微生物control and provention of microbial infections细菌感染的预防原则

MedicalPartPartIBasicPreventionPrevention&TherapyZhao-HuaZhong,DeptMicrobiol,CoreCoreDisinfection& physicalorchemicalprocessthatcomple ydestroysorremovesallmicrobiallife,includingspores.chemicalprocessthatdestroysorremovesallpathogens,butmaynoteffectivetospores preparationisabletoinhibitbacterialmultiplication;multiplicationresumesuponremovaloftheagent. biocideorproductthatdestroysorinhibitstheofmicroorganismsinoronliving PhysicalPhysicalDryHeatair 干-180℃for2MoistHeatgiventemperature,theefficiencyofmoistheatingisbetterthandryheatingthandryenvironment30minutes～30pathogensin5surgicalinstruments,syringe,drinkingwater,diningtoolsing30notkillthe

heatliablemediumlivingthings,Ultraviolet&length:240-280nm,best:260FiltrationFiltration&Useforserumandliquidwhichcannotbetreatedwithheatingnot ,chlamydia,andL-formChemicalChemicalMethods:Disinfection sofproteinandnucleic Denatureand 3%5%carbolicacid石destroyproteins,炭酸)cellmembrane, 2%lysol来苏，甲酚皂溶液)0.01%-chlorhexidine(hibitane,洗

instruments,skinHand- Denature 70%75%ethanol乙醇50%-70%isopropanol异丙醇

HeavyHeavyMetal

0.05%-0.1%mercury Non-metaltoolsbichloride(升)Denature 2%mercurochrome

Skin,and

红1%silvernitrate

Skin,especially,surgicalsiteEyedropforneonataltopreventgonnoreal

0.1%potassiumpermanganate Skin,urethra,fruit

3hydrogenperoxide化氢0.2%Peraceticacid过氧乙酸)2%iodinetincture(碘伏)0.5ppmchloroform氯10%-20%bleaching(漂白粉

Injury,Toilet,stoolSurfactants Cellmembrane

0.1%Bromogeramine新洁尔灭0.1%domifene杜灭芬

Surgeypreparation(handwashing),skin,surgicalinstrimentsSkin,injury,metals,stics,rubbers,etc. 10%formaldehyde()Nucleicacid

0.05%oxacyclopropane2%glutaraldehyde(戊二醛

Surgical Nucleicacid 2%gentialviolet

SuperficialAcidsAcidsand CellmembraneCellwall

Fumigationwith aceticacid(醋酸熏蒸1:4quicklime

Floor/ground,FactorsFactorsthatAffectConcentrationand 56oC:104/ml/speciesandamountoftuburculosis,natureofthetreatedImmunizationImmunization/Specific

subclinicalandapparentantibodiesfrommothercentaand

vaccineandtoxoidantitoxinandIgArtificialInoculationof ,e.g.,vaccineandtoxoid,toinducespecificimmuneArtificial ArtificialArtificialImmunizationactivevs.passiveActivePassiveAntibodies,Inoculation1–31Slow(2–3weeks)Longperiod(moths–Quick(instantly)Shortperiod(2–3TherapyandBiological SpecificSpecificPreventionfor

ComparisonComparisonofAttenuatedandKilledLiveInoculationLess,1More,3–5Over3-5Half–1AntibodyIgG,CellularPossiblebutUnstable.4oCorStable. BiologicalBiologicalProductsforArtificialPassiveimmuneDiphtheriaAntitoxin,

ProgrammedProgrammed

预防接ExpandedProgrammeonmeasles,polio,perttusis,tetanus,andtuberculosisinthenationalimmunizationprogramProgrammed

卡介麻流乙型肝AntimicrobialAntimicrobialAntibiotics:ModeAntibiotics:ModeofInhibitionInhibitionofcellwallInhibitionInhibitionofproteinInhibitionInhibitionofnucleicacidsynthesisInhibitionInhibitionsynthesisofessentialmetabolitesAntimicrobialAntimicrobialSummary:PreventionSummary:PreventionSectionSectionIFundamentsofZhao-HuaZhong,Ph.D.,Prof.DepartmentofMicrobiologyHarbinMedicalUniversityNaturallyorsyntheticorganiccompoundswhichinhibitordestroyselectivebacteriaGenerallyatlow"selectively"toxicforbacteria(eitherkillingthem[bactericidal]orinhibitingtheirgrowth[bacteriostatic])withoutharmtothePrinciplesandAntibioticsmustactonstructuresfoundinbacteria,butnotinthehostPrinciplesPrinciplesandvisiblegrowthDeterminationof84210TetracyclineMIC=2PrinciplesandCAUTION:AntibioticPenicillinsandbacteriostatic

代表药青霉素类、红霉素、螺旋霉素、氯霉素、多粘菌素、杆菌肽、

代表药青霉素西I,II,III4mainmechanismsProductionofBeta-lactamasesby tionoftargetAlteredPencillinbindingproteinin tionofmetabolic inGramnegative in inStreptococci细菌耐药机产生钝化β-内酰胺酶破坏β-内酰胺环，使β-内酰胺类药腺苷化酶、磷酸化酶、乙酰化酶修饰氨基苷类氯霉素乙酰转移酶破坏氯霉细胞通透性的改改变代谢途靶位结构的改MolecularBasis