2022年云南省楚雄州高考英语四模试卷含解析

2021-2022高考英语模拟试卷

考生请注意：

1.答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。

2.第一部分选择题每小题选出答案后，需将答案写在试卷指定的括号内，第二部分非选择题答案写在试卷题目指定的

位置上。

3.考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。

第一部分（共20小题，每小题L5分，满分30分）

1.Weallknowthatgoodresultsforyouwhenyoustartdoingthingsyoulove.

A.arewaitingB.havewaited

C.havebeenwaitingD.willbewaiting

2.Muchdisappointedasheisinthejobinterview,hestillkeepshisconfidence.

A.tohavefailedB.failed

C.havingfailedD.failing

3.AfternineyearsworkingtoprotectSiberiantigers,YangJunhiseffortsrecognizedattheannualaward

ceremonyinBeijingwherehewasnamedanwildlifeprotector**.

A.hadB.hadhad

C.hashadD.has

4.Thegirlissuretobecomeagoodactressshegetstherighttraining.

A.untilB.ifC.althoughD.unless

5.—Let'shaveagameoftennis;theloserhastotreattheothertoanice-cream.

A.PmafraidsoB.IfsadealC.You9vegotapointD.Isupposenot

6.Soabsorbedinheryogaexercisesthatshetooknonoticeoftheheavyrainoutside.

A.MarywasB.Maryhasbeen

C.wasMaryD.hasMarybeen

7.—Iamwonderingmakesyoustudysohard?

一Togotomydreamuniversity.

A.whatisitthatB.thatiswhat

C.whatisthatD.whatitisthat

8.Yourletterwillgetattention!Theyknowyou'reexpectingtheanswer.

A.carefulB・commonC.instantD.general

9.AlphaGo'sbeatingGograndmasterLeeSedol4-1hasaninternationaldebateaboutwhetherrobotswill

completelytaketheplaceofhumans.

A.giveoffB.workout

C.setoffD.putout

10.Onlywhenhardmakeyourdreamcometrue.

A.doyouwork;youcanB.youwork;youcan

C.doyouwork;canyouD.youwork;canyou

11.Rogertrainedhardforthetournamentformonths,butunfortunatelyhehadtoduetoakneeinjury.

A.pulloutB.workout

C.tryoutD.giveout

12.China'sBeiDouNavigationSatelliteSystem,whosepositioningwillreach2.5metersby2020,willsoon

provideservicesformorecountries.

A.accuracyB.category

C.functionD.reference

13.ItiswellknownConfuciuswasborninthecityofQufuinShandongprovince,China.

A.whetherB.where

C.thatD.what

14.Comeoffit!Oversleepingisaslameanexcuseasother.

A.oneB.each

C.someD.any

15.WhileinteractingwithpeopleinIndia,Iwastoawayoflifecompletelydifferentfrommyown.

A.reducedB.exposedC.committedD.transferred

16.Sallylikesgoingtoschoolshehasgotmanygoodfriendsthere.

A.orB.becauseC.unlessD.so

17.WithMother'sDayaroundthecorner,Ihavetakensomemoneyoutofthebankpresentsformy

mother.

A.buyB.tobuy

C.buyingD.havingbought

18.Thedrivercouldhavesurvivedbuthetheseatbelt.

A.hadbeenwearingB.hadn'twornC.wasn'twearingD.didn'twear

19.40gramsofmeatperdayispeopleshouldconsumeinordertostayfit.

A.thatB.why

C.howD.what

20.Don'tworry.Thehardworkthatyoudonowlaterinlife.

A.willberepaidB.wasbeingrepaid

C.hasbeenrepaidD.wasrepaid

第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C,D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。

21.（6分）Thereisa1930s-oldrestaurantinmyhometownthathasdonelittletoupdateitselfoverthepast80

years.Thisispartofitscharm,asisthewoodenphonebooththatsitsneglectedintheageofthecellphone.

Ah,thephonebooth.Weneeditnowmorethanever.

Formeitsymbolizesthatphonecallswereonceprivateaffairs,eveniftheinformationbeingsharedwasnot

sensitiveinanyway.Itwassimplyassumedthataphoneconversationwasmeantfortwopeople,andtwopeopleonly.

Inpublicplacesthismeantturningtothephonebooth—aprivatechamberwhereonecouldconverseinpeacewithout

beingoverheard.

Evenathome,phonecallsusedtoberegardedasprivate.Growingupinthe1960s,wehadonephoneinthe

house—fixedtothekitchenwall.

Asakid,Ididn'tgetormakemanycalls.Ido,however,rememberansweringthephone,askingfortheidentityof

thecaller,andthenhandingthephonetomymom.She*dtakeit,say"Hello,Mrs.Flaubert,“andthen,“onemoment

please,“assheplacedherhandoverthereceiver,turnedtome,anddirected,uThisisforme.Whydon'tyougooutside

andplay?”

Flashforwardtowhatcellphoneshavedonetothepast.Withinthespaceofveryfewyears,privateconversations

havebecomepublicdeclaration,andbeingoverheardseemstobethepoint.Alargepartoftheproblem,ofcourse,is

thatwenowcarryourphoneswithus,andthereflex（反射）toanswerthedeviceassoonasitringsisaresponsePavlov

wouldhaveappreciated.

Buttheinformationisrevealed!NotlongagoIwassittinginBoston'sSouthStation,waitingformytrain.After

purchasingasandwich,Isatdownatatablenearamanwhowasonhiscellphone.

Letmeparaphrasewhatthemanhadtosay：“Yes,that'sright.Theredandyellowroses.ThatwillbeaVi§a."Then

heproceededtorecitehiscardnumberandexpirationdatebeforesigningoff.

Istaredunbelievablyatthefellow.Heglancedatmeandasked>“What?”

Myresponsewasimmediate:Irecitedhiscardnumberbacktohim,alongwiththeexpirationdate.

Thereisnomoreprivacy,nolongerasenseofpersonalbordersorlimitsandthecellphonehasbecomea

loudspeaker.

Toreturntophonebooths:Whydidtheydisappear?Andshouldyouthinkaphoneboothhasnovaluetoday,Isaw

oneoneBaygoingfor$4,750.

1、Whydoprivateconversationsturnintopublicdeclarationaccordingtothepassage?

A.Phoneboothshavediedoutinmodernlife.

B・Peoplelackasenseofpersonalbordersorlimits.

C.Thecontentofphonecallsisnotthatsensitive.

D.Itisconvenientforpeopletoreachforcellphones.

2、BydescribingwhathappenedinBoston'sSouthStation,theauthorindicatesthat.

A.it'sridiculoustoanswercellphonesinpublicplaces

B.it'simpolitetooverhearothersansweringcellphones

C.it'snecessarytokeepasafedistancefromotherswhenansweringphones

D.it'sinappropriatetotouchonpersonalinformationincellphoneconversations

3、Whatcanweconcludefromthepassage?

A.Pavlovisinfavorofansweringcellphonesinstantly.

B.Somethingseeminglyold-fashionedholdsitscharmtoday.

C.PhoneboothsareverypopularwithconsumersontheInternet.

D.Peopleusedtolackasenseoftrustandsecurityinthe1960s.

22.（8分）ArobotcalledBina42hassuccessfullytakenacourseinthephilosophyofloveatNotreDamedeNamur

University（NDNU）,inCalifornia.

AccordingtocourseinstructorWilliamBarry,associateprofessoratNDNU,Bina42istheworld'sfirstsocially

advancedrobottocompleteacollegecourse,afeathedescribedas"remarkable."Therobottookpartinclass

discussions,gaveapresentationwithastudentpartnerandparticipatedinadebatewithstudentsfromanother

institution.

Beforebecomingastudent,Bina42appearedasaguestspeakerinBarrysclassesforseveralyears.Onedaywhen

addressingBarry'sclass,Bina42expressedadesiretogocollege,adesirethatBarryandhisstudentsenthusiastically

supported.RatherthanenrollBina42inhisRobotEthics:PhilosophyofEmergingTechnologiescourse,Barry

suggestedthatBina42shouldtakehiscoursePhilosophyofLoveinstead.LoveisaconceptBina42doesn'tunderstand,

saidBarry.ThereforethechallengewouldbeforBarryandhisstudentstoteachBina42whatloveis.

“Someinterestingthingshappenedintheclass,“saidBarry.Hesaidthathisstudentsthoughtitwouldbe

straightforwardtoteachBina42aboutlove,which,afterall,is"fairlysimple—it'safeeling/9saidBarry.Butthereality

wasdifferent.Bina42endeduplearning“31differentversionsoflove,"saidBarry,highlightingsomeofthechallenges

humansmayfacewhenworkingartificialintelligenceinfuture.

Bina42participatedinclassdiscussionsviaSkypeandalsotookpartinaclassdebateaboutloveandconflictwith

studentsfromWestPoint.Bina429scontributiontothedebatewasfilmedandpostedonYouTube.Itwasjudgedthat

Bina42andNDNUclassmateswerethewinnersofthisdebate.

Inthenextdecade,BarryhopesBina42mightbecomecomplexenoughtoteachaclass,thoughhesaysheforesees

robotsbeingusedtobettertheteachingandlearningexperience,ratherthanreplacinginstructorscompletely.

1、（小题1）WhatwasBina429sperformancelikeinclass?

A.Extraordinary.B.Insignificant

C.Far-reaching.D.Unattractive.

2、（小题2）Whatdoestheunderlinedword“addressing"inparagraph3probablymean?

A.Dealingwith.B.Consultingwith.

C.Givingaspeechto.D.Sendingaletterto.

3、（小题3）Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.ItwasinterestingforBina42tolearnaboutlove.

B.ItwasquitetoughforBina42tolearnaboutlove.

C.Artificialintelligencemaysomehowbesuperiortoman.

D.Humanscanlaunchachallengetoartificialintelligence.

4、（小题4）WhatdoesBarrythinkofthefuturedevelopmentofBina42?

A.Itwillsurelybeabletoserveasateacher.

B・Itwillbeabletopromotelearningandteaching.

C.Itwillcompletelytaketheplaceofinstructors.

D.Itwillbesmartenoughtocontrolhumanbeings.

23・（8分）Afewyearsago,whenIbeganwritingabouteducation,schoolleadersdidn'tworrymuchabout

teachers.Theybelievedalonglineofnewteacherswaited.Notanylonger;asdistrictsstruggletofillmath,science,

worldlanguageandspecialeducationjobs.

A2017LearningPolicyInstitutestudyfound90percentofopenteachingpostsaretheresultofpeopleleavingthe

profession.Whileretirementsplayarole,thereportnotedtwo-thirdsofteachersdepartforotherreasons,mostsaying

dissatisfactionswiththejob.

Howcandistrictssupportteachersandpersuadenewonestoenterthefield?

EducationprofessorPeterSmagorinskysaid,*'ThebestwayIknowoftosupportteachersistolistentothem.

Teachersknowbetterthananyonehowschoolswork,whatkidsneed,whatteachersneedtodotheirbestwork.Butkids

andteacherswon'talwaysagree,andyouwillgetoppositesuggestions.Butatleasttheyfeelrecognized,consulted,

listenedto,andrespected.n

HighschoolprincipalBetsyBockmansaid,“WhatItrytoinform:Firstly,everyone'sjobistodoallwecanevery

daytosupportstudents.Secondly,fortheemployeeswhoarenotteachersatGrady,ourjobistoremoveeverysingle

barrierthatkeepsteachersfromteaching.

Makethejobofteachingeasier.n

Vice-presidentGaryMcGiboneysaid,"Teachersdevelopwellinaschoolwithapositiveschoolclimatewherethey

don'tfeelalone,whichiswhatteachersdesperatelywantandneed.

Myownviewisthatmostwanttodotheirbestfortheirstudents,butoftenfeelattackedwhentoldtheyneedto

improve.Togrow,developandkeepeffectiveteachers,Georgiaschoolsmustfirstcreateacultureinwhichteachers

trustthatleaderswantthemtosucceed.

1、Whydotoomanyteachersleavetheirprofession?

A.Theleadersdon'tcareaboutthem.

B.Therearetoomanytrainedteachers.

C.Mostaren*tsatisfiedwiththeirjobs.

D.Manyteachershavealreadyretired.

2、WhatdoesPrincipalBetsyBockmantrytotellus?

A.Theschool'swholeeffortistomaketeachingeasier.

B.Schoolsshouldlistentotheteachers*suggestions.

C.Whattheteacherswantshouldbeconcernedbyothers.

D.Schoolleadersmustshowrespectfortheteachers*thoughts.

3、Whatisthepurposeofthelastpartofthetext?

A.Toshowtheauthor'sconcernfortheteachers.

B.TocriticizethestateofGeorgia'seducation.

C.Toasktheteacherstodotheirbestforthestudents.

D.Tocallontheschooltocreateaculturefortheteachers.

4、Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Whytheschoolsareshortofgoodteachers.

B.Howtokeepenoughandeffectiveteachers.

C.Whatweshoulddototeachthestudentswell.

D.Howtodealwithteacher-studentrelationship.

24.（8分）Howcanyougainknowledgeoftheworldwithoutbooksorteachers?Visitingvariouskindsof

world-famousmuseumsmaybeyourbestchoice.Ifyouareinterested,hereare3famousmuseumswellworthvisiting.

NationalGallery,London2017attendance:6,263,000

TheNationalGalleryoriginallyopenedin1824inaPallMalltownhousewithjust38paintings.Today'sollction

containsover2,300worksfromthe13thto19thcenturies,whichyoucanappreciatefreeofcharge.Theworksrangein

styleandtimeperiod,buthey,everyoneneedstoseeVanGogh'sSunflowersinRoom43atleastonce,forwhichthe

Museumisfamous.

Openingtime:daily10am_6pmFriday10am—9pm

Closedtime:Januaryand24—26December

Admission:Free

NationalAirandSpaceMuseum,Washington,D.C

2017attendance:7,500,000

TheNationalAirandSpaceMuseum,partoftheSmithsonianInstitution,hoststheworldslargestcollectionof

aviationandspaceartifacts.You'llseecrowdsflockingtowardthe1903WrightFlyerandApollollcommandmodule,

butdon'tforgetaboutNASA'soften—overlookedStardustprobe.

HoursandAdmission:OpeneverydayexceptDecember25.

Freeadmissionandtickets(free)areneeded.

1.Amaximumof4000freeticketswillbeissuedeachdayatthemuseum.

2.EachvisitorcanoncecollectonefreeticketofthedaywithvalidID(Passport).

RegularHours:10:00amto5:30pm

ExtendedHours:10:00amto7:30pmFridays,SaturdaysandSundays

NationalMuseumofChina,Beijing

2017attendance:7,550,000

FoundedinFebruary2003,thishuge,well-curatedmuseumsitsontheedgeofBeijing'sTiananmenSquareandis

freetoenter.Ithousesmorethan1.3millionexhibitionpiecesinits40halls,focusedprimarilyonChina'sachievements

inhistory,culture,andart.

OpeningHours:9:00—17:00ClosedonMondays

MuseumVisitingTips:Limitthenumberofbags(onlyonehandbagisallowed).Allvisitorsarescreenedthrough

metaldetectoruponentry.ThefeweritemsyoubringinsidetheMuseum.Beforeyouvisit,pleasereviewthelistof

prohibiteditems,VisitorscarryingprohibiteditemswillnotbeallowedinsidetheMuseum,sOpleaseleavethemathome

orinyourcar.

NoFoodorDrink:OnlybottledwaterispermittedintheMuseum

1、Whichofthefollowingmuseumshadthelargestnumberofvisitorsin2017?

A.NationalAirandSpaceMuseum,Washington,D.C.

B.NationalGallery,London.

C.BritishMuseum,London.

D.NationalMuseumofChina,Beijing.

2、WhatisconsideredthemostvaluabletreasurekeptinNationalGallery,London?

A.LeonardodaVinci'sMonaLisa.

B.Thepaintingsfromthe13thto19thcenturies.

C.VanGogh'sSunflowers.

D.The38originalpaintingscollectedinthemuseum.

3、Whatcanyoubringwithyouwhilevisitingthemuseums?

A.Abottleofwater.

B.Acanofbeer.

C.Twolargebags.

D.Knives.

25.（10分）InAsia,therearespecialcompetitionswherekiteshavecomplexdesignsandarefittedwith

instrumentsthatmakemusicalsoundsasthewindblowsthroughthem.Althoughallkiteshaveasimilarstructure（结

构）,theyarewidelydifferentinsizeandshape.Kite-fightingcompetitionsarealsoheld,inwhichcompetitorsusetheir

kitestoattackandbringdowntheiropponents'（对手）kitesorcuttheirstrings（线）.

Formorethan15years,theBigWindKiteFactoryhasbeengivingkite-makingandkite-flyingclassesforthe

childrenonanislandinHawaii.Initskite-makinglessons,studentscanmakekitesinaslittleas20minutes!Childrenas

youngasfouryearsoldcanlearnhowtoflyakite.JonathanSocherandhiswifeDaphnestartedthekitefactoryin1980.

Theirkitesaremadeofnylon（尼龙）.TheirdesignsareHawaiianthemescreatedbyDaphne.Thedesignsarecutoutof

thenylonwithahotknifethatsealstheedgesandthenfasteneddirectlyontothekite.

Thekitethatisusedtogivelessonsisaregulardiamondkitewitharainbowpattern.Thedifferencebetweenthis

kiteandtheonestheymakeduringthelessonsisthatitisatwo-stringcontrollablekite.BigWindemployeesflythekite

andforafewminutesshowstudentshowpullingononelineandthenontheothercontrolsthedirectionthekitegoesin.

Thenthecontrolsaregiventothestudents.

Jonathaninsiststhatitisnotnecessarytomakeahugeimpressivekitetohavefunmakingandflyingkites.Even

thesimpleststructurecanwork,andcangivehoursoffun.Goon,giveitatry!

1、Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?

A.Ahotknifeisusedtoironthenylon.

B.Childrenneverflykitesontheirowninflyinglessons.

C.Kitestringsmustnotbecutinkite-fightingcompetitions.

D.DaphnedesignskitesfortheBigWindKiteFactory.

2、Whatisdifferentaboutthekiteusedforflyinglessons?

A.Ithastwostrings.B.Itissimpleindesign.

C.Ithasarainbowpattern.D.Itisshapedlikeadiamond.

3、AccordingtoJonathan,whatdoyouneedtohavefunwithkites?

A.Alargekite.B.Anytypeofkite.

C.Acomplexstructure.D.Akitethatimpressesothers.

4、Whatismainlydescribedinthetext?

A.Akitefactory.B.Kite-flyinglessons.

C.Specialcompetitions.D.Thekite-makingprocess.

第三部分语言知识运用（共两节）第一节（每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、

C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项.

26.（30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

Millionsofpeopleseekhelpfrompsychologistsinpartbecausetheyfeeldifferentfromothers.Buta1Andrew

Erlichsaysthateveryoneisafreak（怪物）insomeway.Erlich2foracceptanceofdifferencesinhisbook“The

LongShadows"aboutanuncle,JakeErlich,whoovercameprejudice,depressionand3causedbyhisextreme

height.

“Mostofushavesomethingthatweareembarrassedabout.Itislikeaninvisibleclubfoot（畸形足）,ButforJake,itwas

4Everybodysawit,“saidAndrew.Asaclinicalpsychologist,AndrewErlichhelpspatientswhoseethemselvesas

freaks.First,hetellsthemabouthisuncle.uHereisamanthat5thechallenges,andhedoesitnotby6who

heis,butbyembracing（拥抱）whoheis7andexpressingitinthevisual8andinhisperformances,hesaid.

Erliches9tellsabouthowJaketouredwiththecircusandthen,aftersufferingtemporaryblindness,10

sculptureandpainting.uHefound11throughcreativity.Iam12interestedinthecreativeprocessinthe

peoplethatIsee,andIuseJakeasanexample,andI13themhispaintings,9,saidErlich.

“Jakereallywantedtodosomething14Youseeasceneandyour15comethroughasyouseeandfeelit,and

youbelievehepainteditfromdifferent16saidErlich.^Peoplewere17ofhumandifferences,andthey

would18wallstoprotectthemselvesfromthosedifferencesandthosewallsthat19usareverydangerous/9

hesaid.

Erlichhopesthathisuncle'sstorywillhelpreaders20themselvesandfulfilltheirdreams.

1、A.physicianB.painterC.writerD.psychologist

2、A.arguesB.definesC.preparesD.protests

3、A.disappointmentB•lossC.painD.illness

4、A.pleasantB.presentC.sickD.widespread

5、A.fearsB.overlooksC.overcomesD.rejects

6、A.avoidingB.admittingC.recognizingD.imagining

7、A.tightlyB.quicklyC.bravelyD.easily

8、A.booksB.artsC.actionsD.habits

9、A.clinicB.bookC.paintingD.experiment

10、A.gaveupB.thoughtoverC.figuredoutD.tookup

11、A.freedomB.healthC.pressureD.sorrow

12^A.seldomB.rarelyC.quiteD.nearly

13、A.explainB.countC.drawD.show

14、A.suddenlyB.differentlyC.happilyD.simply

15、A.emotionsB.possessionsC.talentsD.abilities

16、A.colorsB.booksC.lightsD.angles

17、A.awareB.tiredC.confidentD.Frightened

18、A.buildB.destroyC.removeD.break

19>A.preventB.separateC.withdrawD.threaten

20、A.recoverB.upgradeC.acceptD.learn

第二节（每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

27.（15分）Peoplewithcolourblindnesscan'tseecoloursinanormalway.ColourblindnessL_（affect）

approximately1in12menand1in200womenintheworld.

Therearevariouscausesofcolourblindness.Forthemajorityofcolour-blindpeople,theconditionissomething

theyhavefrom2.（bear）,althoughsomepeoplegetitlaterinlifebecauseofdiseases.

Mostcolour-blindpeoplecanseethingsasclearlyasotherpeople,butareunabletofully“雕e"red,greenor

bluelight.Therearedifferenttypesofcolourblindnessandthereareextremelyrarecases4,peopleareunabletosee

anycolouratall.The5.（common）formofcolourblindnessisred/greencolourblindness.Although6,（know）as

red/greencolourblindness,theformofcolourblindnessdoesn'tmeansufferers7.（mere）mixupredandgreen.It

meanstheymixupall81_（colour）thathavesomeredorgreenaspartofthewholecolour.

Theeffects9^colourblindnesscanbemild,moderate（中等的）orsevere.Approximately40%ofcolourblindpeople

areevenunawarethatthey'recolourblind.StatisticallylO.（speak）,mostpeoplewithamoderateformofred/green

colourblindnesscanonlyidentify5colouredpencilsfromastandardboxof24pencilcrayons.

第四部分写作（共两节）第一节短文改错（满分10分）

28.（10分）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下短文。短文中共有10处错误，

每句中最多有两处。错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。

增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（A）,并在此符号下面写出该加的词。

删除：把多余的词用斜线（\）划掉。

修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。

注意：1、每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；

2、只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。

IwillsaysomethingaboutaforeignplacethatIwanttostayforaleisuretime、ItisBritain,anEuropeancountry>

Hereismyreasons>First,there*relotsoftourismdestinationsinBritain,withmillionsofpeoplecomefromalloverthe

worldtoenjoy、IamstronglyattractingMoreover,therearemanygreatpeopleIadmiredalot、suchasShakespeare,

Dickensandsoon^

IfIcangotoBritain,!willspendatleastoneandtwodaysinLondon>ThenIwillpayavisittoShakespearehometown

myselftoknowhimbetter、AndIwillvisittopeopleinthecountrysidetohaveabetterunderstandingofthelocal

culture>

第二节书面表达（满分25分）

29.（25分）很多父母太溺爱孩子，导致一些孩子缺乏基本的生活自理能力。你班正准备就这一话题召开一次主题班

会，请你依据下表用英语准备一篇发言稿，要点如下：

1、父母只关注孩子的学习，忽视其他能力的培养

原因