专题23破解高考阅读之判断推理篇章结构题

/19/19/?专题23破解高考阅读之判断推理、篇章结构题_________________________________________________________________________________________考点精考点精讲【考情链接】上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生应能：理解主旨要义；理解文中具体信息；根据上下文推断生词的词义；作出简单判断和推理；理解文章的基本结构；理解作者的意图和态度。【要点梳理】要点一：高考阅读之判断推理题1．细节推断题要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判定。考生只有把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才可以判断正确答案。典题（2023崇明一模）WhatisyourgreatestchallengewiththeEnglishlanguage?Getintouchwithusandhelpustounderstandyourdifficultyaswellasyourgoalsinlife.Itisessentialthatthesolutionweofferalsofitsinwellwithyourpersonality,mindset,objectiveswithEnglish,youravailabletimetotravel,andyourfamilycommitments.Lastly,yourholidayinEurope,aswellasyourexperienceswiththeEnglishlanguageandyourtravelstodifferentcities,shouldhavethat‘Wow!’factorthathelpsyoutorememberyourholidayforever.62.Accordingtotheadvertisement,yourlearningexperiencewithE4Pcanbe________.A.funnybutthrilling B.objectiveandrelaxingC.experientialbutexhausting D.personalizedandunforgettable【答案】62.D【解析】细节推理题。根据文章倒数第五段“Itisessentialthatthesolutionweofferalsofitsinwellwithyourpersonality,mindset,objectiveswithEnglish,youravailabletimetotravel,andyourfamilycommitments.（我们提供的解决方案必须符合您的个性、心态、英语目标、您的旅行时间以及您的家庭负担。）”以及倒数第四段最后一句的“helpsyoutorememberyourholidayforever.（帮助你永远记住你的假期）”可知，E4P的学习经历是个性化且难忘的。故选D项。2．文章来源或读者对象类推断题考生本身要具备一定的常识，把文章的内容与自己所具备的常识结合起来做出正确的判断。如要对报纸、杂志、网络、小说、童话、广告、说明书、旅游指南、药品说明、操作指南等文章的语言特色，特别是其专用词汇有基本的了解，根据文章的语言特色和其专用词汇对号入座，快速选出最佳答案。典题（2022虹口二模）Mars,thedistantredplanet,carriesChina’sgreatdreaminspaceflightaswellasthenumerouspuzzlesofcuriouspeople:WhydohumansexploreMars?WillhumansreallyemigratetoMars?WhatwilltheeverydaylifebelikeonMarsifhumansreallylivethere?ShanghaiAstronomylauncheditsoriginalsituationalexhibition“LivingonMars”—torevealthesecretsofMarsandsolvevisitors’puzzlesaboutthelifeonMars.Time:October15,2021toMarch2,2022(closedonMondays,exceptnationalholidays)Location:B1TemporaryExhibitionHallHIGHLIGHTSOFTHEEXHIBITION42.Wherecanthispassagemostprobablybefound?A.Inatravelbrochure. B.Inasciencemagazine.C.Onanartshowposter. D.Onamuseumwebsite.【答案】42.D【解析】本文是篇应用文，介绍上海天文馆原创情景化展览“火星生活”的时间、地点、亮点等参展信息。【42题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段的“ShanghaiAstronomylauncheditsoriginalsituationalexhibition‘LivingonMars’—torevealthesecretsofMarsandsolvevisitors’puzzlesaboutthelifeonMars.”（上海天文馆举行原创情景化展览“火星生活”——揭露火星的秘密，解答关于火星生活的疑惑。）以及后面出现的“Time”“Location”和“HIGHLIGHTSOFTHEEXHIBITION”（展览亮点）可知，本文主要介绍的是“火星生活”情景化展览的信息，所以最有可能出现在博物馆的网站上。故选D项。3．写作意图类推断题要求根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握，阅读时务必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。典题（2023青浦一模）TheUKdoesn’thavethebestreputationregardingfoodwaste.Luckily,it’seasytolearnhowtochangetheseunsustainablehabits,sothatyoucaneasilyreduceunnecessarywasteandsaveaprettypenny.1.PlanyourmealsWhenyoudon’thaveaclearideaofwhatyouwanttoeat,it’seasytopickupmorethanyouneed,especiallywhenitemsareonoffer.Itmightseemlikeagreatshort-termoption,butitcancauseyoutospendmuchmoremoneyinthelongterm,resultinginunnecessaryfoodwaste.Planningyourmealsfortheweekinadvancecanbeagreatwaytoavoidthisissuealtogether.Workoutwhatyouplantoeatandwhen,andhowmuch.Whetheryou’reshoppingonlineorin-person,youcangetonlywhatyouneed—bothsavingyourmoneyandreducingthepotentialforfoodwaste.2.StoreyourproductscorrectlyTherearemanytipsthatcanhelptokeepproducefresh.Forexample,potatoes,carrotsandotherrootvegetableslastlongestiftheyarekeptinthedark.Freshfruitandvegetables,likegrapes,shouldn’tbekeptwithethylene-producingproducts(includingbananasandapples)astheymakeotherfreshproduceripenandrotmorequickly.Youcanalsofindmanywaystokeepfoodbyusingwater.Forexample,storehalfcutvegetables,suchascarrots,potatoes,inwaterinthefridge,tohelpthemlastlongerthaniftheywerestoreddry.3.____________________Almostthreequartersoffoodwastedcouldstillbeeaten,meaningthatthefoodisnotspoiled,andisfineforconsumption.Manypeoplearen’taware“bestbefore”datesaresuggestions,ratherthanrules.Incontrast,however,the“useby”datereferstothelastdateafoodisfitforconsumption,andshouldbewatchedcarefullyforsafety.Whenitcomestoconsumingfood,useyoursenses:lookatandsmellthefood.Ifitsmellsgoodandlooksfine,theproduceismorethanlikelycompletelyfittobeeatenandenjoyed.40.Thepassageisintendedto_________.A.instructthepublictopreservefoodB.offertipsonplanningmealsinadvanceC.helppeopledevelopsomesustainablehabitsD.changetheUK’sreputationasabigfoodwaster【答案】40.C【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要给读者提供了三个建议，帮助大家保持一个可持续的生活习惯，减少食物浪费。【40题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Luckily,it’seasytolearnhowtochangetheseunsustainablehabits,sothatyoucaneasilyreduceunnecessarywasteandsaveaprettypenny.(幸运的是，学会如何改变这些不可持续的习惯很容易，这样你就可以很容易地减少不必要的浪费，节省一大笔钱)”和后文小标题“1.Planyourmeals(1.计划你的饮食)”、“2.Storeyourproductscorrectly(2.正确存放产品)”可推知，文章主要讲的是改变不可持续习惯的做法，即帮助大家养成可持续的习惯。故选C项。4．态度倾向类推断题考查考生是否了解文中作者或文中人物对某事物所持的观点或态度。要求考生具有在正确理解文意的基础上，对观点或态度倾向进行分析、识别的能力。该类型题目的选项一般含有以下三类词：(1)中性词：uninterested(不感兴趣的)，neutral(中立的)，indifferent(漠不关心的)等；(2)褒义词：positive(积极的)，supportive(支持的)，humorous(滑稽的)，enthusiastic(热情的)，admiring(赞赏的)等；(3)贬义词：disgusted(厌恶的)，critical(批评的)，negative(否定的，消极的)，disappointed(失望的)等。典题（2023黄浦一模）A.I.Gopnikandmanyothersinthefieldareconfidentthattheyareonapathtobuildingamachinethatcandoanythingthehumanbraincando.Thisconfidenceshinesthroughwhentheydiscusscurrenttechnologies.HeadmitsthatsomeA.I.researchers“struggletodifferentiatebetweenrealityandsciencefiction.”Buthebelievestheseresearchersstillserveavaluablerole.“Theyhelpusdreamofthefullrangeofthepossible,”hesaid.Perhapstheydo.Butfortherestofus,thesedreamscangetinthewayoftheissuesthatdeserveourattention.46.A.I.?stheauthor’sattitudetowardsA.I.?A.Enthusiastic. B.Opposed. C.Supportive. D.Unconcerned.【答案】46.B【解析】【46题详解】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Perhapstheydo.Butfortherestofus,thesedreamscangetinthewayoftheissuesthatdeserveourattention.(也许是这样。但对我们其他人来说，这些梦想可能会阻碍值得我们关注的问题。)”可知，在作者看来，尽管人工智能可以帮人类实现很多梦想，但同时也可能会阻碍那些值得我们关注的问题，所以对此持反对意见。故选B。典题（2023青浦一模）Adatabasethatfollowstheworld’sfossilfuelproduction,reserves,andreleaseofcarbonwaslaunchedonMonday.Thelaunchcomesoutatthesametimeastwoimportantclimatetalkshappeningattheinternationallevel.OneistheclimatetalksattheUnitedNation’sGeneralAssemblyinNewYorkwhichbeganonSeptember13.TheotherisCOP27inSharmElSkeikhwhichbeganinNovember.ItreallymatterstoenvironmentalsustainabilityUntilnow,therehasbeenprivatedataavailableforpurchase,andresearchoftheworld’sfossilfuelusageandreserves.TheInternationalEnergyAgencyalsokeepspublicdataonoil,gas,andcoal.Butitcentersonthedemandforthosefossilfuels.Thisnewdatabase,however,looksatwhatisyettobeburned.Theinformationcouldhelpenvironmentalgroupstopressureleadersforstrongerpoliciesreducingtheamountofcarbontheyrelease.46.What’sthewriter’sattitudetowardsthelaunchofthenewdatabase?A.Positive. B.Flexible. C.Critical. D.Ironical.【答案】46.A【解析】【46题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“Itreallymatterstoenvironmentalsustainability.(这对环境的可持续性非常重要。)”和第三段“Theinformationcouldhelpenvironmentalgroupstopressureleadersforstrongerpoliciesreducingtheamountofcarbontheyrelease.(这些信息可以帮助环保组织向领导人施压，要求他们制定更强有力的政策，减少碳排放。)”可推断，作者对新数据库的启动持积极的态度。故选A。附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇positive肯定的,积极的passive被动的，消极的negative消极的supportive支持的disapproving不赞成的critical批评的conservative保守的suspicious可疑的，怀疑的puzzled/confused困惑的subjective主观的objective客观的neutral中立的concerned关心的，有关的optimistic乐观的pessimistic悲观的indifferent漠不关心的unconcerned不关心的要点二：高考阅读之词义推测题1．单词或短语意义猜测(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测。(2)根据同位关系进行猜测。(3)根据同义关系进行猜测。(4)根据构词法(合成、派生、转化等)进行猜测。(5)根据因果关系进行猜测；根据转折或对比关系进行猜测。(6)根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测。【典例剖析】（2023浦东新区一模）Redmanwenttogreatpainstohidehistreehouses,buildingtheminneglectedcornersoftheparkandcamouflagingthemwithbranchesandgreenpaint.Friendsusedtocometovisithim,sometimesasmanyas12peopleatatime,bringingsandwichesandradiosandbooksandtorches.57.Theboldword“camouflaging”inparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto________.A.decorating B.hiding C.equipping D.integrating【答案】57.B【57题详解】词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“Redmanwenttogreatpainstohidehistreehouses,buildingtheminneglectedcornersoftheparkand”以及后文“withbranchesandgreenpaint”可知，雷德曼煞费苦心地隐藏他的树屋，把它们建在公园里被忽视的角落里，用树枝和绿色油漆伪装起来。故画线词意思是“隐藏”。故选B。2．句意猜测题句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章理解句意，然后用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。具体技巧如下：(1)返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句子，首先要理解此句前后的语境，其次对其在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。(2)一般说来，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，但是用其他的英语词汇或句式来表达的。【典例剖析】（2023奉贤一模）In2008,IwenttoLosAngeleswhereItriedtogethiredasanagent,ananalystandafinancialbroker.Unfortunately,allthesedoorsslammedinmyface.Theworld’seconomywasinabadstate,soIknewIwouldhavetodoalittlespinningofmyown.37.Bysaying“doalittlespinningofmyown”inthesecondparagraph,theauthorprobablymeanshewould_____________.A.lookforapart-timejobindependently B.makehiscontributionstotheeconomyC.giveintothedisappointingreality D.beself-employedtodevelophiscareer【答案】37.D【解析】【37题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段中“In2008,IwenttoLosAngeleswhereItriedtogethiredasanagent,ananalystandafinancialbroker.Unfortunately,allthesedoorsslammedinmyface.(2008年，我去了洛杉矶，试图在那里找到一份代理、分析师和金融经纪人的工作。不幸的是，这些门都在我面前关上了)”可知，当时世界经济状况很糟糕，所以作者要自主创业来发展自己的事业。由此推知，划线部分意思是“自主创业来发展自己的事业”。故选D。要点三：高考阅读之篇章结构题篇章结构题对文章组织结构的考查不外乎两个层次。一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构，一是按写作方法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。为突出主题作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比较、类比等手法来透彻阐明主题观点。对这类题型的考查主要体现在以下几个方面：最常见的提问方式是：Thesentenceinparagraphmeans_______.;Theexampleofinpara.isusedtoillustrate/show______.Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?【典例】Theso-called‘Fastfashion’ishavingasurprisingenvironmentalimpact.‘Takewater.Thefashionindustry,oneoftheworld’slargestusersofwater,consumesanywherefrom20trillionto200trillionlitreseveryyear.‘Thentherearemicroplastics.Plasticfibresarereleasedwhenwewashpolyester(聚酯纤维)andotherpolymer-basedtextiles,andmakeupbetween20%and35%ofthemicroplasticschokingtheoceans.Addedtothisarespecificchemicals,suchasthoseusedtomakefabricsstainresistantandthepesticidesrequiredtoprotectcropssuchascotton.28.Whydoestheauthormention“water”,“microplastics”and“chemicals”inParagraph2?A.Tolistexamples.B.Toproveapoint.C.Toprovideanidea.D.Togiveadefinition.【答案】28.B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了所谓的“快时尚”潮流所带来的环境危害，以及研究人员为了避免环境危害所进行的努力措施。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“Theso-called‘Fastfashion’ishavingasurprisingenvironmentalimpact.(所谓的“快时尚”正在对环境产生惊人的影响)”和“Thefashionindustry,oneoftheworld’slargestusersofwater,consumesanywherefrom20trillionto200trillionlitreseveryyear.Thentherearemicroplastics.Plasticfibresarereleasedwhenwewashpolyester(聚酯纤维)andotherpolymer-basedtextiles,andmakeupbetween20%and35%ofthemicroplasticschokingtheoceans.Addedtothisarespecificchemicals,suchasthoseusedtomakefabricsstainresistantandthepesticidesrequiredtoprotectcropssuchascotton.(时装业是世界上用水最多的行业之一，每年的用水量在20万亿到200万亿升之间。还有微塑料。当我们清洗聚酯纤维和其他基于聚合物的纺织品时，塑料纤维被释放出来，构成了阻塞海洋的20%到35%的微塑料。除此之外，还有一些特殊的化学物质，比如用来使织物耐污的化学物质，以及保护棉花等作物所需的农药)”可知，作者在第二段中提到“水”、“微塑料”和“化学品”的目的是为了证明一个观点，也就是“快时尚”正在对环境产生惊人的影响。故选B。【典例】WhyCollegeIsNotHomeThecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportantgrowthinautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.However,nowtheyarebecominganextendedperiodofadolescence,duringwhichmanyoftoday’sstudentsandarenotshoulderedwithadultresponsibilities.Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.Becauseacollegecommunity(群体)differsfromthefamily,manystudentswillstruggletofindasenseofbelonging.Ifstudentsrelyonadministratorstoregulatetheirsocialbehaviorandthinkingpattern,theyarenotfacingthechallengeoffindinganidentitywithinalargerandcomplexcommunity.Moreover,thetendencyforuniversitiestomonitorandshapestudentbehaviorrunsupagainstanothercharacteristicofyoungadults:theresponsetobeingcontrolledbytheirelders.Ifacceptablesocialbehavioristoostrictlydefinedandcontrolled,theinsensitiveoraggressivebehaviorthatadministratorsareseekingtominimizemayactuallybeencouraged.4.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthepassage?【答案】C【解析】篇章结构题。根据第四段“Learningtodealwiththesocialworldisequallyimportant.”中的“equallyimportant”和第五段的“moreover”可知，第四段和第五段是第三段的次要论点，故选C。_____优选操优选操练【真题回顾】【例1】Thisresearchoverturnsthepopularviewthatallhumanspeechsoundswerepresentwhenhumanbeingsevolvedaround300,000yearsago.”Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,“saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.35.WhatdoesStevenMoransayaboutthesetofhumanspeechsounds?A.Itiskeytoeffectivecommunication. B.Itcontributesmuchtoculturaldiversity.C.Itisacomplexanddynamicsystem. D.Itdrivestheevolutionofhumanbeings.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中““Thesetofspeechsoundsweusehasnotnecessarilyremainedstablesincetheappearanceofhumanbeings,butratherthehugevarietyofspeechsoundsthatwefindtodayistheproductofacomplexinterplayofthingslikebiologicalchangeandculturalevolution,”saidStevenMoran,amemberoftheresearchteam.（研究小组成员StevenMoran说:“自从人类出现以来，我们使用的语音不一定保持稳定，我们今天发现的各种语音都是生物变化和文化进化等复杂相互作用的产物。”）”可知，StevenMoran认为语音是一个复杂的动态系统。故选C项。【例2】Dr.NiecaGoldberg,aspokeswomanfortheAmericanHeartAssociation,saysLevine’sfindingsareagreatstart.Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.15.WhatdoesDr.NiecaGoldbergsuggest?A.Makinguseofthefindings. B.Interviewingthestudyparticipants.C.Conductingfurtherresearch. D.Clarifyingthepurposeofthestudy.【答案】C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Butthestudywassmallandneedstoberepeatedwithfarlargergroupsofpeopletodetermineexactlywhichaspectsofanexerciseroutinemakethebiggestdifference.(但这项研究的规模很小，需要在更大的人群中重复进行，以确定日常锻炼的哪些方面会产生最大的影响。)”可知，妮卡·戈德堡博士建议进行进一步的研究。故选C。【例3】Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwewereasleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey'dgetuptomischief.We'dcomedowninthemorningtofindthey'dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.ThereweresometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.Iwasgratefulthatmyfamilywastheretohelp.Wehadtohaveabitofaproductionlinegoing,makingup“tigermilk”,washingbabybottles,andcleaningthefloors.WhenSpotandStripewerefourmonthsold,theywerelearninghowtoopendoorsandjumpfences,andweknewitreallywastimeforthemtogo.Itwashardforustofinallypartwiththem.Forthefirstfewdays,Kynanwasalwaysabitdisappointedthatthecubsweren'tthere.I'mnotsadaboutit.I'mhands-onwiththemeverydayatthezoo,andIdolookbackveryfondlyonthetimethatwehadthem.Whatdidtheauthorthinkofraisingthetigercubsathome?A.Boring. B.Tiring. C.Costly. D.Risky.【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中“Thingsquicklygotveryintenseduetothehugeamountofenergyrequiredtolookafterthem.ThereweresometoughtimesandIjustfeltextremelytired.(由于需要大量的精力来照顾它们，事情很快变得非常紧张。有一段艰难的日子，我只是觉得非常累)”可推知，作者认为在家里养小老虎累人。故选B。【例4】Ifyouevergettheimpressionthatyourdogcan?"tell"whetheryoulookcontentorannoyed,youmaybeontosomething.Dogsmayindeedbeabletodistinguishbetweenhappyandangryhumanfaces,accordingtoanewstudy.Researcherstrainedagroupof11dogstodistinguishbetweenimages（图像）ofthesamepersonmakingeitherahappyoranangryface.Duringthetrainingstage,eachdogwasshownonlytheupperhalforthelowerhalfoftheperson'sface.Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining.Theresearchersfoundthatthedogswereabletopicktheangryorhappyfacebytouchingapictureofitwiththeirnosesmoreoftenthanonewouldexpectbyrandomchance.Whatcanwelearnaboutthestudyfromparagraph2?A.Researcherstestedthedogsinrandomorder.B.Diversemethodswereadoptedduringtraining.C.Picturesusedinthetwostagesweredifferent.D.Thedogswerephotographedbeforethetest.【解析】推断题。根据第二段第三句"Theresearchersthentestedthedogs'abilitytodistinguishbetweenhumanfacialexpressionsbyshowingthemtheotherhalfoftheperson'sfaceorimagestotallydifferentfromtheonesusedintraining."可知，训练时和测试时使用的人脸照片完全不同，故选C。【例5】Popularizationhasinsomecaseschangedtheoriginalmeaningofemotional（情感的）intelligence.Manypeoplenowmisunderstandemotionalintelligenceasalmosteverythingdesirableinaperson'smakeupthatcannotbemeasuredbyanIQtest,suchascharacter,motivation,confidence,mentalstability,optimismand"peopleskills."Researchhasshownthatemotionalskillsmaycontributetosomeofthesequalities,butmostofthemmovefarbeyondskill-basedemotionalintelligence.Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceasaspecificsetofskillsthatcanbeusedforeithergoodorbadpurposes.Theabilitytoaccuratelyunderstandhowothersarefeelingmaybeusedbyadoctortofindhowbesttohelpherpatients,whileacheatermightuseittocontrolpotentialvictims.Beingemotionallyintelligentdoesnotnecessarilymakeoneamoralperson.Althoughpopularbeliefsregardingemotionalintelligencerunfaraheadofwhatresearchcanreasonablysupport,theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.Themostpositiveaspectofthispopularizationisanewandmuchneededemphasis（重视）onemotionbyemployers,educatorsandothersinterestedinpromotingsocialwell-being.Thepopularizationofemotionalintelligencehashelpedboththepublicandresearchersre-evaluatethefunctionalityofemotionsandhowtheyservepeopleadaptivelyineverydaylife.【解析】2推理判断题。根据题干信息的paragraph2，定位到第二段Weprefertodescribeemotionalintelligenceas…；分析可知，我们更喜欢把情商称作是一套特定的技能，它既可以用于好的目的，也可以用于坏的目的。而后作者便分别列举了doctor和cheater用于解释说明?"好目的"?和?"坏目的"?。由此我们可以推测，作者提及doctor和cheater是为了阐明前句所提到的关于情商的概念。故选B。3推理判断题。根据题干信息popularizationofemotionalintelligence定位到第三段：Althoughpopularbeliefsregarding…?theoveralleffectsofthepublicityhavebeenmorebeneficialthanharmful.分析可知，虽然大众对于情商的普遍认知远远超过了目前研究可以支持的观点，但是宣传的总体效果（对于情商的发展研究）是利大于弊的。而后作者便进一步列举了好处体现在哪些方面（themostpositiveaspectofthispopularization…）。可知，作者对此态度是正向的、支持的。故选A。【例6】[1]．..[2]Doyouknowwhata“territory”is?Aterritoryisanareathatananimal，usuallythemale，claimsasitsown.Onlyheandhisfamilyarewelcomethere.Nootherfamiliesofthesamespeciesarewelcome.Youryardandhouseareyourterritorywhereonlyyourfamilyandfriendsarewelcome.Ifastrangershouldenteryourterritoryandthreatenyou，youmightshout.ProbablythiswouldbeenoughtofrightenhimawayWhatisabird's“territory”？A．Aplacewherefamiliesofotherspeciesarenotaccepted.B．Aplacewhereabirdmayshoutatthetopofitsvoice.C．Anareaforwhichbirdsfightagainsteachother.D．Anareawhichabirdconsiderstobeitsown.[解析]文章第二段首先提出什么是“territory”，紧跟着就是对“territory”的解释，由定义可推知，这里“territory”指的是“鸟类的地盘”。[答案]D【例7】Therewasagardenerwholookedafterhisgardenwithgreatcare.Towaterhisflowers，heusedtwobuckets.Onewasashinyandnewbucket.Theotherwasaveryoldanddilapidatedone，whichhadseenmanyyearsofservice，butwasnowpastitsbest.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“dilapidated”probablymean?A．Dirty. B．Dark.C．Worn－out. D．Plain－looking.[解析]由“one...theother...”结构可知，“oldanddilapidated”对应前面的“shinyandnew”。由此可判断dilapidated的意思应与shinyandnew相反，即worn－out。[答案]C【例8】...Inhisbook，hehadchallengedreaderstomakedeepcutsinpersonalemissionstokeeptheworldfromreachingextremelyimportanttippingpoints，suchasthemeltingoftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica...Theunderlinedwords“tippingpoints”mostprobablyreferto“________”．A．freezingpoints B．burningpointsC．meltingpoints D．boilingpoints[解析]本题要求猜测tippingpoints的意思，根据下文的例子“suchasthemelting(融化)oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica”可知，tippingpoints的意思为“融化点”，与C项同义。[答案]C【例9】[1]．..[2]Ofcourse，thegoodofoxenisnotlimitedtoplowing.Infact，theyareseenas“boatsonland”fortheirabilitytocarryloads.Besides，thewholebodyofanoxisfulloftreasures.Theirmeatandmilkarefoodfullofnutrition，andtheirskincanbeusedtomakeclothesandshoes.Withallthesequalities，oxenareregardedasgenerouscreaturesThewords“boatsonland”underlinedinParagraph2referto________.A．animalsfortakinggoodsB．creaturesforpullingplowsC．treasuresofthefolkcultureD．toolsinthefarmingeconomy[解析]画线部分后的fortheirabilitytocarryloads是对前面的解释说明，由此可以很轻松地得到结果：牛被看作“陆地之舟”，是一种运输货物的动物。[答案]A_____好题必好题必测1.【复旦附中2022-2023学年高三上学期月考】Clotheswereonceuseduntiltheyfellapart.Nottoday.Inhigh-incomecountriesinparticular,clothingandfootwearareincreasinglyfrequentlybought,thrownawayandreplacedwithnewfashions,whicharethemselvessoonthrownawayandreplaced.Theso-called‘Fastfashion’ishavingasurprisingenvironmentalimpact.‘Takewater.Thefashionindustry,oneoftheworld’slargestusersofwater,consumesanywherefrom20trillionto200trillionlitreseveryyear.‘Thentherearemicroplastics.Plasticfibresarereleasedwhenwewashpolyester(聚酯纤维)andotherpolymer-basedtextiles,andmakeupbetween20%and35%ofthemicroplasticschokingtheoceans.Addedtothisarespecificchemicals,suchasthoseusedtomakefabricsstainresistantandthepesticidesrequiredtoprotectcropssuchascotton.Changeisbadlyneeded,butwillrequirethefashionindustrytoworkhardertoembracemoreofwhatisknownasthecirculareconomy.Thatwillinvolveatleasttwothings:refocusingonmakingthingsthatlast,andsoencouragingreuse;andmorerapidlyexpandingthetechnologiesforsustainablemanufacturingprocesses,especiallyrecycling.There’sabigroleforresearch--bothacademicandindustrial--inachievingtheseandotherambitions.Researcherscouldbeginbyhelpingtoprovidemoreaccurateestimatesofwateruse.Thereisalsoworktobedoneonimprovingandexpandingtextilesrecycling.Undoubtedly,usedtextilesgotolandfillinpartbecausetherearerelativelyfewsystemsthatcollect,recycleandreusematerials.Suchrecyclingrequiresthemanualseparationoffibres,aswellasbuttonsandzips.Differentfibresarenoteasytoidentifybyeye,andoverallsuchmanualprocessesaretime-consuming.Machineryisbeingdevelopedthatcanhelp.Technologiesalsoexisttorecycleusedfibreschemicallyandtocreatehigh-qualityfibresthatcanbereusedinclothing.Butthesearenowherenearthescaleneeded.Anotherchallengeforresearchersistoworkouthowtogetconsumersandmanufacturerstochangetheirbehaviour.Otherresearchquestionsincludefindingwaystoencouragepeopletopurchaselonglastinggoods;exploringhowtosatisfydesiresforsomethingnewwhilereducingenvironmentalimpact;andunderstandingwhycertainmeasurescanbesuccessfullyscaledupwhereasothersfail.28.Whydoestheauthormention“water”,“microplastics”and“chemicals”inParagraph2?A.Tolistexamples.B.Toproveapoint.C.Toprovideanidea.D.Togiveadefinition.29.Whichofthefollowinggoesagainsttheconceptof“circulareconomy”?A.Effortsaremadetolengthenthelifespanoftextiles.B.Worn-outclothesareusedasdishclothsandoilrags.C.High-qualityfibresarecreatedtobereusedinclothing.D.Fashionindustryisencouragedtoreleasenewlinesmoreoften.30.Whatistherightthingforthefashionindustryresearcherstodo?A.Tomakesurethatalloftheusedtextilesgotolandfill.B.Toseparatefibres,aswellasbuttonsandzipsmanually.C.Toimproveandexpandtextilerecyclingtoalargerextent.D.Toencourageconsumerstosatisfytheirdesiresforfashion.31.Whichofthefollowingisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.Saynototheso-calledfastfashionB.AddressthechallengesforresearchersC.EmbracemoreofthecirculareconomyD.Cutfastfashion’senvironmentalimpact【答案】28.B29.D30.C31.D【解析】【导语】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了所谓的“快时尚”潮流所带来的环境危害，以及研究人员为了避免环境危害所进行的努力措施。【28题详解】推理判断题。根据第二段的“Theso-called‘Fastfashion’ishavingasurprisingenvironmentalimpact.(所谓的“快时尚”正在对环境产生惊人的影响)”和“Thefashionindustry,oneoftheworld’slargestusersofwater,consumesanywherefrom20trillionto200trillionlitreseveryyear.Thentherearemicroplastics.Plasticfibresarereleasedwhenwewashpolyester(聚酯纤维)andotherpolymer-basedtextiles,andmakeupbetween20%and35%ofthemicroplasticschokingtheoceans.Addedtothisarespecificchemicals,suchasthoseusedtomakefabricsstainresistantandthepesticidesrequiredtoprotectcropssuchascotton.(时装业是世界上用水最多的行业之一，每年的用水量在20万亿到200万亿升之间。还有微塑料。当我们清洗聚酯纤维和其他基于聚合物的纺织品时，塑料纤维被释放出来，构成了阻塞海洋的20%到35%的微塑料。除此之外，还有一些特殊的化学物质，比如用来使织物耐污的化学物质，以及保护棉花等作物所需的农药)”可知，作者在第二段中提到“水”、“微塑料”和“化学品”的目的是为了证明一个观点，也就是“快时尚”正在对环境产生惊人的影响。故选B。【29题详解】推理判断题。根据第三段的“Thatwillinvolveatleasttwothings:refocusingonmakingthingsthatlast,andsoencouragingreuse;andmorerapidlyexpandingthetechnologiesforsu