2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)真题及答案解析

2020年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections：ReadthefollowingtextChoosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Beingagoodparentiswhateveryparentwouldliketobe.Butdefiningwhatitmeanstobeagoodparentisundoubtedlyvery1,particularlysincechildrenresponddifferentlytothesamestyleofparenting.Acalm,rule-followingchildmightrespondbettertoadifferentsortofparentingthan,2,ayoungerone.3,there'sanothersortofparentthat'seasierto4;aparent.Childrenofeveryagebenefitfrompatientparenting.Still,5,everyparentwouldliketobepatient,thisisnoeasy6,sometimes,parentsgetexhaustedandarcunabletomaintaina7stylewiththeirkids.Iunderstandthis.You'reonlyhuman,andsometimesyourkidscan8youjustalittletoofar.Andthenthe9happens:Youloseyourpatienceandeitherscreamatyourkidsorsaysomethingthatwastoo10anddoesnobodyanygood.Youwishthatyoucould11theclockandstartover.We'veallbeenthere.12,eventhoughit'scommon,it'svitaltokeepinmindthatinasinglemomentoffatigue,youcansaysomethingtoyourchildthatyoumay13foralongtime.Thismaynotonlydodamagetoyourrelationshipwithyourchildbutalso14yourchild'sself-esteem.Ifyouconsistentlyloseyour15withyourkids,thenyouaremodelingalackofemotionalcontrolforyourkids.Weareallbecomingincreasinglyawareofthe16ofmodelingpatiencefortheyoungergeneration.Thisisaskillthatwillhelpthemallthroughoutlife.Infact,theabilitytomaintainemotionalcontrolwhen17bystressisoneofthemostsignificantofalllife’sskills.Certainly,it's18tomaintainpatienceatalltimeswithyourkids.Amorepracticalgoalistotrytobeascalmasyoucanwhenfacedwith19situationsinvolvingyourchildren.Icanpromiseyouthis:Asaresultofworkingtowardthisgoal,youandyourchildrenwillbenefitand20fromstressfulmomentsfeelingbetterphysicallyandemotionally.l.[A]pleasant(B]tricky[C]tedious[D]instructive2.[A]atonce[B]inaddition[C]forexample[D]byaccident3.[A]Fortunately[B]Occasionally[C]Accordingly(D)Eventually4.[A]amuse[B]train[C]assist[D]describe5.(A]once(B]because[C]unless(D]while6.[A]choice[B]answer[C]task(D]access7.[A]formal[B]tolerant[C]rigid[D]critical8.[A]move[B]send[C]drag[D]push9.(A]inevitable[B]illogical[C]mysterious[D]suspicious10.[A]boring[B]harsh[C]naive[D]vague11.[A]turnback[B]takeapart[C]setaside[D]coverup12.[A]Overall[B]Instead[C]otherwise[D]However13.[A]believe[B]regret(C]miss[D]like14.[A]justify[B]raise[C]affect[D]reflect15.[A]bond[B]time[C]race[D]cool16.[A]nature[B]secret[C]context[D]importance17.[A]confronted[B]defeated[C]cheated[D]confused18.[A]strange[B]terrible[C]hard[D]wrong19.[A]exciting[B]trying[C]Surprising[D]changing20.[A]withdraw[B]hide[C]emerge[D]escapeSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA.Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Ratsandotheranimalsneedtobehighlyattunedtosocialsignalsfromotherssothatcanidentifyfriendstocooperatewithandenemiestoavoid.Tofindoutifthisextendstonon-livingbeings,LolehQuinnattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,andhercolleaguestestedwhetherratscandetectsocialsignalsfromroboticrats.Theyhousedeightadultratswithtwotypesofroboticrat-onesocialandoneasocial-for5ourdays.Therobotsratswerequiteminimalist,resemblingachunkierversionofacomputermousewithwheels-tomovearoundandcolorfulmarkings.Duringtheexperiment,thesocialrobotratfollowedthelivingratsaround,playedwiththesametoys,andopenedcageddoorstolettrappedratsescape.Meanwhile,theasocialrobotsimplymovedforwardsandbackwardsandsidetoside.Next,theresearcherstrappedtherobotsincagesandgavetheratstheopportunitytoreleasethembypressingalever.Across18trialseach,thelivingratswere52percentmorelikelyonaveragetosetthesocialrobotfreethantheasocialone.Thissuggeststhattheratsperceivedthesocialrobotasagenuinesocialbeing.Theymayhavebondedmorewiththesocialrobotbecauseitdisplayedbehaviorslikecommunalexploringandplaying.Thiscouldleadtotheratsbetterrememberinghavingfreeditearlier,andwantingtherobottoreturnthefavourwhentheygettrapped,saysQuinn.Thereadinessoftheratstobefriendthesocialrobotwassurprisinggivenitsminimaldesign.Therobotwasthesamesizeasaregularratbutresembledasimpleplasticboxonwheels."We'dassumedwe'dhavetogiveitsmovingheadandtail,facialfeatures,andputasceneonittomakeitsmelllikearealrat,butthatwasn'tnecessary,"saysJanetWilesattheUniversityofQueenslandinAustralia,whohelpedwiththeresearch.Thefindingshowshowsensitiveratsarctosocialcues,evenwhentheycomefrombasicrobots.Similarly,childrentendtotreatrobotsasiftheyarefellowbeings,evenwhentheydisplayonlysimplesocialsignals."Wehumansseemtobefascinatedbyrobots,anditturnsoutotheranimalsaretoo,"saysWiles.21.Quinnandhercolleaguesconductedatesttoseeifratscan.[A]pickupsocialsignalsfromnon-livingrats[B]distinguishafriendlyratfromahostileone[C]attainsociabletraitsthroughspecialtraining[D]sendoutwarningmessagestotheirfellow22.Whatdidthesocialrobotdoduringtheexperiment?[A]Itfollowedthesocialrobot.[B]Itplayedwithsometoys.[C]Itsetthetrappedratsfree.[D]Itmovedaroundalone.23.AccordingtoQuinn,theratsreleasedthesocialrobotbecausethey[A]triedtopracticeameansofescape[B]expectedittodothesameinreturn[C]wantedtodisplaytheirintelligence[D]consideredthataninterestinggame24.JamesWilesnotesthatrats.[A]canrememberotherrat'sfacialfeatures[B]differentiatesmellsbetterthansizes[C]respondmoretocationsthantolooks[D]canbescaredbyaplasticboxonwheels25.Itcanbelearnedfromthetextthatrats.[A]appeartobeadaptabletonewsurroundings[B]arcmoresociallyactivethanotheranimals[C]behavedifferentlyfromchildreninsocializing[D]aremoresensitivetosocialcuesthanexpectedText2ItistruethatCEOpayhasgoneup-toponesmaymake300timesthepayoftypicalworkersonaverage,andsincethemid-1970sCEOpayforlargepubliclytradedAmericancorporationshas,byvaryingestimates,goneupbyabout500%.ThetypicalCEOofatopAmericancorporationnowmakesaboutS18.9millionayear.ThebestmodelforunderstandingthegrowthofCEOpayisthatoflimitedCEOtalentinaworldwherebusinessopportunitiesforthetopfirmsaregrowingrapidly.TheeffortsofAmerica'shighest-earning1%havebeenoneofthemoredynamicelementsoftheglobaleconomy.It’snotpopulartosay,butonereasontheirpayhasgoneupsomuchisthatCEOsreallyhaveuppedtheirgamerelativetomanyotherworkersintheU.S.economy.Today’sCEO,atleastformajorAmericanfirms,musthavemanymereskillsthansimplybeingableto"runthecompany”,CEOsmusthaveagoodsenseoffinancialmarketsandmaybeevenhowthecompanyshouldtradeinthem.Theyalsoneedbetterpublicrelationsskillsthantheirpredecessors,asthecostsofevenaminorslipupcanbesignificant.Thenthere'sthefactthatlargeAmericancompaniesaremuchmoreglobalizedthaneverbefore,withsupplychainsspreadacrossalargernumberofcountries.Toleadinthatsystemrequiresknowledgethatisfairlymind-bogglingplus,virtuallyallmajorAmericancompaniesarebeyondthismajorCEOsstillhavetodoalltheday-to-dayworktheyhavealwaysdone.ThecommonideathathighCEOpayismainlyaboutrippingpeopleoffdoesn'texplainhistoryverywell.Bymostmeasures,corporategovernancehasbecomealottighterandmorerigoroussincethe1970s.YetitisprincipallyduringthisperiodofstrongergovernancethatCEOpayhasbeenhighandrising.Thatsuggestsitisinthebroadercorporateinteresttorecruittopcandidatesforincreasinglytoughjobs.Furthermore,thehighestCEOsalariesarepaidtooutsidecandidates,nottothecozyinsiderpicks,anothersignthathighCEOpayisnotsomekindofdepredationattheexpenseoftherestofthecompany.AndthestockmarketreactspositivelywhencompaniesticCEOpayto,say,stockprices,asignthatthosepracticesbuildupcorporatevaluenotjustfortheCEO.26.WhichofthefollowinghascontributedtoCEOpayrise?[A]Thegrowthinthenumberofcorporations[B]Thegeneralpayrisewithabettereconomy[C]Increasedbusinessopportunitiesfortopfirms[D]Closecooperationamongleadingeconomies27.Comparedwiththeirpredecessors,today’sCEOsarerequiredto.[A]fosterastrongersenseofteamwork[B]financemoreresearchanddevelopment[C]establishclosertieswithtechcompanies[D]operatemoreglobalizedcompanies28.CEOpayhasbeenrisingsincethe1970sdespite.[A]continualinternalopposition[B]strictcorporategovernance[C]conservativebusinessstrategies[D]Repeatedgovernmentwarnings29.HighCEOpaycanbejustifiedbythefactthatithelps[A]confirmthestatusofCEOs[B]motivateinsidecandidates[C]boosttheefficiencyofCEOs[D]increasecorporatevalue30.Themostsuitabletitleforthistextwouldbe.[A]CEOsAreNotOverpaid[B]CEOPay:PastandPresent[C]CEOs'challengesofToday[D]CEOTraits:NotEasytoDefineText3MadridwashailedasapublichealthbeaconlastNovemberwhenitrolledoutambitiousrestrictionsonthemostpollutingcars.Sevenmonthsandoneelectiondaylater,anewconservativecitycouncilsuspendedenforcementofthecleanairzone,afirststeptowarditspossibledemise.MayorJoseLuisMartinez-Almeidamadeoppositiontothezoneacenterpieceofhiselectioncampaign,despiteitssuccessinimprovingairquality.Ajudgehasnowoverruledthecity'sdecisiontostoplevyingfines,orderingthemreinstated.Butwithlegalbattlesahead,thezone'sfuturelooksuncertainatbest.Amongotherweaknesses,themeasurescitiesmustemploywhenlefttotackledirtyairontheirownarepoliticallycontentious,andthereforevulnerable.That'sbecausetheyinevitablyputthecostsofcleaningtheairontoindividualdrivers-whomustpayfeesorbuybettervehicles-rather-thanontothecarmanufacturerswhosecheatingistherealcauseofourtoxicpollution.It'snothardtoimagineasimilarreversalhappeninginLondon.Thenewultra-lowemissionzone(Ulez)islikelytobeabigissueinnextyear'smayoralelection.AndifSadiqKhanwinsandextendsittotheNorthandSouthCircularroadsin2021asheintends,itissuretosparkintenseoppositionfromthefarlargernumberofmotoristswhowillthenbeaffected.It'snotthatmeasuressuchasLondon'sUlezareuseless.FarfromitLocalofficialsareusingtheleversthatareavailabletothemtosafeguardresidents'healthinthefaceofaseriousthreat.Thezonesdodeliversomeimprovementstoairquality,andthesciencetellsusthatmeansrealhealthbenefits-fewerheartattacks,strokesandprematurebirths,lesscancer,dementiaandasthma.Feweruntimelydeaths.Butmayorsandcouncilorscanonlydosomuchaboutaproblemthatisfarbiggerthananyonecityortown.Theyareactingbecausenationalgovernments-Britain^andothersacrossEurope-havefailedtodoso.Restrictionsthatkeephighlypollutingcarsoutofcertainareas-citycentres,"schoolstreets",evenindividualroads-arearesponsetotheabsenceofalargerefforttoproperlyenforceexistingregulationsandrequireautocompaniestobringtheirvehiclesintocompliance.Waleshasintroducedspeciallowspeedlimitstominimizepollution.We’redoingeverythingbutinsistthatmanufacturerscleanuptheircars.31.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutMadrid’scleanairzone?[A]Itseffectsarequestionable[B]Ithasbeenopposedbyajudge[C]Itneedstougherenforcement[D]Itsfateisyettobedecided32.Whichisconsideredaweaknessofthecity-levelmeasurestotackledirtyair?[A]Theyarebiasedagainstcarmanufacturers.[B]Theyproveimpracticalforcitycouncils.[C]Theyaredeemedtoomildforpoliticians.[D]Theyputtoomuchburdenonindividualmotorists.33.TheauthorbelievesthattheextensionofLondon'sUlezwill___.[A]arousestrongresistance.[B]ensureKhan'selectoralsuccess.[C]improvethecity'straffic.[D]discouragecarmanufacturing.34.Whodoestheauthorthinkshouldhaveaddressedtheproblem?[A]Localresidents[B]Mayors.[C]Councilors.[D]Nationalgovernments.35.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatautocompanies.[A][AJwillraiselow-emissioncarproduction[B]shouldbeforcedtofollowregulations[C]willupgradethedesignoftheirvehicles[D]shouldbeputunderpublicsupervisionText4NowthatmembersofGenerationZarcgraduatingcollegethisspring-themostcommonly-accepteddefinitionsaysthisgenerationwasbornafter1995,giveortakeayear-theattentionhasbeenrisingsteadilyinrecentweeks.GenZsareabouttohitthestreetslookingforworkinalabormarketthat'stighterthanit’sbeenindecades.Andemployersareplanningonhiringabout17percentmorenewgraduatesforjobsintheUS.thisyearthanlast,accordingtoasurveyconductedbytheNationalAssociationofCollegesandEmployers.Everybodywantstoknowhowthepeoplewhowillsooninhabitthoseemptyofficecubicleswilldifferfromthosewhocamebeforethem.If"entitled"isthemostcommonadjective,fairlyornot,appliedtomillennials(thosebornbetween1981and1995),thecatchwordsforGenerationZarepracticalandcautious.Accordingtothecareercounselorsandexpertswhostudythem,GenerationZsarcclear-eyed,economicpragmatists.Despitegraduatingintothebesteconomyinthepast50years,GenZsknowwhataneconomictrainwrecklookslike.Theywereimpressionablekidsduringthecrashof2008,whenmanyoftheirparentslosttheirjobsortheirlifesavingsorboth.Theyaren'tinterestedintakinganychances.Theboomingeconomyseemstohavedonelittletoassuagethisunderlyinggenerationalsenseofanxiousurgency,especiallyforthosewhohavecollegedebt.CollegeloanbalancesintheU.S.nowstandatarecordSI.5trillion,accordingtotheFederalReserve.OnesurveyfromAccenturefoundthat88percentofgraduatingseniorsthisyearchosetheirmajorwithajobinmind.Ina2019surveyofUniversityofGeorgiastudents,meanwhile,thecareerofficefoundthemostdesirabletraitinafutureemployerwastheabilitytooffersecureemployment(followedbyprofessionaldevelopmentandtraining,andtheninspiringpurpose).Jobsecurityorstabilitywasthesecondmostimportantcareergoal(work-lifebalancewasnumberone),followedbyasenseofbeingdedicatedtoacauseortofeelgoodaboutservingthegreatergood.36.GenerationZsgraduatingcollegethisspring.[A]arerecognizedfortheirabilities[B]areinfavorofjoboffers[C]areoptimisticaboutthelabormarket[D]aredrawinggrowingpublicattention37.GenerationZsarekeenlyaware.[A][AJwhatatougheconomicsituationislike[B]whattheirparentsexpectofthem[C]howtheydifferfrompastgenerations[D]howvaluableacounselor'sadviceis38.Theword"assuage"(line9,para2)isclosetinmeaningto.[A]define[B]relieve[C]maintain[D]deepen39.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph3thatGenerationZs.[A]carelittleabouttheirjobperformance[B]givetopprioritytoprofessionaltraining[C]thinkithardtoachievework-Lifebalance[D]haveaclearideaabouttheirfuturejob.40.Michelsenthinksthatcomparedwithmillennials,GenerationZSare______.[A]lessrealistic[B]lessadventurous[C]morediligent[D]moregenerousPartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadingswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)[A]Givecompliments,justnottoomany.[B]Putonagoodface,always.[C]Tailoryourinteractions.[D]Spendtimewitheveryone.[E]Reveal,don'thide,information.[F]Slowdownandlisten.[G]Putyourselvesinothers'shoes.FiveWaystoWinOverEveryoneintheOfficeIsitpossibletolikeeveryoneinyouroffice?Thinkabouthowtoughitistogettogether15people,muchless50,whoallgetalongperfectly.Butunlikeinfriendships,youneedcoworkers.Youworkwiththemeverydayandyoudependonthemjustastheydependonyou.Herearesomewaysthatyoucangetthewholeofficeonyourside41.____Ifyouhaveabonetopickwithsomeoneinyourworkplace,youmaytrystaytight-lippedaroundthem.Butyouwon'tbehelpingeitheroneofyou.AHarvardBusinessSchoolstudyfoundthatobserversconsistentlyratedthosewhowerefrankaboutthemselvesmorehighly,whilethosewhohidlosttrustworthiness.Thelessonisnotthatyoushouldmakeyourpersonallifeanopenbook,butrather,whengiventheoptiontoofferupdetailsaboutyourselforpainstakinglyconcealthem,youshouldjustbehonest.42._____Justasimportantasbeinghonestaboutyourselfisbeingreceptivetoothers.Weoftenfeeltheneedtotellothershowwefeel,whetherit'saconcernaboutaproject,astraythought,oracompliment.Thoseareallvalid,butyouneedtotaketimetohearoutyourcoworkers,too.Infact,rushingtogetyourownideasouttherecancausecolleaguestofeelyoudon'tvaluetheiropinions.Doyourbesttoengagecoworkersinagenuine,back-and-forthconversation,ratherthanprioritizingyourownthoughts.43._____It'scommontohavea“cubiclemate"orspecialconfidantinaworksetting.Butinadditiontothosetrustedcoworkers,youshouldexpandyourhorizonsandfindoutaboutallthepeoplearoundyou.Useyourlunchandcoffeebreakstomeetupwithcolleaguesyoudon'talwayssee.Findoutabouttheirlivesandinterestsbeyondthejob.Itrequiresminimaleffortandgoesalongway.ThiswillhelptogTowyourinternalnetwork,inadditiontobeinganicebreakintheworkday.44._____Positivefeedbackisimportantforanyonetohear.Andyoudon'thavetobesomeone'sbosstotellthemtheydidanexceptionaljobonaparticularproject.Thiswillhelpengendergoodwillinothers.Butdon'toverdoitorbefakeaboutit.Onestudyfoundthatpeoplerespondedbesttocommentsthatshiftedfromnegativetopos