2023年GMAT考试逻辑推理试题练习

2023年GMAT考试逻辑推理试题练习

TESTB

Time30minutes20Questions

1.Belowisanexcerptfromaletterthatwassentbythechairmanofacorporationtothestockholders.Anumberofchargeshavebeenraisedagainstme,someserious,sometrivial.Individualsseekingtocontrolthecorporationfortheirownpurposeshavedemandedmyresignation.Rememberthatnocourtoflawinanystatehasfoundmeguiltyofanycriminaloffensewhatsoever.IntheAmericantradition,asyouknow,anindividualisconsideredinnocentuntilprovenguilty.Furthermore,asthecorporationsunbrokensix-yearrecordofgrowthwillshow,myconductofmyofficialdutiesaschairmanhasonlyhelpedenhancethesuccessofthecorporation,andsobenefitedeverystockholder.Whichofthefollowingcanbeproperlyinferredfromtheexcerpt?

(A)Thechairmanbelievesthatallthosewhohavedemandedhisresignationaremotivatedbydesiretocontrolthecorporationfortheirownpurposes.

(B)Anymisdeedsthatthechairmanmayhavecommittedweremotivatedbyhisdesiretoenhancethesuccessofthecorporation.

(C)Thechairmanisinnocentofanycriminaloffense.

(D)Thecorporationhasexpandedsteadilyoverthepastsixyears.

(E)Anylegalproceedingsagainstthechairmanhaveresultedinhisacquittal.

2.IntheyearssincethecityofLondonimposedstrictair-pollutionregulationsonlocalindustry,thenumberofbirdspeciesseeninandaroundLondonhasincreaseddramatically.Similarair-pollutionrulesshouldbeimposedinothermajorcities.EachofthefollowingisanassumptionmadeintheargumentaboveEXCEPT:

(A)Inmostmajorcities,air-pollutionproblemsarecausedalmostentirelybylocalindustry.

(B)Air-pollutionregulationsonindustryhaveasignificantimpactonthequalityoftheair.

(C)Theair-pollutionproblemsofothermajorcitiesarebasicallysimilartothoseoncesufferedbyLondon.

(D)Anincreaseinthenumberofbirdspeciesinandaroundacityisdesirable.

(E)TheincreasedsightingsofbirdspeciesinandaroundLondonreflectanactualincreaseinthenumberofspeciesinthearea.

3.Whichofthefollowingbestcompletesthepassagebelow?Inopposinggovernmentregulationofbusiness,conservativesoftenappealtotheJeffersonianidealoflimitedgovernment,expressingthewishthatgovernmentwould“getoffthebacksoftheAmericanpeople.”Yet,paradoxically,manyofthesesameconservativesaddressquestionsofprivatemorality,suchasthosedealingwithsexualbehavior,bycallingfor______

(A)areturntotherestrictivesexualmoralityoftheVictorianera

(B)astrengtheningoftheroleofthefamilyinsettingmoralnormsforsociety

(C)alimitationontheamountofsexuallyprovocativematerialappearinginbooks,motives,andtelevisionshows

(D)greaterfreedomforindividualstochoosetheirownwayofhandlingsexualissues

(E)anincreasedgovernmentalroleintheregulationandcontrolofprivatesexualbehavior

Questions4-5arebasedonthefollowing:

Inanexperiment,twodifferenttypesofrecordedmusicwereplayedforneonatesinadjacentnurseriesinahospital.InnurseryA,classicalmusicwasplayed;innurseryB,rockmusicwasplayed.Aftertwoweeks,itwasfoundthatthebabiesinnurseryAcriedless,sufferedfewerminorailments,andgainedmoreweightthandidthebabiesinnurseryB.

4.Inevaluatingthevalidityoftheconclusionsuggestedbytheexperimentabove,itwouldbemostimportanttoknowwhichofthefollowing?

(A)Themusicalpreferencesoftheparentsofthetwogroupsofnewborns

(B)Whetherthenewbornsinbothnurserieswereequallyhealthyandhappyatthestartoftheexperiment

(C)Whetherloudrockmusiccandamagethehearingofnewborns

(D)Whattheaverageweightoftheneonateswasbeforeandaftertheexperiment

(E)Whetherthemusicwasplayedinthenurseriesatalltimesoronlyatcertaintimes

5.Whichofthefollowingadditionalexperimentaldatawouldsupportthehypothesisthatclassicalmusicisbeneficialtothedevelopmentofnewborn?

(A)TheneonatesinanurserywherenomusicwasplayedfaredbetterthanthoseinnurseryB.

(B)NurseryAcontained15percentmoreprematurebabiesthannurseryB.

(C)ThenewbornsinnurseryAcriedless,sufferedfewerminorailments,andgainedmoreweightthandidnewbornsinanurserywithnomusic.

(D)ThemusicplayedinnurseryAwaslouderthanthatplayedinnurseryB.

(E)TheratioofnursestonewbornsinnurseryBwas1to4;innurseryA,itwas1to6.

6.TheancientcityofCephesawasnotburiedbyaneruptionofMt.AmnosinA.D.310,assomebelieve.Theeruptionintheyear310damagedthecity,butitdidnotdestroyit.CephesasurvivedforanothercenturybeforeitfinallymetitsdestructioninanothereruptionaroundA.D.415.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheauthorsclaimthatthecityofCephesawasnotburiedbytheeruptionofMt.AmnosinA.D.310?

(A)ThecityofCephesaismentionedinahistoricalworkknowntohavebeenwritteninA.D.400.

(B)CoinsbearingtheimageofanemperorwholivedaroundA.D.410havebeendiscoveredintheruinsofCephesa,whichwerepreservedbythecindersandashesthatburiedthecity.

(C)GeologicalevidenceshowsthattheeruptionofMt.AmnosinA.D.415depositeda10-foot-thicklayeroflavaonthecityofCephesa.

(D)ArtworksfromthecityofCephesahavebeenfoundintheruinsofanothercityknowntohavebeendestroyedinA.D.420.

(E)AhistoricalworkwritteninA.D.430referstotheeruptionofMt.AmnosinA.D.415.

7.JuneistallerthanKristin.

LettyistallerthanMaria.

MariaisshorterthanNancy.

KristinandNancyareexactlythesameheight.

Iftheinformationaboveistrue,whichofthefollowingmustalsobetrue?

(A)LettyistallerthanNancy.

(B)LettyistallerthanJune.

(C)KristinisshorterthanLetty.

(D)JuneistallerthanMaria.

(E)KristinisshorterthanMaria.

8.Currentfarmpolicyisinstitutionalizedpenalizationofconsumers.Itincreasesfoodpricesformiddle-andlow-incomefamiliesandcoststhetaxpayerbillionsofdollarsayear.Whichofthefollowingstatements,iftrue,wouldprovidesupportfortheauthorsclaimsabove?

I.Farmsubsidiesamounttoroughly$20billionayearinfederalpayoutsand$12billionmoreinhigherfoodprices.

II.AccordingtoastudybytheDepartmentofAgriculture,each$1ofbenefitsprovidedtofarmersforethanolproductioncostsconsumersandtaxpayers$4.

III.Theaveragefull-timefarmershaveanaveragenetworthofover$300,000.

(A)Ionly

(B)IIonly

(C)IIIonly

(D)IandIIonly

(E)I,II,andIII

9.Reva:Usingextraneousincentivestogetteenagerstochangetheirattitudetowardschoolandschoolworkwontwork.TaketheprograminWestVirginia,forinstance,wheretheytriedtoreducetheirdropoutratebyrevokingthedrivinglicensesofkidswholeftschool.Theprogramfailedmiserably.Anne:ItstruethattheWestVirginiaprogramfailed,butmanyschoolshavedevisedincentiveprogramsthathavebeenverysuccessfulinimprovingattendanceandreducingdisciplineproblems.AccordingtoAnne,theweakpointinRevasclaimisthatit

(A)failstoconsiderthepossibilitythatthemajorityofpotentialdropoutsinWestVirginiadonothavedrivinglicenses

(B)doesntprovideanyexactfiguresforthedropoutrateinWestVirginiabeforeandduringtheprogram

(C)ignoresasubstantialbodyofevidenceshowingthatparentsandemployershavebeenusingextrinsicincentiveswithpositiveresultsforyears

(D)assumesthatapositiveincentive―aprizeorareward―willbenomoreeffectivethananegativeincentive,liketherevokingofadrivinglicense

(E)isbasedonasingleexample,theincentiveprograminWestVirginia,whichmaynotbetypical

10.Inmanysurveys,Americanconsumershaveexpressedawillingnesstospendupto10percentmoreforproductsthatareecologicallysound.Encouragedbysuchsurveys,Bleach-OCorporationpromotedanewlaundrydetergent,Bleach-OGreen,assaferfortheenvironment.Bleach-OGreencost5percentmorethantypicaldetergents.Afteroneyear,Bleach-OGreenhadfailedtocaptureasignificantshareofthedetergentmarketandwaswithdrawnfromsale.WhichofthefollowingquestionsisLEASTlikelytoberelevantindeterminingthereasonsforthefailureofBleach-OGreen?

(A)HoweffectiveasadetergentwasBleach-OGreen?

(B)Howmanyotherdetergentsonthemarketwerepromotedassafefortheenvironment?

(C)HowmuchmoredidBleach-OGreencosttomanufacturethanordinarydetergents?

(D)TowhatextentdidconsumersacceptthevalidityofBleach-OGreenadvertisedandpromotedtoconsumers?

(E)HoweffectivelywasBleach-OGreenadvertisedandpromotedtoconsumers?

11.TheburdenofmaintainingtheU.S.highwaysystemfallsdisproportionatelyonthetruckingindustry.Trucksrepresentonlyabout10percentofthevehiclesonU.S.roads.Yetroadusetaxesassessedontrucksamounttoalmosthalfthetaxespaidforhighwayupkeepandrepair.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheargumentabove?

(A)Thetruckingindustryhasenjoyedrecordafter-taxprofitsinthreeofthepastfouryears.

(B)Becauseoftheirweight,truckscauseover50percentofthedamagesustainedbyhighwaysurfaceseachyear.

(C)Withoutaneconomicallyviabletruckingindustry,thecostofgoodsintheUnitedStateswouldrisesignificantly.

(D)Roadusetaxespaidbytruckingcompanieshavedecreasedby3percentoverthepastfiveyears.

(E)Duetoyearsofneglect,U.S.highwaystodayarebadlyinneedofmajorrepairsandrebuilding.

12.TheupcomingpresidentialelectionintheWestAfricanrepublicofGanelonisofgraveconcerntotheU.S.StateDepartment.GanelonpresentlyhasstrongpoliticalandmilitarytiestotheUnitedStates.However,theSocialistpartyiswidelyexpectedtowintheelection,leadingtofearsthatGanelonwillsoonbreakawayfromthepro-Americanblocandadoptanonalignedoropenlyanti-Americanstance.Whichofthefollowingisanassumptionmadeinthepassageabove?

(A)ASocialistpartygovernmentinGanelonismorelikelytoopposetheUnitedStatesthanisanon-Socialistpartygovernment.

(B)ThepeopleoftheUnitedStatesrecognizetheirnationsinterestinthepoliticalstabilityofWestAfrica.

(C)AweakeningofU.S.politicaltieswithGaneloncouldhaveseriousconsequencesforU.S.relationswithotherAfricannations.

(D)TheSocialistpartyleadersinGanelonbelievethattheirnationsinterestswouldbestbeservedbyanalliancewithanti-Americanforces.

(E)TheSocialistpartywillwintheupcomingelectioninGanelon.

13.Nonationcanlongsurviveunlessitspeopleareunitedbyacommontongue.Forproof,weneedonlyconsiderCanada,whichisbeingtornasunderbyconflictsbetweenFrench-speakingQuebecandtheotherprovinces,whicharedominatedbyEnglishspeakers.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,mosteffectivelychallengestheauthorsconclusion?

(A)ConflictsoverlanguagehaveledtoviolentclashesbetweentheBasque-speakingminorityinSpainandtheSpanish-speakingmajority.

(B)ProposalstodeclareEnglishtheofficiallanguageoftheUnitedStateshavemetwithresistancefrommembersofHispanicandotherminoritygroups.

(C)Economicandpoliticaldifferences,alongwithlinguisticones,havecontributedtotheprovincialconflictsinCanada.

(D)ThepublicofIndia,inexistencesine1948,hasapopulationthatspeakshundredsofdifferent,thoughrelated,languages.

(E)Switzerlandhassurvivedfornearlyathousandyearsasahomeforspeakersofthreedifferentlanguages.

14.Asanexperiencedlabororganizerandtheformerheadofoneofthenationsmostpowerfullaborunions,Graysonisanexcellentchoicetochairthenewcouncilonbusiness-laborrelations.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthentheconclusionabove?

(A)Thenewcouncilmusthavethesupportofthenationslaborleadersifitistosucceed.

(B)Duringhisyearsasalaborleader,Graysonestablishedarecordofgoodrelationswithbusinessleaders.

(C)Thechairofthenewcouncilmustbeapersonwhocancommunicatedirectlywiththeleadersofthenationslargestlaborunions.

(D)Mostoftheothermembersofthenewcouncilwillberepresentativesofbusinessmanagementinterests.

(E)Anunderstandingoftheneedsandproblemsoflaboristheonlyqualificationnecessaryforthejobofchairingthenewcouncil.

15.IntheefforttofireaCivilServiceemployee,hisorhermanagermayhavetospendupto$100,000oftaxmoney.SinceCivilServiceemployeesknowhowharditistofirethem,theytendtoloaf.Thisexplainsinlargepartwhythegovernmentissoinefficient.Itcanbeproperlyinferredonthebasisofthestatementsabovethattheauthorbelieveswhichofthefollowing?

I.Toomuchjobsecuritycanhaveanegativeinfluenceonworkers.

II.Moregovernmentworkersshouldbefired.

III.MostgovernmentworkersareCivilServiceemployees.

(A)Ionly

(B)IandIIIonly

(C)IIonly

(D)I,II,andIII

(E)IIIonly

16.Somecommentatorscomplainthata“litigationexplosion”inthepastdecadehasledtounreasonablyhighcostsforU.S.businessesbyencouragingmoreproductliabilitysuitsagainstmanufacturers.However,thesecomplaintsarebasedmainlyonmyth.Statisticsshowthatthenumberofsuccessfulproductliabilitysuitshasremainedalmostthesame,andtheaveragesumawardedindamageshasgrownnofasterthantheinflationrate.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheargumentabove?

(A)Thenumberofunsuccessfulsuitshasskyrocketed,imposinghugenewlegalexpensesonbusinesses.

(B)Severalofthelargestawardsevermadeinproductliabilitycasesoccurredwithinthelasttwoyears.

(C)Theriseoftheconsumermovementhasencouragedcitizenstoseeklegalredressforproductflaws.

(D)Lawyersoftenundertakeproductliabilitycasesonacontingencybasis,sotheirpaymentisbasedonthesizeofthedamagesawarded.

(E)Juriesoftenawarddamagesinproductliabilitysuitsoutofemotionalsympathyforaninjuredconsumer.

17.Ronald:Accordingtomyanalysisofthenationaleconomy,housingpricesshouldnotincreaseduringthenextsixmonthsunlessinterestratesdropsignificantly.Mark:Idisagree.Oneyearago,wheninterestrateslastfellsignificantly,housingpricesdidnotincreaseatall.ItcanbeinferredfromtheconversationabovethatMarkhasinterpretedRonaldsstatementtomeanthat

(A)housingpriceswillriseonlyifinterestratesfall

(B)ifinterestratesfall,housingpricesmustrise

(C)interestratesandhousingpricestendtoriseandfalltogether

(D)interestratesaretheonlysignificanteconomicfactoraffectinghousingprices

(E)interestratesarelikelytofallsignificantlyinthenextsixmonths

18.Itstimewestoppedsearchingfornewstatisticstosuggestthatwearenotspendingenoughoneducation.Infact,educationspendingincreased30percentoverallduringthelastdecade.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmostweakentheargumentabove?

(A)Despiteincreasedspendingoneducation,enrollmentinourelementaryandsecondaryschoolsdeclinedabout4percentduringthelasttenyears.

(B)Ourspendingongasolineincreasedmorethan100percentduringthelastdecade.

(C)Whenadjustedforinflation,ourper-pupilexpenditureoneducationthisyearislessthanitwastenyearsago.

(D)Elevenothereconomicallydevelopednationsspendmoreoneducationthanwedo.

(E)Theachievementlevelsofourstudentshavebeendecliningsteadilysince1960,andthelastdecadeproducednoreversalinthistrend.

19.TheU.S.censusisnotperfect:thousandsofAmericansprobablygouncounted.However,thebasicstatisticalportraitofthenationpaintedbythecensusisaccurate.Certainlysomeofthepoorgouncounted,particularlythehomeless;butsomeoftherichgouncountedaswell,becausetheyareoftenabro