语言学概论考研复习精编电话4008

《2016中山大学834语言学概论C考研复习精编注重联系，强化。复习指南分析各章节在考试中的地位和作用，并将各章节对知识的,提取和应用。2、稳扎稳打，夯实基础考生C：本科院校和所学专业都不是我理想的，所以我信誓旦旦准备考研，跨考的压力很大，我又是不大总结归纳和分析的人，博学的给我吃了一颗小小的，有对的讲解，更有对的详细解析，以及对出题规律的把握，相信我一定能考好！目I序言II必III复习方略IV考试分析V复习指南VI考点解Chapter1InvitationstoLinguisticsChapter2SpeechSoundsChapter3Chapter4FromWordtoTextChapter5MeaningChapter6LanguageandCognitionChapter7Language,Culture,andSocietyChapter8LanguageinUseChapter9LanguageandLi Chapter10LanguageandComputerChapter11LinguisticsandForeignLanguageTeachingChapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModernLinguisticsQuestions&AnswersfromtheCourseBookVII往年试卷与答案解中山大学2014年招收攻读入学考试试中山大学2013年招收攻读入学考试试中山大学2012年招收攻读入学考试试中山大学2011年招收攻读入学考试试中山大学2010年招收攻读入学考试试中山大学2009年招收攻读入学考试试中山大学2008年招收攻读入学考试试题中山大学2014年招收攻读入学考试试题答案解中山大学2013年招收攻读入学考试试题答案解中山大学2012年招收攻读入学考试试题答案解中山大学2011年招收攻读入学考试试题答案解中山大学2010年招收攻读入学考试试题答案解中山大学2009年招收攻读入学考试试题答案解中山大学2008年招收攻读入学考试试题答案解 专业课IX专业课辅导班习指《语言学Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModern一、本章复习提示本章主要介绍了语言学界各大流派的语言学观点以及其发展历史,主要包括布拉格学派，伦敦学派，结构主义学派，以及转换生成学派等。作为的最后一章，本章的重要性二、本章知识框架图Ⅵ考点解《语言学Chapter12TheoriesandSchoolsofModern一、ModernlinguisticsbeganfromtheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussure,whoisoftendescribedas“fatherofmodernlinguistics”and“amasterofadisciplinewhichhemademodern”.SaussurebelievedthatlanguageisaSYSTEMOFSIGNS.ThisSIGNistheunionofaformandanidea,whichSaussurecalledtheSIGNIFIERandtheSIGNIFIED.ManypeoplebelievethatSaussurewasalsoinfluencedbywesterneconomictheoriesofthetime.HisLinguistictheoriesonthenatureofthelinguisticsign,LANGUEvs.PAROLE,SYNTAGMATICvs.PARADIGMATIC,andSYNCHRONICvs.DIACHRONIC,canfindtheirtracesintheeconomictheoriesofEuropean二、ThePragueThePragueSchoolcanbetracedbacktoitsfirstmeetingundertheleadershipofV.Mathesiusin1926.Thisschoolpracticedaspecialstyleofsynchroniclinguistics,anditsmostimportantcontributiontolinguisticsisthatitseeslanguageintermsoffunction.PhonologyandPhonologicalThePragueSchoolisbestknownandrememberedforitscontributiontophonologyandthedistinctionbetweenphoneticsandphonology.ThephonologicaloppositionscanbesummarizedasBilalIfthefeatureswhichtwophonemessharebelongonlytothem,theyarebilal lItisamorelooselyestablishedrelationship:/a/and/i/forinstancearealikeonlytotheextentthatbotharevowels,aqualitysharedbyanyotherpairsovowels.Twophonemesareproportionalifthesamecontrastivefeaturesalsoserveasthedifferentiatingcriterionforotherpairsofphonemes.IsolatedIfthecontrastivefeatureisuniquetothepair,thatis,itisnotacontrastivefeatureofotherpairsofphonemesinthelanguage,thenthephonemesareinisolatedPrivativeOnememberofacontrastivepairmaybecharacterizedbythepresenceofacertainfeature,theotherbyitsabsence.GradualIfthepairssharedifferentdegreesofafeature,theirrelationisgradualIfthepairisnotingradualopposition,norinprivativeopposition,theyarelogicallyNeutralisableTheoppositionoccurswhentwosoundscontrastinsomepositionsbutnotinConstantThepairofsoundsoccursinallpossiblepositionswithoutneutralizingFunctionalSentenceFUNCTIONALSENTENCE (FSP)isatheoryoflinguisticysiswhichreferstoanysisofutncesortextsintermsoftheinformationtheycontain.Theprincipleisthattheroleofeachutncepartisevaluatedforitssemanticcontributiontothewhole.Thepointofdepartureisequallypresenttothespeakerandtothehearer—itisthegroundonwhichtheymeetandiscalledtheTHEME.Thegoalofdiscoursepresentstheveryinformationthatistobeimpartedtothehearer,andiscalledtheRHEME.Inresearchintotherelationbetweenstructureandfunction,J.FirbasdevelopedthenotionofCOMMUNICATIVEDYNAMISM,basedonthefactthatlinguisticcommunicationisnotastaticphenomenon,butadynamicone.三、heLondonMalinowskiwasProfessorofAnthropologyattheLondonSchoolofEconomicsfrom1927onwards.Themostimportantaspectofhistheorizing,asdistinctfromhispurelyethnographicwork,concernedthefunctioningoflanguage.Hedistinguishedthreetypesofcontextofsituation:（1）situationsinwhichspeechinterrelateswithbodilyactivity;（2）narrativesituations;and（3）situationsinwhichspeechisusedtofillaspeechvacuum—PHATICCOMMUNION.FirstWhileFirthinheritedthetraditionbytakingupsomeofSaussure’sandMalinowski’sviews,hedevelopedtheirtheoriesandputforwardhisownoriginalpointsofview.ByCONTECTOFSITUATION,Firthmeantaseriesofcontextsofsituation,eachsmalleronebeingembeddedintoalarger,totheextentthatallthecontextsofsituationyessentialpartsinthewholeofthecontextofculture.Inyzingatypicalcontextofsituation,onehastotakeintoconsiderationboththeSITUATIONALCONTEXTandtheLINGUISTICECONTEXTofatext:SecondFirth’ssecondimportantcontributiontolinguisticsishismethodofPROSODIC calledPROSODICPHONOLOGY,putforwardinapaperpresentedatLondonPhilologicalSocietyin1984.Ⅶ往年试卷与答案解析往年考研试卷中山大学2008年攻读入学考试试科目名称：语言学概论TranscribethefollowingwordsintoIPAsymbols,withstressmarkingwherenecessary.(10points)Fillinthefollowingblanks.(15 proposesa ,interalandtextualfunctions.Therehasbeen whichclaimsthat“YouarewhatyouThetheoryofconversationalimplicaturewasproposedSystemic-FunctionalGr r,unliketraditionalgr rwhichtakessentenceasthelargestunit,takes asthebasicunit.referstoacollectionoflinguisticdata,eithercompiledaswrittentextsorasatranscriptionofrecordedspeech.Inlinguistics, referstothestudyoftherules erningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orsimply,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.Atdifferenttimes,differentpatternsofmetreandsoundhavedeveloped acceptedaswaysofstructuringpoems.Amongthem, consistsoflinesiniambicpentameterwhichdonotrhyme.Thetypeoflanguageconstructedbysecondorforeignlanguagelearnerswhoarestillintheprocessoflearningalanguageisoftenreferredtoas Erroristhegrticallyincorrectform; appearswhenthelanguageiscorrectgrticallybutimproperinacommunicationalcontext.Inresearchintotherelationbetweenstructureandfunction,J.Firbasdevelopedthenotionof.Thisnotionisbasedonthefactthatlinguisticcommunicationisnotastaticphenomenon,butadynamicone.InHallday’ssystemicGrr,asystemisalistofthingsbetweenwhichitispossibletochoose.Sotheyaremeanings,whichthegrrcandistinguish.Theitemsinasystemarecalled.Thepresentsystemofthe derivesmainlyfromonedevelopedinthe1920sbytheBritishphonetician,DanielJones(1881-1967),andhiscolleaguesatUniversityofAsthelexicalwordscarrythemaincontentofalanguagewhilethegrticalonesservetolinkitsdifferentpartstogether,thelexicalwordsarealsoknownascontentwordsandgrticalones Thetheoryofmeaningwhichrelatesthemeaningofawordtothethingitrefersto,orstandsfor,isknownasthe Atwhatpointismeaningextractedfromthewordsinatext?Thereaderissupposedtocarryouttheprocessesrequiredtounderstandeachwordanditsrelationshiptopreviouswordsinthesentenceassoonasthatwordisencountered;thisisknownastheDefinethefollowingterms.(50textualExinthefollowingstatementswithexamples.(30Linguisticsisnottheonlyfieldconcernedwithlanguage.Otherdisciplinessuchassociology,psychology,ethnographyarealsopreoccupiedwithlanguage.SemanticchangeysaveryimportantroleinwideningthevocabularyofaLanguageisamirrorofthemindinadeepandsignificantAnswerthefollowingquestionswithexampleswherenecessary.(45WhyshouldweteachorlearnWhatarethemajortypesoflanguageWhatisthemaindifferencebetween llanguageandfigurative往年考 解中山大学2008年攻读入学考试试题答案解科目名称：语言学概论Ⅰ.TranscribethefollowingwordsintoIPAsymbols，wit