatepeopleorevenresultincryingusuallywinssympathyfromotheronewhoshedstearsinpublicwillbeWhatdoes“boththoseresponsestotears”(Line6,Para,1)referCryingoutofsorrowandsheddingtearsforTheembarrassmentandunpleasantsensationoftheThetearshedder’sapologyandtheobserver’sefforttostoptheLinkingillnesswithcryingandfindingthechemicalcompositionof“Counterproductive”(Lines6-7,Para,1)veryprobablymeans havingnoeffectatleadingtoproducingdisastrousharmfultoWhatdoestheauthorsayaboutItisapointlessphysiologicalresponsetotheItmusthavearoletoyinman’sItismeanttogetattentionandItusuallyproducesthedesiredWhatcanbeinferredfromthenewstudiesofEmotionaltearshavethefunctionofreducingExposuretoexcessivemedicationmayincreaseemotionalEmotionaltearscangiveriseto“dryeye”syndromeinsomeEnvironmentalpollutantscaninducethesheddingofemotionalWhentheernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroads,railways,broadbandandenergy.Housingisseldommentioned.Whyisthat?Tosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.Wehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtherealvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofsoitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.ButperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallyNevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityfortheernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister,DonFoster,hashintedthatGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatlocalcanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000extranewhomescouldbebuiltoverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted,increasingGDPbyMinistersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironment,whichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues.Butitisnotjustdowntotheernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbe eintheshortterm,wemustfaceuptothefactthattheexisting?4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousing,settoexpirein2015,isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartofthecoalition'sspendingnsifreturnstopower.Thehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverreturntoeraoflarge-scalepublicgrants.Weneedtoadjusttothischangingclimate.TheauthorbelievesthatthehousinghasattractedmuchshoulderstoomuchhaslostitsrealvalueinItcanbelearnedthataffordablehousingincreaseditshomeofferedspendingsufferedernmentdisappointedtheAccordingtoParagraph5,GeorgeOsborne allowgreaterernmentdebtforstoplocalfrombuildingpreparetoreducehousingstockreleasealiftedGDPgrowthItcanbeinferredthatastablerentalenvironmentwould [A]lowerthecostsofregisteredproviderslessentheimpactofernmentcontributetofundingnewdevelopments[D]relievetheministersofresponsibilitiesTheauthorbelievesthatafter2015,theernmentmay [A]implementmorepoliciestosupporthousing[B]reviewtheneedforlarge-scalepublicgrants[C]renewtheaffordablehousinggrantsprogramme[D]stopgenerousfundingtothehousingsectorDirections:Readthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.(10points)monGround-LandArtinThetermLandArtbringstomindepicinterventionsinthelandsuchasRobertSmithson'sSpiralJetty,6,500tonsofbasalt,earthandsaltprojectingintoUtah'sGreatSaltLake,orRodenCrater,anextinctvolcanoinArizona,whichJamesTurrellhasbeentransformingintoanimmensenaked-eyeobservatorysince1979.RichardLong'sALineMadeByWalking,however,involvednothingmorestrenuousthana20-minutetrainridefromWaterloo.Havinggotoffsomewhereinsuburbia,thewalkedbackwardsandforwardsoverapieceofgrassuntilthesquashedturfformedaline-akindofdrawingontheland.EmerginginthelateSixtiesandreachingapeakintheSeventies,LandArtwasoneofarangeofnewforms,includingBodyArt,PerformanceArt,ActionArtandInstallationArt,whichpushedartbeyondthetraditionalconfinesofthestudioandgallery.Ratherthanportrayinglandscape,landsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfastheirmedium.ThemessageofthissurveyofBritishlandart-themostcomprehensivetodate-isthattheBritishvariant,typifiedbyLong'spiece,wasnotonlymoredomesticallyscaled,butalotquirkierthanitsAmericancounterpart.Indeed,whileyoumightassumethatanexhibitionofLandArtwouldconsistonlyofrecordsofworksratherthantheworksthemselves,Long'sphotographofhisworkisthework.Sincehis"action"isinthepastthephotographisitssoleembodiment.Thatmightseemratheranobscurepoint,butitsetsthetoneforanexhibitionthatcontainsalotofblack-and-whitephotographsandrelativelyfewnaturalobjects.LongisBritain'sbest-knownLandandhisStoneCircle,aperfectringofpurplishrocksfromPortisheadbeachlaidoutonthegalleryfloor,representstheelegant,rarefiedsideoftheform.TheBoyleFamily,ontheotherhand,standforitsdirty,urbanaspect.ComprisingsMarkBoyleandJoanHillsandtheirchildren,theyrecreatedrandomsectionsoftheBritishlandscapeongallerywalls.TheirOlafStreetStudy,asquareofbrick-strewnwasteground,isoneofthefewworksheretoembracethemundanitythatcharacterisesmostofourexperienceofthelandscapemostoftheParksfeature,particularlyintheearlierworks,suchasJohnHilliard'sveryfunnyAcrossthePark,inwhichalong-hairedstrollerisvariouslysdatbyaprettygirlandunwittinglyassaultedinasequenceofimagesthatturnouttobedifferentpartsofthesamephotograph.GenerallyhoweverBritishlandspreferredtogetawayfromtowns,gravitatingtowardslandscapesthataretraditionallyconsideredbeautifulsuchastheLakeDistrictortheWiltshireDowns.Whileitprobablywasn'tapparentatthetime,muchofthisworkispermeatedbyaspiritofromanticescapismthatthelikesofWordsworthwouldhavereadilyunderstood.DerekJarman'syellow-tintedfilmTowardsAvebury,acollectionoflong,mostlystillshotsoftheWiltshirelandscape,evokesatraditionofEnglishlandscapepaintingstretchingfromSamuelPalmertoPaulNash.InthecaseofHamishFulton,youcan'thelpfeelingthattheScottishhassimplyfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingpay.Atypicalwork,suchasSevenDays,consistsofasinglebeautifulblack-and-whitephotographtakenonanepicwalk,withtheageandnumberofdaystakenlistedbeneath.BritishLandArtasshowninthiswellselected,butrelativelymodestlyscaledexhibitionwasn'taboutimposingonthe