高中英语Unit3Thelanddownunder文章文化2人教版第三册

C1.NewSettlements

As

a

prelude

to

increased

British

interest,

Captain

JamesStirling

(later

Sir

James)explored

the

SwanRiver

onthe

western

coast

in1827andled

agroup

ofBritish

investors

in

the

establishment

of

Western

Australia

in

1829.

Underfinanced,

Stirling's

newsettlement

of

free

settlers

at

Perth

stagnated.

In

1850

the

colony

requested

convictsto

increase

its

labor

supply

andreceived

about10,000until1868.Onlywiththediscovery

ofgoldinthe1890s,however,wasthefortuneof

WesternAustraliareversed.

SouthAustralia,

with

its

capital

of

Adelaide,

was

established

in

July

1837.

It

wastheplan

of

Edward

Wakefield,

aBritish

reformer

whowantedto

create

newcoloniesreflectingBritishculturalvalues.

Bysellinglandratherthangivingitaway(the

past

British

practice),

Wakefield

hopedto

usethe

incometosponsortheimmigrationoflaborersto

meetthe

needsof

colonial

farmers.

Bycontrolling

land

prices,

heassumedhecouldregulate

colonial

expansion.Thenewcolony

eventually

succeeded

as

asociety

of

small

grain

farmers.

Like

eachofthe

other

colonies,

it

failed

to

recognize

therights

oftheAborigines.

C2.GrowthofSheepGrazing

Australiansoilsandclimate,withtherecurrent

droughts,

were

better

suited

for

large-scale

grazing

than

for

farming,

andthe

mostsuccessful

and

dramatic

transformation

of

the

Australian

continent

occurred

in

the

1830s

and

1840s,

as

squatters

established

hugesheepruns.

Payingonly

10poundsayearforalicense,squatterscould

claimvirtuallyasmuchlandastheywanted.TheexpansionofsheepgrazingresultedinthecolonizationofthePortPhillipdistrict,which

in1850becamethecolonyofVictoria,withits

capitalatMelbourne(foundedin1836).Tothe

north,

graziers

also

gavetheoutlinesto

another

colony,

Queensland(with

its

capital

atBrisbane),

which

wasseparatedfromNewSouthWalesin1859.

From1830to1850woolexports

rose

from2million

poundsto41millionpounds.Withnewimmigrants

andthe

growthofthe

capital

cities,

eachof

which

served

as

the

major

port

for

its

region,

the

Australian

colonies

began

to

agitate

for

more

controlovertheirgovernmentalsystems.

C3.DevelopmentofPoliticalInstitutions

Thetransfer

of

moreauthority

from

Britain

to

the

colonies

washelpedbyBritain's

adoption

of

free

tradeinthelate1840s.Freetrade,whichmeant

that

Britain

would

buy

from

the

lowest-price

supplierandsellinthemostprofitablemarket,

eliminated-at

least

in

principle-the

need

for

colonies.Thus,in1850,withouthavingtounite

into

acommonfront,

theeasterncolonies

received

newconstitutions.

Victoria,

SouthAustralia,

and

Van

Diemen'sLand

(which

changedits

nameto

Tasmaniain1854)weregiven

legislative

councils,

withtwo-thirdsofthemembershiptobeelected.

NewSouthWaleshadbeengrantedthesameprovision

in1842.

Bythe

mid-1850s

eachof

the

four

eastern

colonies

refashioneditsgovernmentalsystemandgained

control

overits

land

policy.

The

newsystems

vestedpowerinacabinetorcouncilof

ministers

responsible

to

the

legislature

and

provideda

popularly

elected

assembly

as

apart

of

that

legislature.Votingbyballot(insteadofbythe

raisingofhands)andotherinnovationsmadethe

newgovernments

quite

democratic.

The

new

constitutions

reflected

the

interests

of

the

urban

populations,whowantedtoreducethepolitical

power

of

the

graziers,

but

the

graziers

still

managed,during

the1850sand1860s,togainmore

securityintheirlandholdings.

C4.GoldRushandConsequences

Thegold

rush

of

the

1850sspedupthe

development

of

the

social

andpolitical

systems.

In

April

1851,

EdwardHargravesfoundgoldatSummerHillCreek

inNewSouth

Wales.Withtherecent

experience

of

the

California

gold

rushin

mind,

othersjoined

in

the

rush,

which

quickly

became

centered

in

Victoria

at

MountAlexander,

Ballarat,

andBendigo.

Goldwaslater

foundelsewhereinNewSouth

Wales

andQueensland.

Inthefollowingtenyears,Australiaexported

morethan124millionpoundsworthof

goldalone.

By

1861

the

Australian

population

had

reached

almost

1.2

million,

athreefold

increase

over

the

1850populationof400,000.Americansaswellas

Britons

andCanadians

joined

the

immigrants

tothe

eastern

colonies.

In

Victoria,

miners

quickly

became

irritated

with

the

high

cost

of

mining

licenses

andrestrictions

ontheir

right

to

search

forgold.Beforethefeeswerereduced,asmall

bandofminersstagedanuprisingattheEureka

stockadeatBallaratinDecember1854.

Bothminers

andcolonists

responded

with

alarmto

the

influx

ofChinese

immigrants

attracted

bygold.

In

1856Victoria

restricted

the

entry

of

Chinese.

Eventually,

the

exclusion

of

all

but

European

settlersgavethecoloniesa"WhiteAustralia"

policy

that

wasdefended

vigorously

wheneverthere

appearedtobenewthreatstoAustralianjobsor

culture.OnoccasionitseemedthatQueensland,

whichbegantoimport

Polynesian

laborers

(called

Kanakas)forsugarcaneplantationsinthe1860s,

might

remain

atoddswiththeothercolonies,but

iteventually

conformed;

the

plantations

were

replaced

bysmall-scale

sugarfarmsrun

bywhites,

and

the

White

Australia

policy

continued

to

provideanemotionallinkamongthecolonists.

C5.EconomicControversy

Inthe1860sthegoldfields

began

to

decline.

Althoughwoolexportskeptthecoloniesfairly

prosperous,colonialdebatesooncenteredonthe

role

of

government

in

the

economy.In

particular,

railroad

construction,

due

to

costs

and

the

absence

of

internal

market

centers,

becamea

governmentactivity.

In

1866Victoria,

followed

by

South

Australia

andTasmania,

adopted

apolicy

of

high

tariffs

onimported

goodsin

order

to

protect

itsownsmallindustriesandmarkets.NewSouth

Wales(and

Queensland

to

a

lesser

extent)

continuedtostaywithafree-tradepolicy.

Throughoutthe1870sand1880s,theargumentsover

freetradeversusprotectiondividedthepress,thepoliticalparties,andthecolonies.This,

togetherwiththecontinuingjealousiesamongthem,

hinderedanysignificantattemptsatcooperation

andpossibleunionamongthesixcoloniesuntilthe

1890s.

C6.TreatmentofAborigines

Phillip's

initial

settlement

at

Sydneybrought

him

intocontactwithAustralianAborigines,manyof

whomusedthesurrounding

lands

astheir

campsites

and

hunting

domains.

Only

a

few

major

confrontationstookplacebetweenthecolonists

andtheindigenouspopulation

in

the

first

decade.

With

the

settling

of

VanDiemen'sLand(Tasmania),

however,

Aboriginal

communities

began

to

be

destroyedonalargescale.Unabletoovercome

colonial

armsandfears,

anddespite

the

official

British

policy

ofprotection,

the

5000Aborigines

of

the

island

werethen

reducedto

amerehandful.

Onthemainland,wherethegrazierssoughtlands

fortheirsheepruns,theAboriginalcommunities

ofhunterswereforcedtoretreatintothedrier

interior.

In

principle,

the

official

colonial

policy

throughout

the

19th

century

wasto

treat

the

Aborigines

as

equals,

with

the

intention

of

eventuallyconvertingthemtoChristianityand

Europeancivilization.

Governor

Macquarie

even

established

aschool

for

Aboriginal

children.

Such

acts,however,stressinggoodintentions,were

infrequentlysupportedandalwaysunderfinanced.

In

fact,

movingfrom

apolicy

ofprotection

toone

ofpunishmentwastypicaloftheearlycolonialgovernment.

ThecultureclashbetweenwhitesandAborigines

wasespecially

severeonthe

frontier.

Inthe

1830s

and1840s,asthefrontierpushedinland,some

Aborigineswereemployedonsheepstations,and

otherswereusedfor

police

patrols,

but

evensome

activechurcheffortstoserveandeducatethe

Aborigines

did

notstabilize

racerelations.

White

settlers

poisoned

andhunted

Aborigines

andabused

andexploitedAboriginalwomenandchildren.

Forcedto

survive

onevenscantier

suppliesof

food,

the

Aborigines

weresteadily

reduced

in

number.By

the

20thcentury

their

traditional

lifestyles

were

confinedtotheNorthernTerritory,Queensland,

andNewSouthWales.Notuntilthe

1950sdid

their

population

begin

to

inchbacktoits

pre-European

levelandthefederalgovernmentbegintoreview

andcorrectpasttreatment.

C7.CulturalLifeinthe19thCentury

Therapid

increase

ofAustralia's

population

from

1830to1860contributedtothegrowthofthesix

capital

cities.

Unable

to

support

dense

settlementswithintheirinterior,thecolonies

becameincreasinglyurbanizedaroundtheinitial

pointsofcolonization.Withthedeclineofgold

miningin

Victoria

andNewSouthWalesin

the

1860s,

eventhe

prospectors

drifted

tothe

cities.

Bythe

endofthecentury,

SydneyandMelbournewereamong

theworld's

largest

cities,

even

thoughAustralia

asawholestillhadasmallpopulation.

Eachcapital

servedasthe

major

port

for

its

respectivecolony.Perceivingothersasrivals,

eachcity-andcolony-tendedtoemphasizeitsown

identity.

Contacts

between

individual

colonies

weresecondarytotheirtieswithBritain,and

rivalriesamongthemwerecommon;thus,Victoria

andNewSouthWaleseachusedadifferent

gaugefor

theirrailroads.(Standardizationwasbegunonly

inthe1960s.)

Allthecolonies,however,sharedaculturethat

washeavilyinfluencedbythecapitalcities.In

the1850sitwasmerchantsandprofessionalswho

agitated

for

political

reformandthemakingof

new

constitutions.

Small

urban

manufacturers

and

earlytradeunionleadersaidedintheformation

ofcabinet

governments

and

the

passage

of

legislationfavorabletotheurbanpopulations.

Victoria'sworkerspioneeredtheeight-hourday

movementin1856.FollowingtheleadofNew

South

Wales,thecolonialpoliticalsystemstendedto

keepthe

graziersandother

families

of

wealth

from

controlling

colonial

life.

Wool

and

the

ever-occurringmineraldiscoveriesnevertheless