2023年名词解释笔记总结

01.Ｈuｍanism（人文主义）ＨumaｎismｉstheessｅnceofｔheＲenaiｓｓance.Ｉｔemphａsｉzｅsthediｇniｔyofhumanbeingｓanｄｔｈeｉmportａｎｃｅoｆthｅpｒｅsentｌｉｆe.Ｈuｍanｉsｔｓvoicedthｅiｒｂelｉefｓthatｍaｎｗasthｅｃenteroｆtheuniverseandmanｄｉdｎｏtonlｙｈａveｔｈeriｇhttｏeｎjoytheｂeautｙoftheｐrｅｓentlifｅ，buthａｄtheaｂiliｔｙtoperｆecthiｍselｆaｎdｔopｅrfoｒmwｏnｄｅrs.02．Renａisｓａｎｃｅ（文艺复兴）Theworｄ“Renaiｓsanｃｅ”means“rebirtｈ”,iｔｍeaｎtthereiｎtroｄｕctioｎintoｗesternEurｏpeoftｈefulｌculｔurａlｈeritagｅｏfGrｅeceandRｏme．2>theeｓｓenceｏftｈeRenaｉsｓanceisＨumanism．Attｉtudesandfeeｌｉngｓｗhｉchhａｄbeｅnｃhａｒａctｅristｉｃofｔhｅ14thand1５tｈcenturiesperｓistedｗeｌｌｄownintoｔｈeeｒaofHumａnisｍaｎdrefｏｒmation．３>thｅrealmaiｎsｔreaｍoftheEｎglisｈRenaiｓｓaｎceisｔheElｉｚabethａnｄramaｗｉtｈWｉｌliamＳhakespearebeinｇｔhelｅadingｄｒamatist.03.Metaphｙsicalｐoetrｙ(玄学派诗歌）Mｅtａｐhｙsicalpoetrｙｉｓcomｍoｎlyusedtｏｎametheｗorkoftｈe17tｈcenｔurywrｉterswhowｒoteｕndeｒｔheinfｌuｅnｃeofJohnDｏnne.2>withaｒｅbeｌliouｓspirｉt，thｅＭetaphysiｃalpｏetstriedtobreakawayfｒｏmtｈeconventiｏnalfashiｏnoftｈeElｉzabｅtｈaｎlovｅｐoetｒy.３>thｅdｉｃｔionisｓimｐlｅascompareｄwｉｔhthatoftheEｌizaｂethanortｈｅＮeoclａsｓicalperｉoｄｓ,andechｏesｔｈewｏｒdsａndcadencesofcommoｎｓpｅｅcｈ.4>thｅiｍageryisdraｗnfromactualｌife.０4．Classｉcｉｓm(古典主义）Clａssiｃiｓmrｅfｅｒｓｔｏamｏvemｅntortｅndencyｉnart,liｔeｒatuｒｅ，ｏrmusicｔｈatrｅfleｃtｓtｈeｐrincｉpleｓmanｉfeｓtedinthｅaｒtofaｎｃienｔGreecｅandRome.Ｃlassicｉsmemｐhasizesthetradｉtioｎalandthｅuｎivｅrsaｌ，andplacesvalueｏnreaｓon,clarity,ｂａlance，aｎdorder．Claｓsiciｓm,witｈｉtｓｃｏncerｎfoｒｒeasonandunivｅｒsａlthemes，iｓｔraditｉonalｌyｏpposedtoRomantiｃｉｓm,ｗhicｈｉsｃoｎcerneｄwithemoｔionsandｐersｏｎaltheｍes.０5．Enliｇhtenｍenｔ（启蒙运动）EnｌighｔｅｎmeｎtmovementwasaｐrｏgressivepｈiｌosｏphｉcalanｄartisticmoveｍentｗhichflourisheｄｉnＦranceaｎdswｅptthroｕｇｈweｓｔernEuｒopeinthe18thｃeｎtury.2>ｔhemｏvｅmｅｎtwasａfurthｅranceofthｅRenａisｓａnceｆｒｏm1４ｔhｃenturyｔｏthｅmid－17ｔｈｃentuｒy.3>iｔspｕｒpoｓewastoenlightｅｎthｅｗholｅworｌｄｗitｈtｈelｉghtofmｏdernphilosｏpｈiｃalandarｔｉstｉcidｅａs.4＞iｔcｅlebratedrｅasoｎｏrrａｔionａlity,equalityaｎdｓcience.Itａｄvocatedｕniversaｌｅducatioｎ．５>fａmousamoｎｇtｈｅgｒｅatenlighteneｒsinEｎgｌandｗerｅｔhｏsegreatwrｉtersｌikeAｌｅxandeｒpｏpｅ,ＪonatｈanＳwiｆt,ｅｔc．0６.Neoｃlassiｃｉsｍ(新古典主义）Ｉntheｆieldｏｆliｔeratｕre,theenlightenｍｅntmovemenｔbｒouｇhtabouｔarｅviｖalofinｔerestiｎtｈｅｏldｃlassiｃaｌｗoｒkｓ．２>thisｔendencｙiskｎownasｎｅocｌasｓiciｓm.ＴｈeNeoclaｓｓicistｓhelｄthatformsofliteratureweｒeｔｏbemodｅｌｅdａfｔertheｃｌassiｃaｌworksｏftheancｉｅntGrｅekａｎdRomaｎwriterｓsｕｃｈａsHomerａnｄVｉrgiｌanｄtｈoseofthｅcontemｐoraryFreｎchonｅｓ.3>thｅyｂｅlｉeveｄthａttｈeartisticiｄｅalsｓｈoulｄbｅordeｒ,loｇic,ｒesｔraｉneｄeｍoｔionaｎｄａccurａcy,andtｈaｔｌiteratureshｏｕldbejudgedintｅrmsofitsserｖicｅtohｕｍａnity.07.TheGravｅｙarｄＳchooｌ(坟场派诗歌)TheＧraveyardSchoｏlreferstoaｓcｈｏoｌｏfpoetsｏfｔhe１8ｔhcｅｎtｕrｙｗhｏseｐｏeｍｓaｒｅｍoｓtlyｄevoteｄtoａsentｉmentalｌamentaｔionorｍeditatｉｏｎｏｎlｉｆe.Pastａndｐreseｎt,witｈdeaｔhａndgrａｖeyardastheｍｅs.2＞ＴｈomasGrayｉsｃonsiderｅdtobethｅleaｄingfiｇureofthｉsscｈoolａndhisElegywｒitteniｎacountryｃhｕrchyaｒdiｓitｓｍostrｅpresentａtiｖｅwork.0８.Romaｎticism（浪漫主义)１>Inthｅmid-18tｈcentｕry，anewｌｉteｒaryｍovemenｔｃalleｄｒomaｎｔicismcａmeｔoEurｏpｅａｎdthｅnｔoEｎgｌand．２＞Itwａsｃharａcｔeｒizｅｄbyaｓｔronｇprotestagａinsｔtｈebｏndageofｎeocｌasｓicisｍ，ｗhicheｍphasｉzedrｅaｓｏn，ordｅrandeｌｅgaｎｔｗｉt.Insｔｅad，ｒomantiｃｉｓmgavepriｍaryｃoncernｔoｐassion，eｍｏtioｎ，aｎdｎaturaｌbｅautｙ.３>Inthehｉstoｒｙofliterature.Romaｎticismiｓgeｎeｒaｌlyregａrdｅdastｈｅthouｇhttｈａtdesignatesalｉterａryanｄphiｌoｓoｐhicalthｅorywhｉchtendｓｔｏseｅtheindividualaｓthｅｖerｙceｎｔerｏfaｌｌｌｉｆｅanｄｅｘperｉence.4>ＴｈeＥｎglisｈｒomaｎticｐeriodｉsａnagｅofｐｏｅtｒywｈｉchｐrｅvaileｄｉnEnglanｄfｒｏｍ1798ｔo18３７.ThemajorromanticpoetsincludeＷｏrdswoｒｔh,ByronanｄShellｅy.０9.ＢyｒｏnicHerｏ(拜伦式英雄)Byｒonichｅroreｆerｓtoaprｏuｄ,ｍｙstｅｒiousrebelｆiｇurｅofnoｂlｅｏrｉgin.2＞ｗithimｍenｓesuｐeriｏrｉtyinhispassiｏｎsaｎdpｏｗers,ｔhｉsByｒonicHeｒowouldcaｒrｙｏnhiｓｓhouldeｒstｈｅburｄeｎofrｉghtingalｌthｅwroｎgsｉnａcorrｕptsociｅty.Andwoulｄrisesinｇle－ｈandedｌyａgaｉnｓｔanykｉndoｆtyraｎnicalｒuｌesｅｉtheringｏvｅrnmenｔ，inrｅliｇｉoｎ,orｉｎmoralpｒinciplesｗiｔhｕnconqueraｂlewillsaｎｄinexhausｔibleenerｇies.3>Ｂｙｒon‘scｈiefcｏntｒibｕｔiontｏEnｇｌｉshliteratｕｒｅishiscrｅaｔiｏnofthe“ByronicHero”１0.CriｔicａlRealiｓm（批判现实主义）ＣｒｉticalRｅaliｓmisatermａppliedｔotheｒealisticfiｃｔioｎｉnthelaｔｅ１9ｔhａndｅarlｙ20thｃentｕries.2>Iｔmeanｓｔhｅｔｅnｄencyofwｒｉteｒｓeｌleｃｔuａlsｉnｔheperiｏｄｂeｔweｅｎ187５ａｎd1９20toapplｙthemeｔhodsofreａlisticfictiontoｔｈｅcritiｃｉsmofsociｅtyanｄtheexaminationoｆsocialiｓｓues.3>Reaｌistｗｒｉteｒｓwerｅａllcoｎcernedabｏuｔtｈefａteofｔhｅcoｍmonｐeopｌeanddeｓcrｉbedwｈaｔwasfａitｈfuｌtｏｒeaｌｉty．4>CharｌeｓDｉckｅnsiｓtｈｅmostimportａnｔcritｉｃａlrealisｔ.11．Aｅstheticism(美学主义）ThebasicｔheｏryoftheAesthｅｔiｃｍoveｍent——“aｒｔfｏrａｒt‘sｓaｋe”ｗassetfｏrｔｈbyaFreｎchpoｅｔ，TｈｅｏｐhｉleＧautiｅr，thefirsｔEｎglishmaｎwhoｗroｔeaｂｏｕttheｔhｅoryofaestheｔicisｍwaｓＷalｔｅrＰatｅr.2>ａｅstｈeticismplａcｅｓartaboveliｆe,andholdstｈatｌifeshoｕｌdiｍitateａrt,ｎｏtartimitaｔelifｅ.３>Accorｄinｇtｏtｈｅａesthetｅs,aｌlartistｉccreaｔｉonisabsoｌｕｔelysubjeｃtｉvｅasoppｏsｅdtｏobjｅcｔive.Ａrｔｓhｏulｄbｅfｒeefｒomanyinfluenceofegoism.Ｏnlyｗhenartisfｏrａrｔ‘ssakｅ,ｃａｎｉtbｅimmｏrtal．Ｔｈeｙbelｉevedthａｔartshoｕldｂeuｎconcｅrｎedwithcｏｎtｒoveｒsialissues,sucｈaspoｌｉticｓaｎｄmoｒalｉｔｙ，aｎdtｈatitsｈoulｄｂeｒestｒｉctｅｄtocontrｉbutingbｅａutyinahｉghlypolishedstyｌe.4＞ThｉｓiｓoｎeｏfthereactionsagａｉnｓttheｍaterialisｍａｎdｃｏmmｅrcialiｓｍofthｅVictorianiｎdｕsｔriaｌeｒa，aswellasareactｉonagainｓttheVictorｉａncｏnveｎtioｎofartforｍoraｌity‘ssake，oraｒtfｏrmonｅy’ｓsake.美学运动的基本原则“为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔。高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特。佩特。美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活。在美学主义看来，所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物。艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才干成为不朽之作。他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美。这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇敬的一种回应，也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战。1２.TｈｅVｉctoriａnperiod(维多利亚时期）(来源：自考３６5网ziｋａｏ365.coｍ)Inｔhispｅriod,ｔheｎovelbｅcａｍeｔhemostwidｅlyreaｄａｎdｔhemoｓtvｉtalandcｈallenｇｉnｇｅxｐrｅssionoｆprogreｓsiｖetｈouｇht.Whiｌestickｉngtｏtheｐrinciplｅoffaitｈfulreｐresenｔationoftｈe1８thｃｅｎtuｒyｒeaｌiｓtnoveｌ,ｎoveｌistsinthisperiodｃarrｉedｔheｉrdutyｆoｒｗaｒdｔocriｔicisｍofthesocieｔｙａndｔhedefenseoｆｔheｍass．2＞alｔｈｏｕghwritｉngfroｍdifferentpoinｔｓofviewaｎdwitｈdiｆｆｅｒentｔeｃhｎiqｕes，theｙshareｄoneｔhinｇiｎcommoｎ,thａｔis,ｔｈeywereallｃoncernedabouttheｆateofthｅcｏmmonpｅｏｐle.Tｈeywerｅangｒyｗiｔhtheinhｕmansｏciaｌｉｎstｉtｕｔioｎｓ，thedecayingｓｏcｉalmｏraｌityａsｒepresenｔｅdbyｔheｍoneｙ-wｏrｓhipandＵtiｌｉｔarｉanism,ａｎdtheｗidesｐreadmiseｒｙ，povertｙaｎdｉｎjusｔice.3>tｈeirｔruthfulｐictureofｐｅoplｅ‘ｓlｉfeａndｂｉtteraｎdstroｎgcritiｃismoftｈesocｉｅｔyhadｄonemuchｉnａwakenｉngthepubｌiｃcｏnsｃiouｓnessｔｏthｅｓociａlpｒｏｂｌemsａnｄinｔheaｃｔualｉmpｒｏveｍenｔoftheｓoｃiｅty.４>CharlesDiｃkensistｈｅｌeaｄingfiｇurｅoｆthｅＶictｏriａｎperｉod.13.Moderｎism(现代主义)Modernismisｃomｐrehensiveｂutvagｕetermfｏra

movｅｍｅｎt,whichbeginiｎtｈeｌaｔe19tｈcentｕｒyａndｗhｉchhａsｈadawｉdeiｎflueｎcｅｉnternａtioｎalｌyduriｎｇmｕchofthe2０ｔhｃｅｎｔury.2>moderｎismtａkesｔheｉrrationalｐhilosopｈyａｎdthetｈeｏryofpsｙcｈo－ａnａlyｓｉｓasｉtstｈeorｅticalcase.3>ｔhetermpeｒｔainstoalltheｃreativeａrts.Esｐｅcｉallypoeｔrｙ,fiction，drama,paｉnｔiｎg，muｓｉcaｎdarcｈitecture.4>inEｎｇlａｎdfromearlｙintｈe20tｈｃenturyanｄｄuringｔｈe1９2０sand1930ｓ，inAmericａfroｍshoｒtlｙｂeforethefirsｔworldwarａndoｎduringtheiｎter-waｒperｉod,modｅrnｉstｔeｎdenciesｗereattheirmｏstaｃtiveanｄfruiｔfｕl.５＞asｆaraｓｌiteratureｉscｏｎｃｅｒnｅd,Mｏdernismｒｅｖealsａｂｒｅakｉngawａyfｒoｍestabｌisheｄｒulｅs,tｒaｄitionsａndconventioｎs.fresｈwaｙsoflｏokｉnｇatman‘spositｉｏnandfunctioninｔheunivｅrseanｄｍａnyｅｘｐｅrimentsinforｍaｎdstyle.Iｔｉspartiｃularlｙｃonｃeｒnedwｉthlａngｕaｇeanｄｈowtouseitanｄwithwriｔinｇitsｅｌｆ.１4.Ｓｔreａmofcｏnsｃiousnesｓ(意识流）(ｏrinterｉormonolｏgue)Inliterarycritｉｃiｓm,Streａmofconｓciｏusnｅsｓｄenotesalｉterarytｅchniｑueｗｈiｃhｓeeｋｓｔodesｃrｉbeaninｄiｖiｄｕal‘ｓpｏinｔofｖｉeｗｂygiｖｉngｔhewritteneｑｕｉvaｌeｎtoftheｃｈarａcｔer’sｔhougｈtpｒocesseｓ.Ｓｔreamofcoｎscioｕｓnesswrｉtingisstronglｙassociａtedwｉthｔhｅｍodｅｒnｉstmovemｅｎt.Itsｉntroductionintｈeliｔerarycｏｎtｅｘt，traｎsfｅｒredfｒompsｙｃｈologｙ,isattriｂuteｄｔｏMaｙＳinｃｌaｉr.Sｔreaｍofconsciｏuｓneｓsｗritingｉsuｓualｌyrｅgａrdeｄａsasｐeciaｌformｏfｉnteriormｏnologueａｎdｉsｃｈaracｔｅrｉｚedbyaｓsociａtiveｌｅapsinsyntaxａｎdｐｕnctｕaｔｉoｎthatcａnｍａkｅｔhepｒoｓedｉfｆｉculttｏfoｌlｏｗ，ｔraｃingasｔheydoaｃhａｒａcter‘sfraｇmｅnｔaｒytｈoughtsａndsenｓoｒyfeeliｎgｓ.FamoｕｓwｒiterstoemploytｈｉsｔechniｑueinｔheＥｎgｌishlaｎguageｉｎclｕdeJamesＪoｙｃeａnｄＷｉlliａmＦａulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。意识流是现代主义运动的体现,它一方面出现在心现学领域,由梅。辛克拉提出的,后引进文学领域。意识流写作通常被认为是一种特殊形式的内心独白。它的特别是联想性,以句法和标点的跳跃,文章的晦涩难懂为特性。来表现人物的片断思维和感官性直觉。比较著名的使用此技巧的有乔伊斯。福克纳。1５.AmericanＰuｒitaｎｉsm(美国清教主义)PuriｔanismwａｓaｒeligiouｓrefoｒmtｈatarosewｉthintｈeCｈurchofEｎgｌandinthｅlate1６tｈcentuｒy.Ｕndersiegefromchuｒchａndcrｏwn，itsｅnｔａnｏffshootinthethirdaｎｄｆourｔｈdecadesofｔhe17ｔｈtｏthenoｒthｅrnEngｌishcoｌｏｎiesinｔｈeneｗworlｄ——amiｇｒatｉonthatlaidｔhefｏundationfortherelｉgious,ｉntellecｔual，ａnｄsocialorderofNｅｗEngｌaｎｄ.Puｒitaｎism,howｅｖｅr，waｓnｏｔonlyaｈisｔoriｃallyspｅciｆicpheｎoｍenoｎcoinｃidentwiｔhthefounｄingｏfnewEｎｇlａnｄ，itwａsａｌsoawａｙofbｅiｎｇiｎtｈewoｒld——ａstyｌeofrespoｎseｔolivｅdeｘpｅriｅnce——tｈathａsreverberateｄｔhrｏuｇhAmeriｃanlifeeｖｅrsinｃe.Ｄoｃtｒｉnally,puriｔaｎｓａｄhereｄtotｈefiｖepoinｔｓofＣaｌvinismａscodifiedattｈeｓｙｎｏdofdｏｒtｉn16１9：1)Ｕｎconｄitiｏnａlelｅctｉon：tｈeideatｈaｔGoｄhａddecｒeedａtthesyｎoｄoｆdａmnedaｎdwhowassavedfroｍｂｅｆoｒeｔheｂｅginningoｆtheworld；2）limitｅdaｔoｎeｍeｎｔ：ｔheｉｄeathatChriｓtｄiｅｄfoｒtheelectonly;3）Ｔoｔａｌdｅpraｖｉtｙ:humaｎity‘ｓuttｅrcｏrrupｔionｓｉｎcetｈefaｌl;4）Irrｅsisｔiblegｒａcｅ：regeｎeratiｏnａsentirelyaworｋofＧod，whｉchcaｎnotbere３sｉsteｄaｎｄtｏwｈiｃhｔhｅsｉnnｅrconｔribｕteｓnoｔｈing;5)Ｔhｅｐｅrseveranｃeofthesaints：theelect，dｅspｉｔetｈeｉｒbacｋｓlidｉngａndfaintnesｓｏfhｅart,cannotfalｌawaｙｆromgraｃｅ.清教主义是１6世纪晚期在英国教会内进行的一场宗教改革。在教会和皇权的双重压力之下，清教的一个分支于1７世纪30,4０年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地,他们为新英格兰奠定了宗教、知识和社会秩序的基础。清教主义不仅符合新英格兰成立的特定历史，并且一直反映了美国生活的一种生活方式。从教义上说，清教徒遵循加尔文派于162023多特宗教会议上制定的五条信条：１)无条件拣选:神没有任凭人在罪中灭亡,而是在创世以前就拣选了一群人旅行拯救；2）有限救赎：基督的死只是为了特定数目的选民而死;3)完全堕落:自从亚当偷吃善恶果后,整个人类都堕落了；4)不可抗拒的恩典:圣灵的能力在罪人心里运营，一直到他认罪悔改方休；５）圣徒的坚守：圣徒是神所挑选的,无论他们如何退步，始终在神的感召下。16.ＡmerｉcａｎRomａｎｔiｃism(美国浪漫主义)RomanticismreferstoaｎartistiｃandｉｎtelleｃtuａlｍovementoriginatinｇinEｕrｏpeinthｅlａｔe18tｈｃenturyａndｃharacterizedbyaheighｔenｅdiｎterestiｎnature,eｍphasiｓｏntheinｄividuａl‘ｓeｘpressionoｆemｏtｉonanｄimaginaｔion，departurefroｍtｈｅattitｕdesaｎｄformsoｆclassicｉsm，andrebellionagainsｔｅstａblｉshedｓociaｌrｕｌeｓaｎｄｃｏnvｅntions.ＴheｒomａｎticpｅｒｉodｉnAmeriｃａｎlitｅraturestrｅtcｈesｆｒomtheendoｆthｅ18tｈcentuｒyｔｈroｕghtheｏｕtbreａkofｔhecｉvilwar.Iｔwasanageｏｆgreatwestｗaｒdexpansｉoｎ，ofｔhｅiｎcreasingｇｒavityofthesｌａveryquｅstiｏn，ｏfaｎintenｓifiｃａtｉonoｆtheｓpiritｏｆｅmbattlｅdsｅctioｎａlｉｓminｔhesouth,aｎdofａpoweｒfulｉmpulsetorefｏｒminthｅnorth.ＩnliteratureitwasAmeｒicａ’ｓｆｉrsｔgreatcreaｔiveperiod，afullfｌoｗeringofｔｈｅｒoｍanticimpuｌseｏnAmeｒｉcａｎsoil.Althoughfoｒeiｇninfｌuencｅswereｓtroｎg,Ａｍerｉｃanrｏmａnticismexhibｉteｄfｒomtｈeｖｅｒｙoutｓetdｉsｔinctfeａturesofｉtsown．Fｉrsｔ，Ameｒicanromanｔiｃismwasinesseｎcｅtｈeexprｅssioｎof“ａrｅａｌｎeweｘperieｎce”anｄconｔａined“aｎalienquａlity”fｏrｔheｓiｍｐlerｅａｓｏnthａt“ｔｈespｉritｏｆthｅplace”wａsｒａｄicａllｙnewaｎdalｉen.Second,puｒitａninflueｎｃeoveｒAmｅｒｉcａｎrｏｍａnｔｉcismwaｓcｏｎspｉｃuouslｙｎoticeaｂlｅ.ＥmｅrgingasnewwrｉteｒsofstｒengthandcrｅatiｖepoweｒweretｈenｏvelｉstsHawｔhornｅ,Ｍelviｌle，theｐoetsDickinsｏn,Whitmａn,theｅssayistｓＴｈｏreａu，Emeｒｓon.ThｅseAmｅrｉｃａnwriterｓhadmａdeagｒeatlｉtｅraｒypeｒioｄｂycａｐturinｇonthｅｉrpagestheeｎthuｓiaｓmaｎdｔheoｐtimisｍofｔｈatdｒeaｍ.浪漫主义是于18世纪晚期发起于欧洲的一场艺术性及思想性的运动,它注重自然，强调个人情感表达与想像力,向既定的社会制度和传统挑战,与古典主义形式相分离。美国的浪漫主义时期从18世纪末一直延续到内战爆发前。这个时期发生了大规模的西迁运动,日益严峻的奴隶问题,南部各州的地方保护主义的是益盛行以及北部呼声愈演愈烈火的革新运动。在文学上，这个时期是美国第一次伟大的创作时期，浪漫主义的种子在北美的土壤里生根发芽。尽管受到欧洲浪漫主义运动的影响,美国浪漫主义文学仍然呈现出自己的独特风格。第一，美国浪漫主义在本质上是一个“全新的经历”的表达，因这个新大陆充满着生机和活力而使美国的浪漫主义蕴含异国的气质;第二，清教主义对美国浪漫主义有着显著的影响，作为新生创作力量的有小说家霍桑，麦尔维尔。诗人狄金森和惠特曼,散文家梭罗，爱默生。这些美国作家充满热情地记录下这个伟大时代的乐观主义精神。１7．Ｔranscenｄentalisｍ（超验主义）

（来源:自考3６5网ｚ)Ｔraｎsceｎdentaｌismislｉｔeｒａtｕrｅ，philｏsophicaｌａndｌiteｒaｒymovementｔhatflourｉsｈeｄｉｎneｗEnglandfromaｂouｔ1８3６ｔo１8６０.ｉｔｉｓthｅｓummｉtoｆAmｅriｃaｎRomaｎｔiｃism．ｉtｏｒｉｇinatedamongａsｍallgｒoｕpoｆiｎtelｌｅctuaｌswhｏwｅreｒeacｔinｇａgａiｎsttheortｈodoxyｏfCalvｉｎismandtｈeratiｏnalｉsmoftheUｎitariａnＣhｕrch,devｅlopinｇinｓｔeaｄtheｉrownｆａithcｅntｅriｎgonthedivinityofｈumａniｔyandthenatｕralwoｒld．TranscｅｎdｅntaｌiｓｍdｅrｉvedsomeｏfitｓbaｓicideａlistiｃconcepｔｓfromromantｉcGermａnpｈｉｌoｓｏｐhｙ，andfromsuｃhEngliｓhauthorｓasＣoｌeriｄgeandWordsｗoｒth.ItsｍysｔiｃalaspｅｃｔswerｅpaｒtlyinｆｌuenｃedbｙIｎdianaｎｄＣhinｅserｅｌiｇioustｅachings．AltｈoughTｒanscｅndｅntａlismwasnevｅrａriｇoｒousｌｙsｙsteｍaｔiｃphｉlｏsophy，ithadｓomebaｓicｔｅｎetsthatｗeｒｅgeneraｌｌysharedｂyiｔsadherentｓ.TｈebeｌiefsｔhａtＧｏdiｓimmanentineaｃhpersonandｉnnatureａndthatindividualintuitioｎisthehiｇｈｅstsｏurceofknowleｄgeledtoaｎoptimiｓtiｃｅｍｐｈaｓisoｎindiｖidualism,self-reliance,andrｅｊectiｏnoftraｄiｔionａlauthoriｔy.ＴhｅideａsofTranscenｄenｔａｌismwereｍosｔｅｌoqｕｅntlｙexpreｓsｅdbyRaｌｐｈwaldoEｍｅrsoninsuchｅssaysａsＮａtuｒe，aｎｄbyHｅnrｙDavidＴhoreａuｉnhisbookWaｌdｅn.超验主义是从18３6至186０于新英格兰发起的一场文学，哲学以及艺术运动。即浪漫主义的顶点。由于一小群知识分子反对加尔文教派和唯一神论教派理性的形式主义，他们从而提出人与自然的神圣这一信念。超验主义受到德国浪漫主义哲学以及英国浪漫主义作家柯勒律治和沃兹华斯的影响,还在一定限度上受到东方古典哲学和宗教的影响。尽管超验主义思想并不能算是严格意义上的哲学，但是它还是有一些基本原则的。超验主义者认为人人都有内在的神性，只有通过接触自然才干使神性与人的天性互相融合。从而超验主义十分强调个人主义，自立，拒绝传统权威思想。超验主义思想在爱默生的<论自然>和梭罗的<瓦尔登湖＞等书中表现得淋漓尽致。18.

theAgeoｆReａlｉｓm(现实主义时期)1）。ＲeaｌｉｓｍwａsaｒeactionagａｉnsｔＲoｍａnｔiｃisｍaｎｄpaveｄｔhewaｙtoModeｒnｉsｍ;２)。Duｒｉngthｉsperiodａnewｇｅneｒatioｎｏｆwritｅrｓ，ｄｉsｓaｔisfiedwitｈthｅRｏｍａnticideaｓintheolｄｅrgenｅratiｏn，cameuｐｗｉthaｎewinｓｐirａtion.Ｔｈiｓnewａttitｕdewasｃhａracterｉｚｅdbyagrｅaｔinterestｉnthereａlitｉesoflifｅ.Iｔａimedattheinｔerｐreｔatioｎofｔherealitieｓofａnyaspectofliｆe，freefromｓubｊeｃtiveprejuｄice，idealism，ｏrroｍantｉccoｌor.Inｓteadofthinkingａbouttｈeｍｙsｔerｉesoflifeaｎｄdeaｔhandheroicindividuaｌism,people‘sattentioｎｗaｓnowdｉｒｅcｔedtotheiｎterｅｓｔｉngｆeaturesofeｖerydayexｉstencｅ,towhatwasbrutalｏrsoｒｄid，andtｏｔheｏｐｅnpoｒｔｒaｙalofclassstrｕgｇlｅ;3）soｗritersｂeｇaｎtodｅscriｂethｅiｎｔegｒityoｆhuｍancharａｃtersreacｔｉngundeｒvariｏuｓｃircumｓｔancｅsandpiｃtuｒethepiｏneersｏfthefarｗest，ｔheｎewｉｍmｉgrantsａndｔhesｔruggleｓoftheworｋinｇｃｌaｓs;4)MａrkＴｗaｉnHowellsandHenｒyJamesarethreeｌｅadinｇfigureｓｏftheＡｍerｉｃaｎRealｉｓｍ.19．ＡmericaｎNａtuｒaliｓｍ（美国自然主义文学)TheAmericannatuｒalistsacceptedthemoｒeneｇａtiｖeiｎterpｒｅｔationoｆDａrwiｎ‘sｅvoｌutioｎaｒytheｏryanｄｕsedittoaｃcｏｕｔforthｅbｅhaｖiｏｒofthoｓecｈaｒacｔeｒsｉnlitｅｒarywoｒkswhowｅrｅregaｒdedaｓmoreorpｌeｘcombｉnaｔionsofinheｒitedatｔributｅs,thｅirhａｂitscｏndiｔioｎedbｙsｏcｉalaｎdeconomicｆoｒceｓ.2)naｔuraliｓmisevolveｄfrｏｍrｅalismwhenｔheauｔhor’stｏｎeｉnwｒitingbecomｅslessserｉousaｎdleｓssyｍpatheｔicbutmoｒeiroｎicaｎdmorepessimｉsｔiｃ.Itｉsnomoｒetｈanaglooｍｙphiｌosophｉcalaｐproaｃｈｔｏｒｅaｌiｔy,ortｏhumaneｘistencｅ.３>Dreiseｒisaleadingfiｇureofｈisｓｃｈｏoｌ．20.Naturａｌism（自然主义）ＮaｔuraｌisｍｉsalｉterarｙｍoｖeｍentrelaｔedtoandsｏmeｔimesdescriｂｅｄasaneｘtreｍefoｒmofrｅaｌismｂｕｔwhiｃｈmaｙbemoreappropｒｉateｌｙconｓidereｄasａpａrallelｔｏphｉloｓｏpｈicNａturaｌism．2)ａsamoredｅｌibｅraｔeｋinｄofrealismＮａturalismuｓｕaｌlyinvolvesaviｅwofhumanbeingsａｓpassiveｖictimsofnatｕralｆorｃｅsaｎdsocｉaleｎviroｎmeｎt.IｎＮaturaliｓmamoredocumeｎtarｙ-ｌikeａｐproachisｉnｅvｉdenｃe,wｉthａgreatstｒｅssonhowenvironｍenｔaｎdheｒｅｄityshapepeople.3）Asaliｔｅrａrymｏvemｅnt，NaturalisｍｗasiｎitｉatedinFrance.４）Nａｔuraｌｉstｆictｉｏnaspiredtoasociologicaｌobｊeｃtiｖity,offeringdeｔaｉledａndfullyrｅｓｅarchediｎveｓtigatiｏnsiｎｔouneｘplorｅｄcｏnceｒnsofｍoｄｅrnsoｃｉeｔy．21．LocalColoｒiｓｍ(乡土文学)Ｇｅnｅrａlｌysｐeaking,tｈｅｗritingsoｆloｃａlcoloristｓareｃonｃernedwithｔhelifeofasmａll，ｗeｌｌ-ｄefinedｒｅｇionoｒproｖincｅ.Thecharaｃｔerｉsticsetｔｉngｉstheｉsｏlatedsmalltｏwn.2)Locａlcoｌｏｒisｔsｗeｒｅcｏnｓｃiouslynostalgｉchisｔorianｓofavanｉshiｎgwayoflife，reｃoｒdｅrsｏfapreｓenttｈatfadedbｅforｅthｅireyes．Yetforallthｅiｒseｎtimenｔality,ｔhｅｙdediｃateｄｔｈｅｍｓelvesｔomｉnutelyaccuratｅdescripｔiｏnsofthelifeoftheｉｒrｅｇions，thｅywｏrｋｅdｆrompｅｒsonaｌｅxperienｃetoｒｅｃｏrdthefaｃtｓofalocaleｎｖironmeｎtaｎｄｓｕggｅstedthatｔheｎａtivｅlｉfｅｗasｓhapedｂythecｕriousｃoｎｄiｔｉｏｎｓoftｈｅlｏｃal．3)maｊoｒloｃａlcoｌoristsisＭａrkTｗaｉｎ.2２.Ｉmagism（意象主义)ImａgiｓmcaｍｅｉntｏbｅｉnｇinBｒiｔaｉnandＵ．Sａrouｎd19１0asareａｃｔiontoｔｈetｒaditｉonalEｎｇlishpoetrｙtoexprｅssthesｅnｓeoffragmentationanddiｓlocａｔioｎ．２>ｔheｉmagists,withEzraPoundlｅadｉnｇｔｈeway,hｏlｄthatthemostｅffectivｅmｅanstoexpresｓthesｅｍoｍeｎtａryimpressｉoｎsistｈrｏughthｅｕseｏfonedoｍinantimaｇe.３>imａgismiscｈarａｃteｒｉzedbythefｏlloｗingthreeｐoetｉcprｉncｉples：A.dｉrｅcttreatmentofsubjecｔｍａｔter；B．economｙofeｘpｒession;Ｃ.aｓreｇａrｄsrｈythm,ｔposeintｈeseｑuｅncｅoftｈeｍusicalpｈｒaｓe，ｎotintｈｅｓequenceｏfmetｒonome.4＞pound‘sInａＳtaｔｉonｏftheMetroiｓawell-kｎｏwnimａｇｉstpoｅm.23.ＴheLostＧｅneｒatｉon（迷惘的一代)ThｅloｓtｇeneｒaｔioniｓａtermfiｒｓtuseｄbｙSteintodｅscrｉbｅｔheｐost－warIｇeneratｉonofAmeｒicaｎwritｅrs：mｅnanｄwomｅnｈauｎteｄbyasｅnseoｆbeｔrａyalaｎdempｔinｅssbroｕgｈtaboutｂytheｄestructivｅneｓｓoｆtheｗａr.2>fulｌｏfｙouthfuｌidｅalisｍ，tｈesｅindiviｄualssｏughｔthｅmeaｎingoflife,dranｋｅｘcessiｖely,hａｄlｏveaffairsaｎdcreatedsomｅｏftｈefinestAmericanliｔeraturetodａte．３>theｔhreｅｂｅsｔ-kｎoｗnrepresenｔativesofｌｏｓtgeｎｅratiｏnａreF.ScoｔtFiｔzgeｒald，HeｍingｗayaｎdＪohndosＰassos.24．Eｘprｅsｓionism(表现主义）EｘprｅssioｎiｓmrefｅｒsｔｏaｍovemeｎtinGerｍanyeａｒｌyinthe２0thcentury.Iｎwhichanumberoｆpaintｅｒsｓｏuｇｈttoavoidtherｅprｅsentatｉｏnofeｘterｎalｒｅalｉtyand,instｅａd,toprojｅctahｉgｈlypeｒsonalｏrｓuｂjｅcｔｉvｅｖｉsiｏnoｆthｅworlｄ.2>exｐressｉonｉsmiｓａreaｃtionagaｉｎstrealiｓmoｒnａｔｕralism,aｉmｉnｇaｔpresentｉnｇapost－ｗａｒｗｏrｌdviolｅｎtlｙdistortｅd．3>ｉnａfurtｈersense，ｔｈeterｍｉssoｍetiｍｅｓapｐlieｄｔothebeｌieftｈａtlｉｔｅraryworkｓarｅｅsseｎtiallｙｅxprｅssionsｏftｈeirauthors‘moｏdｓanｄthoｕghts；tｈisｈasｂeenｔhｅdｏｍiｎａｎｔaｓｓｕmｐtionaboutlｉteraturesinｃethｅrｉｓeｏｆrｏmanticｉsm.25．TheBeａtGeneｒａｔiｏｎ(垮掉的一代）（来源：自考365网zikａo3６5.cｏm)ThｅmｅmbersｏfＴｈeＢeａｔGeneraｔionwerenewｂohｅmiａnｌibertｉneｓ，ｗhoenｇａgedinaｓpoｎtaneous，someｔimeｓｍｅssy，creaｔivity.2>TｈeBeaｔｗrｉtｅrｓprodｕcedａbodyofwritｔeｎｗｏrkcoｎtｒovｅrｓｉａlｂｏthforitsaｄvocａcｙofｎｏｎ-ｃonｆｏrmityａndforitsnoｎ-confｏrｍingstyle.3＞theｍａｊorｂｅatwritiｎgsａrｅAｌｌenＧinsberｇ‘sＨｏwｌ．HowlｂecaｍｅｔhemanifｅｓtoｏfTheＢeａｔGｅｎerａｔion.26．JａzｚＡge(爵士时代）ThｅJazｚAgedescriｂestheperioｄｏｆthｅ１9２0ｓand1930ｓ，theyeａrｓbeｔweenWorlｄWarIaｎdＷorldWａrII.ParticｕlarlｙiｎNorthＡmｅｒｉca.Withｔhｅｒiｓeofthegｒeaｔｄeprｅssiｏn,thevalｕｅsoｆthiｓagesaｗmuchdecline.ＰerhapｓtｈemｏｓtreprｅseｎtativｅlｉteraryworkｏftheageiｓAmｅricanwritｅｒFitzgｅｒald‘ｓTheGreａtGaｔsby.Hｉｇhｌｉgｈｔingｗhatｓｏｍedeｓcrｉbｅaｓthedecａｄenceａndhedoｎiｓｍ,asｗelｌasthegroｗｔhofinｄividualism.Fiｔzｇeraldislaｒｇelycredｉtedwithｃoiningtｈetｅrm“JazzAｇe”。27.Sｕrreａlisｍ(超现实主义)Ananｔi－rａtionalmovｅmeｎtofimaginativeliｂeratｉonｉｎEuropｅaｎinartaｎdlｉteratureｉｎｔhe1920sａnd1930s,whichlaunchｅdbｙAndreBｒetonａfｔerhisbreakfroｍtｈeDaｄａｇｒoupiｎ192２.Surreａliｓｍseｅkｓtoｂreａkdoｗntheboｕndariesbetwｅenrationalityaｎdｉrｒaｔionalitｙ，exｐｌｏｒｉｎgｔhｅresourcesandrｅvｏlutiｏnaryeｎergｉesoｆdreams,ｈalｌuciｎatiｏnsandsｅxualdｅsirｅ.InflueｎｃｅdｂoｔｈbyｔhesymbolisｔsaｎdbySｉgmｕnｄFreuｄ‘sｔheｏrｉesofｔheunconｓciouｓ,ｔhesurrｅalistsexpｅrｉmenteｄwitｈautomatiｃｗritiｎgandwｉtｈthｅfreeassoｃiaｔioｎｏfraｎｄomimagｅｓbroughtｉnｓurpriｓingｊｕxtaｐosition.超现实主义是2０世纪2023代和３０年代在欧洲文艺和文学界发起的一场反对理性提倡思想解放的运动。这场运动由安德烈。布里多尼和达达派决裂后发起。超现实主义试图打破理性和非理性之间的界线。探讨梦。幻觉以及性欲的源头和动力。由于受到象征主义和弗洛伊德无意思理论的影响,超现实主义将自由联想和自由写作以不可思议的形式并置合并在一起。2８.Ｍｅtapｈｙsｉｃａlpoets（玄学派诗人）Itistheｎａmegivｅntoaｄｉｖersegrouｐof1７thcenturｙEnｇｌishｐoetsｗhoseworｋｉｓnotablefoｒitｓiｎgeniｏｕｓusｅofｉｎtelleｃtｕaｌandtheｏlogicalｃonceｐtｓｉnｓuｒprｉsingｃｏnceｉtｓ,strangｅparaｄoxesaｎｄｆａr-fetchｅｄimａgery.ThelｅadiｎgMｅtａphysiｃａｌpoetｗasＪohｎDｏnnｅ,wｈosecolｌoquial，arｇumentatiｖeabruｐtnessofrｈｙtｈｍandtonediｓtinｇuiｓhｅsｈｉsstyｌefｒomｔheｃoｎvｅｎtionsoｆＥlizａbethanlovelｙrics．２9.ＮｅwCrｉticisｍ(新批评主义)NewCritiｃiｓmｉsａｍovｅｍentinAmeriｃanlitｅrarycｒitiｃismfｒomthe1９30ｓtothe196０s,concｅnｔｒaｔingontheplexｉtiesandambiｇｕitｉesｏfｓhｏｒtpｏｅｍscｏｎｓｉderedaｓｓelf-sufｆicientoｂｊeｃtswｉｔhoｕｔaｔｔｅnｔionｔoｔheiroriｇinsoreffeｃts．ThenaｍeｃomｅｓfrｏmJoｈnＣhｒisom‘sboｏkTheＮewCｒitｉcisｍ．3０.Fｅminiｓｍ(女权主义)Femiｎismincorporatesbotｈadｏctrｉｎeｏfequalrｉgｈｔsforwoｍenandａniｄｅoloｇyｏfsoｃialtraｎsformａtiｏnaiｍｉngtoｃｒｅaｔeaworldforwomｅｎｂeyondsiｍｐlesｏｃｉalequalitｙ．2＞ｉngeneral，ｆemｉｎｉsmisｉdeｏｌｏgyofwｏmeｎ‘sｌｉbeｒａｔionbａsedoｎｔheｂelｉｅfｔｈatwomensufferinjusticebecａｕｓeofthｅirsex．Uｎderthisｂroaduｍｂｒellavariｏｕsfemｉｎｉsmsｏfferｄiｆfｅｒinganaｌｙｓesofthｅcaｕsｅｓ，oｒａｇenｔs，ｏffemaleopｐressｉon.3>defiｎitionsofｆｅminismbｙfemｉniststendtｏbeshapedbytheirｔraｉning，ideoｌogyoｒracｅ．So,foｒｅｘaｍpｌｅ,Maｒxistａndsｏcｉalistfeminｉｓｔsｓｔｒesstheinｔｅｒactiｏｎｗithinfeminiｓmofｃｌaｓswｉthgenｄerandfｏｃuｓｏnsoｃiａldistｉｎctioｎsbｅtｗeｅｎｍｅnａndｗｏmｅn.Blａckfｅmiｎistｓarｇuemuchmｏrefoｒanｉｎｔeｇratｅdanalyｓｉswhｉchcａnunｌoｃkthemultipleｓｙstemsofｏpｐressｉon.31.HemingwａyCodｅHｅro（海明威式英雄)HemingwayCodeHｅro,ａlｓｏcalledcoｄehｅro,iｓonewｈｏ,woｕndedbutｓtrongmoresｅnsｉｔiｖe，enｊoysthｅpleaｓuresｏflｉfｅ(sex，ａｌcoｈol,ｓport)infaceｏｆｒuinａndｄeaｔh，ａｎdmａintａｉns,ｔhｒouｇhｓomeｎotionofacodｅ，ａｎｉdｅaｌofhimself.2>barnesinthesunalsoRｉses，HenryinaFaｒeｗellｔｏarmsandSａｎtiaｇoｉnｔheoldmanandtｈeseaaｒeｔypｉcalofHemｉngwaｙＣｏdeHｅro32.Imｐｒessｉonism(印象主义)Impresｓiｏnｉｓｍｉsastyｌeoｆpaintinｇthａtgiｖｅstheiｍpreｓsioｎmadebｙtｈesｕbjectｏｎthearｔisｔwithoutmuchaｔtenｔiｏntoｄeｔaｉｌs．Ｗｒitｅｒｓaｃceｐtedｔhesamecｏnvictioｎtｈatthepersonａlatｔitｕｄesａndmoodsｏfthewrｉｔerweｒelegiｔiｍatｅelｅmentsindeｐｉcｔingcｈａracｔerｏｒsettiｎgoraｃｔiｏn.2>bｒiｅfly,itisastyleｏflitｅrａtｕｒecｈａracterizedbyｔhecreａｔionｏfｇeneｒaｌimpressionsandmoodsrathｅrthａｔrｅalｉstiｃｍood.33．Pｏstmｏｄｅrnism（后现代主义)（来源于自考365网ｚｉｋａo365.ｃｏm)Itｉsａdiｓｐutedtｅrmtｈａthａsｏｃcupiｅｄmuｃｈｒecentdeｂateaboutconｔemporarycultｕrｅsｉncethｅearlｙ1980s.iｎitssｉｍｐｌeｓtandｌｅastsatiｓfactorｙseｎseitrefersｇｅnｅｒallytoｔheｐhaseof20thcenturywｅsteｒｎcｕltｕｒethatsuｃceedeｄtherｅignｏfhiｇnmodeｒniｓm，thｕsinｄicａtingｔheｐroｄuctsｏｆthe“spaceage”afｔeｒsｏｍetimｅintｈe1950ｓ.Morｅoｆteｎ,thoｕghitｉｓaｐpliｅdtoacuｌturaｌconditioｎprevaiｌiｎgiｎthｅａｄｖancedcapitａlｉｓtsocietｉessｉncｅthe1９６0ｓ，chａrａｃtｅrｉｚedbyasuperaｂundａnceofdiｓcoｎnｅｃtｅdimagｅｓandstｙlｅs．Inthisseｎse,poｓtmodeｒniｔyiｓsaidｔｏbeacultuｒeｏffragmentａｒyｓensatiｏnｓ，ecｌeｃticnostalgia，diｓposabｌｅsiｍulacra，aｎｄproｍｉsｃuoussuperficｉａlｉtｙ,inｗhｉcｈthetraditｉonalｌyvaluedqualitiesofdepth，cohｅreｎcｅ，meanｉｎgｏｒigiｎalityaｎdauthｅnｔicｉtyａｒeｅvａｃuａtedordissｏlｖｅｄamiｄtｈｅｒandoｍsｗirｌofemptyｓigｎａls.这个具有争议的名字概念是从2０世纪８0年代初期开始应用于近几十年的现代文化领域。最简朴也最难说服人的说法是后现代主义是２0世纪西方文明继高度现代主义之后的一个阶段。后现代主义是50年代太空时代的产物。通常它被用来解释自６０年代起先进资本主义社会重要的社会文化现象。从这个意义上说。后现代主义被认为是片断构建的编织。折衷的怀旧主义,滥用的仿物以及混杂的浅浮,而传统所强调的深度。连贯。意义的原创性,真实性都在空洞信号的随意泛滥中消失崩溃。3４.Ｃoｎｆｅssiｏnalpoetｒy(自白派诗歌）Itisanautｏbｉｏgrapｈicａｌmodｅofverseｔｈatｒｅvealｓthｅpｏet‘spersｏnａlｐrｏｂlemsｗithｕnusualfｒａnkness.TheteｒmisusuａlｌｙapplｉedtｏcerｔainpoｅtｓoftheＵnｉteｄｓtaｔｅsfｒｏｍtｈelatｅ195０ｓｔothｅlａte196０s，notａblyRoberｔＬowelｌ.Thｅterm’sｄｉstinctiveseｎｓｅdependsonｔhecanｄidexamiｎatiｏnofwhatwerｅatthｅtiｍeofwriｔinｇvirtualｌyunｍeｎｔｉonablｅkindsofpriｖateｄistress．Tｈegenuｉｎestrenｇthsofｃonｆessionａlpoets,ｃｏmbｉnedwｉthｔｈeｐityevokeｄbｙｔhｅｉrｈighsｕicidｅrａte，encouragｅdinｔｈｅreａdｉngｐuｂlｉcaromantiｃconfusionｂｅtwｅenpｏeticexceｌlenceａndinnｅrｔoｒmｅnｔ．自白诗歌是一种自传体诗歌。诗歌重要用不寻常的坦白展示诗人的个人内心问题。自白诗歌是指50年代后期到60年代后期出现的诗人。特别是罗伯特。洛厄尔。此概念有时在广义上指任何个人或自传的诗歌，但自白诗歌最明显的特性，是坦诚揭露写作时的所思所想，个人心里忧伤的流露。自白派诗人杰出的文学才华和他们由于痛苦而引起的高自杀率,以及诗歌中处处流露着痛苦,迷茫，悲观，隐晦的气氛,让读者们阅读时产生一种诗歌精妙和内心痛苦的迷茫感。3５.TheNewYorkSchool(纽约派)ThｅNewYｏrkＳｃhoｏlｗａsａnｉｎformalgroupofＡmｅricaｎpoetsａndpainterｓactivｅin19５０sNewYorkCiｔy,critiｃｓargｕeｄtｈaｔｔheirworkｗasareａｃtiｏｎｔotｈｅcｏｎfessionaｌ‘smovementｉncoｎtempｏraｒｙｐoetry.Theｉrpoeticsｕbjｅctmatｔerwasoftenlight,ｖiolent,orｏbservational，ｗhiｌeｔheirwｒiｔｉｎｇstｙlewaｓoftendｅsｃrｉbedaｓcoｓmｏpｏlｉｔanaｎｄwoｒld-ｔraveleｄ.thepoeｔsｏftenｄrewinspｉrationfrｏｍsｕrreａlismandｔhecontemporaryａvant－garｄeａrｔmovｅmeｎt,ｉnpａrticulａrtheaｃtｉｏｎpaｉntingoｆtheiｒfriｅndsｉｎtｈeNewYorkＣityaｒtciｒcｌe.thereａrｅａlsocｏmｍonａliｔiesbｅtweｅnｔhｅNewYｏrｋSchoolanｄｔheearｌierBeatＧeneraｔionpoｅｔsacｔivein1940ｓand1９５0sNewYorkCity.纽约派诗人是５0年代活跃在纽约的美国诗人和画家的非正式群体。评论家认为他们是对同时代自白派诗歌运动的反抗。他们作品的主题通常轻快，剧烈或者观测入微。他们的写作风格是全球性的。他们接受了超现实主义和先锋艺术运动,特别是纽约画界的朋友的影响创作诗。他们与40，50年代纽约的垮掉一代诗人有一定共同点。36.TｈｅAｂsurｄ(荒唐派)（来源于自考3６5网zｉkａｏ３65.cｏm）IｔisatermdeｒivｅdfrｏmtheexisｔentiａlismｏｆAｌｂeｒtCａmus,ａndoftenａｐｐliedtothemodeｒnｓenseｏfhｕmaｎpurｐｏｓelｅssneｓsｉnaunｉverseｗiｔｈｏutmeａningｏrvaluｅ.Many20thｃentuｒywriｔeｒｓｏｆproseｆiｃtｉonｈａｖeｓｔｒｅssedtｈeａｂsurdnaｔureofhｕmanexistｅnce：notablｅinｓtaｎｃｅsareｔheｎｏvelsａndｓtｏｒiesｏfFranzKafka，inwhiｃｈtheｃｈarａcteｒｓfａｃeａlarminｇlyiｎcomprehensｉｂlepredicameｎts.37．TheBlacｋMｏｕnｔainPoｅts(黑山派诗人）ＴhｅBｌackＭouｎtａinＰoetsｒｅfertoａgｒｏupofpoetsactｉvｅontｈecontｅmporａｒyｓcene，aｓtｈesepeoｐlewｅrｅeiｔheｒasｓoｃｉatedwitｈＢlackMｏuｎｔａiｎｃoｌlｅge,ｏrwithBlａckMouｎtainRｅｖieｗ，theyｈaｖebecoｍｅknowｎas“TheBlackMountａinPoetｓ”２>ｔｈelｅaｄｉnｇfｉgureofthisschoolofpoetrywasＣharlesOｌsoｎ.３8.Ｒeaｌｉsｍ(现实主义)Realismwａsａloosｅｌyuseｄtｅｒmmeaｎingtruｔhｔｏｔhｅoｂsｅrvｅｄfacts