国际能源署-碳捕获、利用和储存（CCUS）的法律和监管框架（英）

LegalandRegulatoryFrameworksforCCUSTheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumofenergyissuesincludingoil,gasandcoalsupplyanddemand,renewableenergytechnologies,electricitymarkets,energyefficiency,accesstoenergy,demandsidemanagementandmuchmore.Throughitswork,theIEAadvocatespoliciesthatwillenhancethereliability,affordabilityandsustainabilityofenergyinits31membercountries,11associationcountriesandbeyond.Pleasenotethatthispublicationissubjecttospecificrestrictionsthatlimititsuseanddistribution.Thetermsandconditionsareavailableonlineat/t&c/Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinarewithoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereigntyoveranyterritory,tothedelimitationofationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothenameofanyterritory,cityorarea.Source:IEA.Allrightsreserved.InternationalEnergyAgencyWebsite:IEAmembercountries:AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzechRepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandJapanKoreaLithuaniaLuxembourgxicoNetherlandsNewZealandorwayPolandPortugalSlovakRepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublicofTürkiyeUnitedKingdomUnitedStatesIEAassociationcountries:ArgentinaChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaMoroccoSingaporeSouthAfricaThailandeegalandRegulatoryHandbookAbstractPAGE|3AbstractarboncaptureutilisationandstorageCCUStechnologiesaresettoplayanimportantroleinputtingtheglobalenergysystemonapathtonetzeroSuccessfullydeployingCCUSreliesontheestablishmentoflegalandregulatoryframeworkstoensuretheeffectivestewardshipofCCUSactivitiesandthesafeandsecureeralcountrieshavealreadydevelopedcomprehensivelegalandryframeworksforCCUSTheseformavaluableknowledgeorthegrowingnumberofcountriesthathaveidentifiedaroleforCCUSinmeetingtheirclimategoals,butwhichareyettoestablishalegalfoundationforCCUSandparticularlyforCO2storageIncreasinglyexistingframeworksarealsobeingtestedasrcialCCUSprojectsaredevelopedwithimportantlearningsforregulators.ThisIEACCUSHandbookisaresourceforpolicymakersandatorsonestablishingandupdatinglegalandregulatoryframeworksforCCUSItidentifies25priorityissuesthatframeworksshouldaddressforCCUSdeployment,presentingglobalcasestudiesandexamininghowdifferentjurisdictionshaveapproachedtheseissuesThehandbookissupportedbyaweb-alandregulatorydatabaseandmodellegislativetextthatisfoundattheendofthisreport.egalandRegulatoryHandbookAcknowledgementsPAGE|4AcknowledgementsThisreportwaspreparedbytheCarbonCaptureUtilisatonandStorageUnitintheEnergyTechnologyPolicyDivisionattheInternationalEnergyAgencyIEAThereportwasdesignedanddirectedbySamanthaMcCulloch,HeadoftheCCUSUnit.TheleadauthorwasCarlGreenfieldThereportbenefitedgreatlyfromapartnershipwiththeSciencesPoUniversityLegalClinic,withsubstantialresearchandanalysisundertakenbyMarineBrunier,AmandineCollardAmjadElHafidi,MarieLorreandJingyuan(Cloé)Zeng.JeremyLageleeandRachaelBoyd,IEAOfficeoftheLegalCounselco-ordinatedandsupervisedtheSciencesPoresearchprojectAdamBaylin-Sternprovidedconsiderableinputtothedevelopmentofthereport.ThereportalsobenefitedfromvaluablefeedbackfromotherexpertswithintheIEA,includingSaraBudinis,MathildeFajardyandRachaelMoore.TheIEACommunicationsandDigitalOfficeassistedwithandcontributedtotheproductionofthefinalreportandwebsitematerialsparticularlyAstridDumond,TalineShahinianandThereseWalshIvoLetraandBarbaraMourecontributedtotheweb-baseddevelopmentofthelegalandregulatorydatabase.ThereportwaseditedbyJustinFrench-Brooks.eralexpertsfromoutsidetheIEAwereconsultedduringthedevelopmentofthereportTheircontributionswereincrediblyvaluableTheseexpertsincluded:AdamBaylinSternendanBeckbrinaBedjeraylerChapmanTimDixonenbergAnharKarimjeeArthurLeeAyamiSaimurakimiShimuraynTaylorryCarbonEngineering(formerIEA)WorldBankGroupnadanadaologyCollaborationProgrammeonenhouseGasRDGHGTCPIEAGHGnadanadaicalSurveynergyrchInstitutenkAustraliaDepartmentofIndustry,Science,egalandRegulatoryHandbookTableofcontentsPAGE|5TableofcontentsChapter1Introduction 6Chapter2Developinglegalandregulatoryframeworks 19Chapter3Regulatoryfoundations 32Definingtheregulatoryscope 33Environmentalreviewsandpermitting 37Enablingfirst-moverprojects 49Chapter4LegalandregulatoryissuesforCO2storage 52Ensuringsafeandsecurestorage 54Addressinglong-termstorageliabilities 67Chapter5InternationalconsiderationsandCCUShubs 72FacilitatingCCUShubs 80Chapter6Otherkeyandemergingissues 85Annex:Modelregulatorytext 94egalegalandRegulatoryHandbookPAGE|6Chapter1IntroductionegalegalandRegulatoryHandbookContextofthisCCUSHandbookonLegalandingnetzerogoalswillrequirewidespreaddeploymentofcarboncaptureutilisationandstorage(CCUS).CCUSistheonlygroupoftechnologiesthatcancontributetodeepemissionreductionsinkeysectorsincludingheavyindustry,whilealsosupportingtheremovalofCO2fromtheatmosphere.IntheIEANetZeroEmissionsbyScenario(theNetZeroScenario),CCUSdeploymentgrowsbyafactorofalmost200toreachmorethan7.6billiontonnesofCO2capturedin2050.ThesuccessfulglobaldeploymentofCCUSatthisscalewilldependontheestablishmentofrobustlegalandregulatoryframeworksthatprovideeffectivestewardshipandoversightofCCUSactivities.Suchframeworkswillservemultipleobjectives,withtheforemostbeingtoensuresafe,secureandpermanentCO2storageindeepgeologicalformationsCCUSlawsandregulationsmustalsoensuretheprotectionoftheenvironmentandpublichealth,clarifytherightsandresponsibilitiesofCCUSstakeholders,andprovidealegalfoundationforthedevelopmentoperationandlong-termmanagementofCO2storageresources.Importantly,effectiveregulationofCCUSactivitiescanhelptobuildpublicconfidencein,andacceptanceof,thetechnology.alexperienceofregulatingCCUSactivitiesisgrowingMorethannationalandsub-nationaljurisdictionshaveestablishedlawsandregulationsforCCUSandtheselawsareincreasinglybeingappliedasthepipelineofCCUSfacilitiesinoperationordevelopmentexpands.RegulatoryFrameworksAtthestartof2022,around30commercialCCUSfacilitiesareoperatinginninecountriessomedatingbacktothe1970sand0s.Althougharoundtwo-thirdsoftheseprojectsareconcentratedinNorthAmericacommercialCCUSfacilitiesarenowunderdevelopmentinmorethan25countries.Forsomecountries,theseplannedfacilitieswillbeamongthefirsttotestexistinglegalandregulatoryframeworksforCCUS;forothers,newlawsandregulationsmayberequired.ThisIEACCUSHandbookisaresourcetodevelopandupdatelegalandregulatoryframeworksforCCUSItidentifies25priorityissuesthatframeworksshouldaddressforCCUSdeploymentandesentsglobalcasestudiesonhowdifferentjurisdictionshaveapproachedtheseissues.ThehandbookissupportedbyacomprehensiveonlineCCUSLegalandRegulatoryDatabasethatprovidesexamplesoflegislativeapproachestoCCUSfromaroundtheworld.Thehandbookalsoupdatesthe2010IEACCUSModelRegulatoryFrameworkwithModelLegislativeTextprovidingsamplewordingasareferenceforrelevantauthoritieswhendevelopingtailoredCCUSlegislationfortheirnationalorregionalcontext.TheModelTextalsoprovidesexampledefinitionsofcommontermsusedwithinCCUSlegalandregulatoryframeworks.ThehandbookdoesnotconsiderlegislativeandpolicyapproachesthataimtoincentiviseinvestmentinCCUS,foregalegalandRegulatoryHandbookPAGE|8amplelegislationfortaxcreditsorgrantprogrammesAlthoughsuchincentivesareimportantforthebroaddeploymentofCCUS,thefocushereisonthelegaloversightandregulationofCCUSactivities.ehandbookisstructuredasfollowshapterIntroductionprovidesanoverviewoftheimportanceofregulatingCCUSactivitiesandidentifieskeyregulatoryissuesforCCUS.apterDevelopinglegalandregulatoryframeworkslinesthequestionspolicymakersshouldconsiderwhenformulatingregulationsThechapteroffersasix-stepprocessintendedtohelpgovernmentsbeginthisprocess.pterRegulatoryfoundationsidentifiesthefundamentalgulatoryissuesthatprovideabaseforincorporatingCCUSactivitiesintoframeworks.Chapter4–KeyissuesforCO2storagelaysoutthelegalandregulatoryareasthatframeworksmustaddressinordertopromotesafeandsecuregeologicalstorage.Thischapterlooksathowvariousgovernmentsfromaroundtheworldhavetreatedsuchissuesasmeasurement,monitoringandverification,transferofstoragesitestewardship,andpost-siteclosureliabilities.ChapterInternationalissuesandCCUShubslooksatthevarietyoflegalandregulatoryissuesandimplicationsthatstemfromcross-borderprojects.ChapterChapterOtherkeyandemergingissuesdetailsfurtherregulatoryconsiderationsasCCUStechnologiesgrowtomeetthedemandsofanetzerofuture.AbouttheIEACCUSHandbookseriesngnetzerogoalswillrequirearapidscaleupofCCUSglobally,fromtensofmillionsoftonnesofCO2capturedtodaytobillionsoftonnesby2030andbeyond.TheIEACCUSHandbookseriesaimstosupporttheaccelerateddevelopmentanddeploymentofCCUSbysharingglobalgoodpracticeandexperience.Thehandbooksprovideapracticalresourceforpolicymakerstonavigatearangeoftechnicaleconomic,policy,legalandsocialissuesforCCUSimplementation.egalegalandRegulatoryHandbookPAGE|9TheroleofCCUSinreachingnetzeroambitionsSreferstoasuiteoftechnologiesthatinvolvethecaptureuseofCOTheCOcanbecapturedfromlargepointsourcesincludingpowergenerationandindustrialfacilitiesthatuseeitherfossilfuelsorbiomassforfuel.TheCO2canalsobecaptureddirectlyfromtheatmospherewithdirectaircapture(DAC)technologies.Ifnotbeingusedonsite,thecapturedCO2canbecompressedandtransportedbypipeline,ship,railortrucktobeusedinarangeofapplicationsorinjectedintodeepgeologicalformationsincludingdepletedoilandgasreservoirsandsalineaquifers),whereitistrappedandpermanentlystored.rriesconsiderablestrategicvalueasaclimatemitigationoptionandwillplayanimportantroleinmeetingnetzerogoals.IntheNetZeroScenario,morethan7.6billiontonnes(Gt)ofCO2arecapturedtransportedandusedorstoredgloballyin2050.CCUScontributestoemissionreductionsinalmostallpartsoftheenergysystemwithfourmajorrolesTacklingemissionsfromexistingenergyassets.Ifleftunmitigated,today’spowerandindustrialplantscouldemitafurther600GtCO2untiltheendoftheirtechnicallives–nearly17years’worthofcurrentglobalenergysectoremissions.Thisisespeciallyimportantforemergingeconomieswithrelativelyyoungcoal-firedgenerationfleetsRetrofittingtheseplantswithCCUScanbeastrategicoptioninsomecasestohelpavoidemissionsthatmayReducingemissionsinhardtoabatesectorsCCUSisoneofthefewavailableoptionstoreduceemissionsincertainsectors,suchasheavyindustrycement,steelandchemicalsproduction)andlongdistancetransportincludingsyntheticfuelsforaviation).IntheNetZeroScenario,approximately40%oftheCO2capturedinisfromenergy-relatedemissionsandprocessemissionsfromheavyindustry.ingaplatformforlowcarbonhydrogenproductionCCUScansupportarapidscalingupoflowcarbonhydrogenproductiontomeetcurrentandfuturedemandfromnewapplicationsintransport,industryandbuildings.arbonfromtheatmosphereForemissionsthatcannotbeavoidedorreduceddirectly,CCUSrepresentsanimportanttechnologicalapproachforremovingcarbonanddeliveringanetzeroenergysystemIntheNetZeroScenario,approximately2.4GtCO2arecapturedfrombioenergyandDACin2050,with1.9GtofthisCO2permanentlystoredforcarbonremovaltobalanceremainingemissionsintransportandindustry.egalegalandRegulatoryHandbookPAGE|10RegulatingCCUSrequiresconsiderationofthefullvaluechainematicoftheCCUSvaluechainIEA.Allrightsreserved.egalegalandRegulatoryHandbookTheimportanceofregulatingCCUSastheprojectThescaleupofCCUStechnologiesrequireslegalandregulatoryframeworkstoensuretheeffectivestewardshipofCO2storagesitestheprotectionofpublichealthandtheenvironment,andthesafetyofCCUSactivities.RegulatoryframeworksarealsorequiredtoclarifytherightsandresponsibilitiesofCCUSstakeholders,includingrelevantauthoritiesoperatorsandthepublic,andtoprovideclarityandcertaintytoprojectdevelopersandtheirinvestors.WhilelegalandregulatoryframeworksshouldconsiderallaspectsoftheCCUSvaluechain(capture,transport,useandstorage),CO2storageistypicallytheprimaryfocusasitcanpresentnovelandcomplexissuesforregulationForexample,frameworksmustclarifytheownership,stewardshipandliabilityforCO2thatistobestoredinperpetuityRegulationsmustalsoensureappropriatesiteselectionandsafeoperationsandmitigateandmanagerisksacrossallstagesofsitedevelopmentoperationandclosure.Further,theyshouldprovidealegalbasisforCO2storage,allocatingpropertyrightsandmanagingcompetitionforresources.RegulatoryissuesassociatedwithCO2capture,transportandusewilloftenfallwithinthescopeofexistingregulatoryframeworksforindustrialactivities,includingoilandgas,wastemanagement,healthsafetyandenvironmentalconsiderationsforindustrialsites,propertyrightsandtransport.WhiletheseareasmayrequirelittleornomodificationtoexistingframeworksascomparedtoCO2storage,itisimportantthatgovernmentsreviewexistingdomesticandnationalframeworksinordertoremoveanypotentialbarrierstoCCUSdeployment.ExperiencewithCCUSregulationisgrowingandevolvingIn2010theIEAreleasedaModelRegulatoryFrameworktosupportountriesthatweredevelopingorconsideringdevelopingregulatoryapproachesforthelarge-scaledeploymentofCCUS.TheelframeworkprovidedastartingpointfordevelopingregulationswithModelTextthatcouldbeamendedoraddedtoasappropriateThemodelframeworkhasbeenappliedinreviewsoflegalandregulatoryframeworksforMexicoandSouthAfricasupportedbytheWorldBankaswellasinothernationalandsub-nationalcontexts.ethepublicationofthemodelframeworksubstantialexperiencehasbeengainedintheregulationofCCUSprojects.AdditionallyCCUSapplicationsandtechnologieshavecontinuedtoevolvehighlightingtheneedforflexibilityinregulatoryapproachesaswellastheneedtoreviewexistingframeworksperiodically.AroundcommercialprojectshavestartedoperationsandthepipelineofprojectsindevelopmenthasnowgrowntomorethanWhileCCUShasbeenprimarilyusedinassociationwithnaturalgasprocessingorfertiliserproduction,agrowingnumberofprojectsforhydrogen,steel,bioethanolandpowerproductionapplicationsareeitheralreadyoperatingorcurrentlyplanned.egalegalandRegulatoryHandbookPAGE|12CCUSprojectshavealsoemergedinmorecountriesPriorto10,rojectswerelocatedintheUnitedStatesWhilethetatesstillhostsaroundhalfofallprojectscommercialprojectsaretodayoperatingineightothercountries,includingAustraliaBrazilCanada,China,Norway,SaudiArabia,theUnitedArabEmiratesandQatar.thegrowingfleetofoperatingorplannedCCUSprojectshasprovidedanopportunitytoapplyandtestCCUSregulatoryframeworksthatwereestablishedmanyyearsago.ForxampleAustraliaandCanadahavehadlegalandregulatoryCCUSframeworksinplaceformorethanadecadeincludingatsubnationallevelsMeanwhileothercountriesarenowstartingtheprocessofdevelopinglegalandregulatoryframeworksforCCUStomeetclimategoals.siderationsforCCUSdeploymenthavealsoevolvedsincethe0ModelRegulatoryFramework.Forexample,thereisagrowingtrendtomovebeyondsingle-chainprojectsandinsteadtargetindustrialclustersandstoragehubs.AhubapproachcanenableCO2capturefrommultiplesourcesandpromotegreaterefficienciesandeconomiesofscale.Atthesametime,hubscantriggerarangeoflegalandregulatoryissuesrelatedtonetworkaccessaswellasinternationalortransboundarylegalconsiderationsiftransportorstorageinfrastructurespansmultiplecountriesorjurisdictions.In2019amajorbarriertothecross-bordertransportandoffshorestorageofCO2waslargelyresolvedwiththeprovisionalapplicationoftheamendmenttoArticleoftheocolalthoughbilateralagreementstooperationaliseithaveyettobestruck.ThedevelopmentofhubsmayalsopromptgovernmentstoreassesshowCO2transportisregulated.WhilepipelinesaregenerallythecheapestwaytotransportCO2inlargequantitiesonshoreanddependingonthedistanceandvolumes–offshore,CO2transportbyshipcanoffergreaterflexibilitythanpipelines,includingwherethereismorethanoneoffshorestoragefacilityeedtobereviewedtoensurethattheycoveranddonotactasregulatorybarrierstotransportingCO2byship.arbonremovalisalsogainingattentionastheworldshiftsfocustowardsanetzerofuture.Technology-basedcarbonremovalapproachescanremoveCO2fromtheatmospherebycombiningbioenergywithcarboncaptureandstorage(BECCS)orviaDACwithCO2storage.ThiscanhelptobalanceemissionsinsectorsthataretechnicallychallengingorprohibitivelyexpensivetodecarboniseLegalandregulatoryframeworksmayneedtobeamendedorupdatedtoaccommodate–forexample–CO2capturefromtheairratherthanfrompointsourcesonly.egalegalandRegulatoryHandbookPAGE|13GlobalCCUSprojectshavebeenconcentratedintheUnitedStates,thoughdeploymentisdiversifyingacrossregions50GlobalCO2capturecapacityatlarge-scalefacilitiesbycountry19801990200020102022fChinasIEA.Allrightsreserved.Sources:IEAanalysisandtracking;GlobalCCSInstituteCCSFacilitiesDatabasehttps://co2re.co/.egalandRegulatoryHandbookChapter1PAGE|14KeylegalandregulatoryissuesforCCUSTheIEAhasidentified25prioritylegalandregulatoryissuesforCCUSdeployment,assetoutinthetablebelow.TheseissuesarediscussedindetailinChapters3-6ofthehandbookandsupportedwithModelRegulatoryText.TheseissuesarebroadlygroupedintoightcategoriesDefiningtheregulatoryscopeissuesthatsetthelegalheclassificationandownershipofCOEnvironmentalreviewsandpermitting:requirementsforoperatorstominimiseenvironmentalandpublichealthimpactsthroughdetailedassessmentsanddatacollectionandreporting.Enablingfirst-moverprojects:approachestoreduceregulatorybarriersandprovidecertaintytofirst-andearly-moverprojects.Ensuringsafeandsecurestorage:issuesthatcoverthefullrangeofthestoragedevelopmentprocess,fromresourceassessmenttothesiteclosureprocessThisincludesrobustmonitoringandreportingrequirementsforoperatorsandfinancialsecurityobligationsincludinganyrequirementstoremediatetheCO2storagesite.•Addressinglong-termstorageliabilities:issuessurroundingrequirementsandresponsibilitiesofoperatorsandtherelevantauthorityfollowingtheclosureofastoragesite.Internationalandtransboundaryissues:regulatoryissuesthatmthecrossbordertransportandstorageofCOFacilitatingCCUShubs:considerationsforenablingsharedCO2transportandstorageinfrastructure.Otherkeyandemergingissues:pointsthatreflectrecentdevelopmentsandexperiencebutwhichmaynotbeaddressedindetailincurrentframeworks.TheseissuesaddressallaspectsoftheCCUSvaluechain,withastrongfocusonhowframeworksfunctiontoensurethesafeandhehandbookprovidesadescriptionandgeneralconsiderationsforthosedesigningrelevantregulatoryandlegislativeapproachesTheissuedescriptionsarefollowedbycasestudiesandexamplesofregulatoryapproaches.WhiletheaimistohighlightarangeoflegalandregulatoryconsiderationsforCCUSthereisnointentiontobeexhaustiveoradvocateaonesizefitsallapproachItisrecognisedthatindividualernmentsshouldaddressissuesaccordingtotheirownparticularcircumstances.egalandRegulatoryHandbookChapter1LegalandregulatoryissuesforyneryscopessificationandpurityofCOdcharacterisationsofCOegasawastehazardouswastepollutantdangerousgoodorcommodity.AlsothequalitativeorquantitativerequirementsorstandardsforCO2streams.ershipandtitleofCODefiningCO2ownershipalongtheCCUSvaluechainandoverthelifeofaCCUSproject.EnvironmentalreviewsandpermittinglimpactssessmentEIAApplicableenvironmentalprotectionsandEIArequirements,includingspecificconsiderationsforCO2storage.andauthorisationApplicationandissuanceprocessesforCO2injectionandstoragepermits,anyprerequisitesforpermittingandcommencementofinjection,andanyreview,modification/cancellationandsurrendermechanisms.gementandltationRightsobligationsandmechanismsforpublicparticipationinCCUSactivities,includingbypublicationofproposalsandpermitregistersreviewandresponseprocesses,obligationstoconsidercommentsandavenuesforlegaloradministrativechallenge.gfirstmoverfflegislationDedicatedlegislationforaspecificCCUSprojectintheabsenceofanexisting,comprehensiveframework.lapproachesandPreferentialdevelopmentrights,includingforCO2storageexplorationanddevelopment,andspecialadministrativeandpermittingarrangementsforprojectsidentifiedasbeingofstrategicinterest.feandecurestorageageresourceassessmentRegulationoftheprocesstoidentifyCO2storageresourcessuitablefordevelopment,includingregionalscreening,sitescreening,siteselection,initialcharacterisationanddetailedcharacterisation.rshipofporespaceImplicationsoflegalownershipofsubsurfacegeology,includingporespaceforCO2storage,whichdiffersbetweenregions.tmonitoringandverificationMMV)plansMonitoringandreportingobligationswithrespecttoestablishingbaselinesandidentifyingirregularitiesandanyrequirementsforindependentverificationofdata.agesiteinspectionsspectionprovisionsincludingmechanismsforauthorisinginspectorsinspectoraccessrightsandoperatorobligationstoallowaccessandshareinformation.tionalliabilitiesandfinancialsecurityAllocationofliability,andobligationtopostfinancialsecurity,fordamageorlossthatoccurspriortoanypost-closurepermitsurrenderortransferofliability,andanyregulatorstep-inandcostrecoverymechanisms.losureprocessTheprocessforsitedecommissioningandclosure,includingconditionstobemetpriortoclosure,obligationstoplugwells,removesurfaceinfrastructureandmonitorstoredCO2,mechanismsforreleaseofanyfinancialsecurityandcompliancecertificationmechanisms.PAGE|16ynAddressinglong-ermstorageiabilitiesliabilitypostsitesureArrangements(ifany)forthetransfertothestateorrelevantauthorityofliabilityinrespectofaclosedCO2andorinjectedCOincludinganypreconditionsanypostclosureperiodthatmustelapsepriortothetransfer,andanyliabilityretainedbyoperator.lassurancesoflongtermsitestewardshipMechanismsunderwhichoperatorsarerequiredtocontributefinanciallytothecostsoflong-termsitestewardshipofaCO2storagesitefollowinganysiteclosure.nalandtransboundarycrossborderCOtransportCapturedCO2canmoveacrossoneormorejurisdictions,whichmaytriggercertainnationalorinternationalregulatoryrequirements.CompliancewiththeLondonProtocolObligationsandrequirementsforcross-bordertransportofCO2undertheLondonProtocolandthe2019ResolutionforProvisionalApplicationofthe2009CCSExportAmendment.fpressurefrontsacrossinternationalbordersInteractionofsubsurfacegeology,specificallypressurefrontsinlargeCO2storageformations,occurringacrossjurisdictionalboundaries.lapbetweenmultipleframeworksPotentialoverlapbetweenmultipleregulatoryframeworksforexamplewhereprojectsoutsidetheUnitedStatesarecreditedunderCalifornia’sLowCarbonFuelStandardwithspecificregulatoryrequirements.gCCUSAccesstosharedtransporttureObligationsorarrangementstoallowthird-partyaccesstoCO2transportinfrastructure,includinganyrighttorefuseaccess,andrelevantcompensationanddisputeresolutionmechanisms.ingsharedstoragetureObligationsorarrangementstoallowthirdpartyaccesstostoragesites,includinganyrighttorefuseaccess,andrelevantcompensationanddisputeresolutionmechanisms.keyandrgingissuesTreatmentofCO2removalechnologiesTreatmentofCO2removaltechnologies,suchasDAC,withinexistingandfuturelegalandregulatoryframeworks.thothersurfacedsubsurfaceresourcesInteractionofCCUSprojectsandstorageinfrastructureinparticularwithothersubsurfaceandsurfaceresources,suchasoilandgasactivitiesandoffshorewind.TransitioningfromCO2-EOR(enhancedoilrecovery)todedicatedstorageRegulatoryconsiderationsfortransitioningCO2-EORoperationstodedicatedCO2storage.eadyrequirementsComprehensivecriteriaforfacilitiestobeconsideredreadyandabletoadoptCCUSinthefuture.IEA.Allrightsreserved.egalandRegulatoryHandbookChapter1PAGE|17Priorityactionsforpolicymakersandlegislatorsion•Identifykeyregulatoryissues.•Reviewinternationalbestpractices,approachesandstandards.•Assessexistingregulatoryfra