2020年新高考英语重难点04阅读理解之议论文(学生版)

精品资源精品资源•备战高考高频必考高频必考•攻克高考重难点04阅读理解之议论文【命题趋势】议论文是英语中的重要文体，在每年的高考阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。议论文的写法通常有以下三种形式：写法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我认为……写法二： 提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。写法三： 论点，理由 （证据），重申论点。议论文的内容涵盖文化、历史、文学、科学和教育等各个方面。在这类体裁的文章中把握好论点、论据和论证很重要。此类体裁的文章中有关主旨大意和推理判断的题目会较多，这也是得分比较难的题型。在阅读这类文章的时候，我们要认真把握作者的态度，领悟弦外之音，从而更好地依据文章的事实做出合理的推断。【满分技巧】注意事项：避免读得太快，做题靠印象和直觉。（要求每一道题回到原文去找答案 ）要先看题目，后读文章。 （与先读文章，后看题目的比较 ）高考材料阅读方法：先通读全文，重点读首段、各段的段首段尾句，然后其他部分可以略读，再审题定位，比较选项，选出答案。要有把握文章的宏观结构、中心句的能力。阅读中需要特别注意并做记号的有：标志类、指示类的信息。①表示并列关系：and,also,coupledwith等；②表示转折关系：but,yet,however,bycontrast等；③表示因果关系：therefore,thereby,consequently,asaresult等；④表示递进关系：inadditionto,even,what’smore,furthermore等；⑤表示重要性的词：prime,aboveall,first等。以上关键词有助于我们对文章逻辑结构的把握。（2）具有感情色彩、显示作者态度的词： blind盲目的（贬）,excessively过分的 （贬）,objective（客观）等。常见问题：读不懂怎么？问题本身太空泛，应该仔细分析问题到底在哪儿。首先要能意识到自身问题所在。unconsciousincompetent（无意识无能力）属于问题认知的第一阶段；consciousincompetent（有意识无能力）属于问题认知的第二阶段；consciouscompetent（有意识有能力）属于问题认知的第三阶段；unconsciouscompetent（无意识有能力）属于问题认知的第四阶段。从认知的第三阶段达到第四阶段，是一个反复熟练的过程。（2）读懂了文章之后还做错题怎么办？（3）做完了一遍不愿意看第二遍怎么办？（4）做题技巧用不上怎么办？能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。在课堂听明白之后，还需要回去自己思考，针对自己的实际进行分析，从而对症下药。【热点话题】议论文热衷于社会现象类，社会热点类。【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）A（山西省实验中学2019届高三第一学期期中）话题：名人的窘境一一隐私得不到保护难度：★建议用时：5分Althoughbeingfamousmightsoundlikeadreamcomingtrue,today 'sstars,feelinglikezooanimals,fapressuresthatfewofuscanimagine.Theyareatthecenterofmuchoftheworld 'W^ttention.Paparaicampoutsidetheirhomes,camerasready.Tabloids（小报）publishthrillingstoriesabouttheirpersonallives.Justimaginenotbeingabletodoanythingwithoutbeingphotographedorinterruptedforasignature!AccordingtopsychologistChristinaVillareal,celebrities—famouspeople—worryconstantlyabouttheirpublicappearance.Eventually,theystarttolosetrackofwhotheyreallyare,seeingthemselvesthewaytheirfansimaginethem,notasthepersonstheywerebeforeeveryoneknewtheirnames. "Overtime,"Villarefeelseparatedandalone.”Thephenomenonoftrackingcelebritieshasbeenaroundforages.Inthe4thcenturyB.C.,paintersfollowedAlexandertheGreatintobattle,hopingtopicturehisvictoriesforhisadmirers.WhenCharlesDickensvisitedAmericainthe19thcentury,hissold-outreadingsattractedthousandsoffans,leadinghimtocomplain（抱怨）abouthislackofprivacy.Tabloidsofthe1920sand1930sranarticlesaboutfilm-starsinmuchthesamewaythatmoderntabloidsandwebsitesdo.

Beingapublicfiguretoday,however,isalotmoredifficultthanitusedtobe.Superstarscannotmoveabouta_ ”storywithoutworryingaboutphotographerswithmoderncameras.Whentheysaysomethingsillyordosomethinga_ ”storyIffameissotroublesome,whyaren'tallcelebritiesriaiyrfnomaw?TheansweristhattherearestillIffameissotroublesome,whyarenwaystodealwithit.Somestarsstaycalmbysurroundingthemselveswithtrustedfriendsandfamilyorbyescapingtoremoteplacesawayfrombigcities.Theyfocusnotonhowfamoustheyarebutonwhattheylovetodoorwhatevermadethemfamousinthefirstplace.Sometimesafewcelebritiescangetalittlejustice.Still,evenstarswhoenjoyfulljusticeoftencomplainabouthowhardtheirlivesare.Theyaretiredofbeingfamousalready.Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatstarstoday.cannolongerhavetheirprivacyprotectedareoftenmisunderstoodbythepublicspendtoomuchontheirpublicappearancecarelittleabouthowtheyhavecomeintofameWhatisthemainideaofParagraph3?Greatheroesofthepastweregenerallyadmired.Theproblemfacedbycelebritieshasalonghistory.Well-knownactorsareusuallytargetsoftabloids.Worksofpopularwritersoftenhavealotofreaders.Whatmakesitmuchhardertobeacelebritytoday?A.Hugepopulation offans. B.Inadequatesocialrecognition.C.Lackoffavorablechances. D.Availabilityofmodernmedia.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardmoderncelebrity?A.Sincere. B.Skeptical.C.Sympathetic. D.Disapproving.（2019年江苏省南通泰州七市高三英语第一次调研）话题：司机猛踩刹车以避免撞到非法穿越马路的行人将风险从行人转移到车内的人难度：★★建议用时：5分Whenadriverslamsonthebrakestoavoidhittingapedestriancrossingtheroadillegally,sheismakingamoraldecisionthatshiftsriskfromthepedestriantothepeopleinthecar.Self-drivingcarsmightsoonhavetomakesuchethical（道德的）judgmentsontheirown—butsettlingonauniversalmoralcodeforthevehiclescouldbeatoughtask,suggestsasurvey.Thelargesteversurveyofmachineethics,calledtheMoralMachine,laidout13possiblesituationsinwhichsomeone’sdeathwasunavoidable.Respondentswereaskedtochoosewhotospareinsituationsthatinvolvedamixofvariables:youngorold,richorpoor,morepeopleorfewer.Within18months,theonlinequizhadrecorded40milliondecisionsmadebypeoplefrom233countriesandterritories.Whentheresearchersanalysedtheseanswers,theyfoundthatthenationscouldbedividedintothreegroups.OnecontainsNorthAmericaandseveralEuropeannationswhereChristianityhasbeenthedominant（占支配地位的）religion;anotherincludescountriessuchasJapan,IndonesiaandPakistan,withstrongConfucianorIslamictraditions.AthirdgroupconsistsofcountriesinCentralandSouthAmerica,suchasColombiaandBrazil.Thefirstgroupshowedastrongerpreferenceforsacrificingolderlivestosaveyoungeronesthandidthesecondgroup,forexample.Theresearchersalsoidentifiedrelationshipsbetweensocialandeconomicfactorsinacountry.Theyfoundthatpeoplefromrelativelywealthycountrieswithstronginstitutions,suchasFinlandandJapan,moreoftenchosetohitpeoplewhosteppedintotrafficillegallythandidrespondentsinnationswithweakerinstitutions,suchasNigeriaorPakistan.Peoplerarelyfacesuchmoraldilemmas,andsomecitiesquestionwhetherthepossiblesituationsposedintheonlinequizarerelevanttotheethicalandpracticalquestionssurroundingdriverlesscars.Buttheresearchersarguethatthefindingsrevealculturaldifferencesthatgovernmentsandmakersofself-drivingcarsmusttakeintoaccountiftheywantthevehiclestogainpublicacceptance.AtleastBarbaraWege,whoheadsagroupworkingonautonomous-vehicleethicsatAudiinIngolstadt,Germany,sayssuchstudiesarevaluable.Wegearguesthatself-drivingcarswouldcausefeweraccidents,proportionally,thanhumandriversdoeachyear—butthatpeoplemightfocusmoreoneventsinvolvingrobots.SurveyssuchastheMoralMachinecanhelptobeginpublicdiscussionsabouttheseunavoidableaccidentsthatmightdeveloptrust. “Weneedtocomeupwithasocialconsensus, ”shesays,“aboutwhichrtotake.”Whyisitdifficulttosetuniversalmoralrulesforprogrammingself-drivingcars?Socialvaluesalwayschangewiththetimes.Moralchoicesvarybetweendifferentcultures.Drivershaveapreferenceforsacrificingtheweak.Carmakersarefacedwithdecisionsoflifeordeath.Theresearchersconductedthestudyby.usingamassiveonlinequizworldwidecomparingdifferentculturesandcustomsdividingtherespondentsintothreegroupsperformingaseriesofcontrolledexperimentsAccordingtothestudy,inwhichcountryaredriversmorelikelytohitapedestriancrossingtheroadillegally?A.Nigeria B.ColombiaC.Finland D.IndonesiaBarbaraWegewouldprobablyagreethat.Self-drivingcarswillgreatlyimprovethetrafficenvironmentAccidentscausedbyself-drivingcarsmightreceivemoreattentionProblemsinvolvingself-drivingcarsmightshakethepublictrustinsocietyCarmakersneednttaketheriskofsolvingself-drivingcarethicaldilemmasC（江西省临川第一中学 2019届高三上学期期末考试）话题：小公司的员工更专注于工作难度：★★建议用时：5分Makingemployeesfeelhappyandhealthyatworkisgoodformanybusinesses.Butitisn 'talvthing.Astudysuggeststhatonly33%oftheU.S.employeesconsiderthemselvesfullyengaged （投身于）inwork,while16%aregreatlydisengaged,and51%arejustshowingup.Butthereisanexception.Whenitcomestoemployeeengagement,itseemsthatemployeesinsmallcompaniesaredoingbetter.Accordingtothesameresearch,thelargestU.S.companiesareatthelowestlevelsofengagement,whilecompanieswithfewerthan25employeesareatthehighest.Andinonerecentreport,75%ofsmallbusinessworkerssurveyedsaidtheywere "very"or"extremely"satisfiedwiththeirroleasasmaemployee.Unlikebigcompanies,smallcompaniesareoftenshortofresourcesbuttheemployeescangetmoresurprisesthere.Smallcompaniesofferexcellentcareeropportunitiestotheiremployees.Thebossesoftenknowtheirstaffverywellandunderstandtheirpersonalneeds.Employeesofsmallcompaniesaremorelikelytoreceivefreemeals,paidleave,andtheycanevenbringtheirpetstowork.Butofcourse?therearemanyotherdrawsinsmallbusinesses.Oneofthetopdrawsisflexiblescheduling（弹性工时）.Anotherisbeingabletoreallyseethefruitsofone ’slabor.Bes-idcaesh,naownardisalsoabigdraw.Thiscouldbesomethingsmallthatreflectsemployees ’interestsandlifestyles.Whileaparentalleavemightleadtosomefinancialproblems,smallcompaniesmaydosomethingtoimproveit.“Itmaybeimpossibleforafiv-epersonteamtobereducedtofourforsixmonths, ”writesCamilliaVelasquheadofHRmanagementplatform,Justworks. “Butitcouldbepossibletoallownewparentstotakeonreducedhoursinawork-from-homeenvironment.”Thiskindofmethodhasbeenrealizedinsomesmallcompanies.Whatcanweknowaboutemployeesinbigandsmallcompanies?Employeescandevelopbetterinsmallcompanies.Employeescanearnmoremoneyinsmallcompanies.Employeesinbigcompaniesarehardtobesatisfied.Employeesinsmallcompaniesaremoreengagedinwork.WhatcanwelearnfromParagraph3?Workingforsmallcompanieshasmanybenefits.Alltheemployersinsmallcompaniesknoweverystaffmemberverywell.Staffinsmallcompaniesmayfacemanychallenges.Staffinbigcompanieshavemorematerialbenefits.Comparedwithbigcompanies,whatistheadvantageofsmallcompanies?Employersinsmallcompanieshavemorechoices.Smallcompanieshavemoreattractionstoemployees.Employeesofsmallcompaniesmayhavehighersalaries.Employeesofsmallcompanieshavefixedworkingtime.Whatcanbemostprobablyinferredfromthepassage?Smallcompaniesmayhavemoreemployeeswithmuchhappiness.Bigcompaniesshouldlearnfromsomesmallcompanies.Employeesshouldhavetheirownhobbiesandlifestyles.Employersshouldpaymoreattentiontothestaff ’sneeds.D（湖北省八校（鄂南高中、华师一附中、黄冈中学等 ）2018届高三第二次联考）话题：/、要因别人的质问而怀疑自己选择的专业难度：★★建议用时：5分Afewweeksago,IcalledanUbertotakemetotheBostonairportforaflighthomefortheholidays.AsIslidintothebackseatofthecar,thewarmintonations（语调）ofthedriver'saccentwashedovermmilnaaWay.IlearnedthathewasarecentWestAfricanimmigrantwithafewyoungchildren,workinghardtoprovideforhisfamily.Icouldrelate:IamthedaughteroftwoEthiopianimmigrantswhomadetheirshareofsacrificestoensuremysuccess.ItoldhimIwasonacollegebreakandheadedhometovisitmyparents.That 'shooutIgotoHarvard.Anapprovingeyeglintedatmeintherearviewwindow,andquickly,wecrossedtheboundariesofrideranddriver.Ibecamehisdaughter,allgrownup—theproductofhissacrifice.Andthencamethefatefulquestion: "Whatdoyoustudy?”Ianswered“historyandliteraturehisvoicefaded,asIknewitmight.Ididn 'tevengettoadAmericanstuddeAfricanbeforehecuhinvoicethickwithdisappointment, “AllthatworktogetintoHarvard,andyoustudyhistory? "HereIwas,hisdaughter,squanderingthebiggestopportunityofherlife.Hewentontodelivertheage-oldlecturethatallimmigrantkidsknow.Wearetobecomedoctors（orlawyers,ifourparentsarebeinggenerous）—tomakemoneyandsendmoneybackhome.Theunspokendemand,madeacrossgenerations,whichmyUberdriverlaidoutplainly,issimple:Fulfillyourroleinthenarrative（故事）ofupwardmobilitysoyourchildrencandothesame.Iusedtofeelanxiousandbackedintoacornerbythequestioning,butnowasajuniorincollege,Ifortheirsupportmorethananything.Thisholidayseason,I 'vepromisedmyselfIwonedat'thuffand（theirinquiries.Iwon 'tdefensivelyrespondwith “butIplantogotolawschool! ”whenIgeturI'lljustsmileandnod,andenjoythewarmthoftheoccasion.Whatdisappointedthedriver?Theauthor'sattitudetowardshim.Theschoolthattheauthorisattending.Theauthor 'smajorsinhistoryandliterature.Theauthor 'sinterestsinAfricanAmericanstudies.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword “squandering "inParagraph4?A.wasting B.creating C.valuing D.seizingWhyareimmigrantkidsexpectedtobedoctorsorlawyers?Theirparentswantthemtomoveupwardinsociety.Theirparentsarehighachievingaswell.

Theyhavemoreopportunities.Theyareverysmartingeneral.'squestioning?B.Feelingsatisfied.'squestioning?B.Feelingsatisfied.D.Appreciatinghisconcern.EA.Gettingupset.C.Defendingherself.（河南省实验中学2019届高三上学期质量预测模拟）话题：青少年对即时效应和奖励比成人更敏感难度：★★建议用时：5分Dontgetmadthenexttimeyoucatchyourteenagertextingwhenhepromisedtobestudying.Hesimplymaynotbeabletoresist.AUniversityoflowa（UI）studyfoundteenagersarefarmoresensitivethanadultstotheimmediateeffectorrewardoftheirbehaviors.Thefindingsmayhelpexplainwhytheinitialrushoftextingmaybemoreattractiveforadolescentsthanthelong-termpayoffofstudying."Fortheteenager,'therewardsareattractive."saysProfessorJatinSaidyahorofthestudy."Theydrawadolescent.Sometimes,therewardsareakindofmotivationforthem.Evenwhenabehaviorisnolongerinateenager'sbestinteresttocontinue,theywill,becausetheeffectoftherewardisstillthereandlastsmuchlongerinadolescentsthaninadults."Forparents,thatmeanslimitingdistraction（分心的事情）soteenagerscanmakebetterchoices.Takethehomeworkandsocialmediadilemma:At9p.m.,shutoffeverythingexceptacomputerthathasnoaccesstoFacehookorTwitter,theresearchersadvise."I'motsayingtheyshouldn'beallowedaccesstotechnology,"Vaidyasays.Butsomehelpinnettingtheirconcentrationisnecessaryforthemsotheycandevelopthoseimpulse-controlskills.”Intheirstudy,Vaidyaandco-authorShaunVeceranoteresearchersgenerallybelieveteenagersareimpulsive（冲动的）,makebaddecisions,andengageinriskybehaviorbecausethefrontallobes（额叶）oftheirtrainsarenotfullydeveloped.ButtheUIresearcherswonderedwhethersomethingmorefundamentalwasgoingonwithadolescentstocausebehaviorsindependentofhigher-levelreasoning.Wewantedtotrytounderstandthebrain'srewardsystemhowitchangeodomiaduilthood,"SaysWewantedtotrytounderstandthebrainVaidya,whoaddstherewardcharacterinthehumanbrainiseasierthandecision-making. "Wdbventryingtounderstandtherewardprocessinadolescenceandwhetherthereismoretoadolescencebehaviorthananunder-developedfrontallobe,'headds.Fortheirstudy,theresearcherspersuaded40adolescents,aged13and16,and40adults,aged20and35toparticipate.Inthefuture,researchershopetolookintothepsychologicalandneurological （神经学上的） aspectsoftheirresults.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytellus?Theinitialrushoftextingislessattractiveforadolescentsthanthelong-termpayoffofstudying.Always,rewardsareattractivetoteenagers.Resistancecanbecontrolledwellbyadolescents.Gettingrewardsisthegreatestmotivationforadolescentstostudy.WhichstatementagreeswithVaidya 'sidea?Theinfluenceoftherewardisweakinadolescents.Parentsshouldhelpchildreninmakingdecisions.ChildrenshouldhaveaccesstotheInternet.Childrenneedhelpinrefocusingtheirattention.Whatresultdoesteenagers 'brainunderddeakopmfentDoingthingsaftersomethought.Makinggooddecisions.Joiningindangerousactions.Escapingriskybehavior.Howdidtheresearcherscarryouttheirstudy?Bymakingacomparisonofbrainexaminations.Byexaminingadultsbrain.Byexaminingteenagebrain.Bybuildingthetrain 'srewardsystem.F（江西省临川第一中学2019届高三上学期期末考试）话题：我们的内在模式真正决定了我们的情绪难度：★★建议用时：5分Haveyoueverthoughtthatyourlifewillbeperfectifsomethinginyouroutsideworldchanges?Youmaysay,“IwilllivehappilyifIfindmysoulmate. "Youmaysay,“Iftheperfectjobcomesalong,Iwillgetsatisfproblemisthatmybossisstupid. "Oryoumaysay,“IfIhaveachild,Iwillknowwhatitisliketobeblemisthatitisnottheoutsideworldthatpreventsyoufromexperiencingpeace,loveandjoy.Instead,itisyourowninternal（内部的）patternsthatgetinyourway.Toprovethispoint,atmyweekendprograms,Ihadmystudentslookatafloweronmytable.ThenIaskedthemtosharetheirexperiences.Someshowedastateofcompletejoybecausestaringattheflowerremindedthemoftheirweddingoragreattripwiththeirlovers.Otherssaidtheflowermadethemangrybecauseitremindedthemofagiftgivenbyaformerpartnerwhoturnedagainstthem.Somestudentseventoldmethattheflowerremindedthemoftheirbelovedgrandmothers 'gardenswithsomeshedd^g目eafjOyandotherssheddingtearsofsadness.However,theflowerwasstilljustaflower.Ourinternalpatternsdecidewhethereachmomentisfilledwithpeace,anger,joy,loveorsadness.Whenyoudon’trealizethatitisyourowninternalstatethatiscreatingyourexperience,youarelikelytoblame（责备）theexternalsituationsinyourlife.Mostpeoplearen’ttaughtthatemotionisachoice.Andtheyaren ’ttauchangethoseloweremotionalpatternssuchasanger,anxiety,sadnessandsoon.Nexttime,whenyoumeetsomethingbad,pleaselookatyourinternalstate.Whenyouacceptthatyouareresponsibleforyourownstate,andfindthecouragetoturninward,youcanstepoutofbeingaslavetowhatshowsupinyourexternalworld.WhydoestheauthormentiontheexamplesinParagraph1?Toleadtothetopicofthispassage.Tocomplainaboutimperfectlife.Toshowcommonproblemsinlife.Toencouragepeopletochangetheoutsideworld.Howdoestheauthorprovehisopinion?A.Bygivingexamples. B.Bydoinganexperiment.C.Bytellingarelatedstory. D.Bycomparingotherpeople ’sopinions.Whatdoestheauthoradviseustodointhelastparagraph?Tostepoutofnegativeemotions.Topayattentiontoourinternalworld.Toshareourrealemotionswithothers.Tousedifferentmethodstochangebademotions.Whatdoestheauthorwanttoexpressthroughthepassage?Ourexternalworldmattersalot.Ouremotionscanaffectourhealth.Ourinternalpatternstrulydecideouremotions.Ourexperienceshaveagreatinfluenceonouremotions.以下内容为：高中英语到底怎么学？开学伊始，对于所有的同学来说，都是新的开始，新学期到底该如何学好英语 ?这是很多同学高中三年都一直追问的问题。看了那么多英语学渣变身学霸的逆袭故事，为什么还是学不好英语 ?我只能说：愿望是好的，行动是关键!今天，一位高考英语137分的学姐和大家分享高中三年英语到底该怎么学，希望你不只是看一看，唯有行动才能结出硕果 !进入高中的第一天起，你的人生就开始了一个崭新的阶段。高中三年，你要为你的将来打拼，你要知道，能够对自己人生负责的只有自己。不要想着刚刚开学，一切都不着急，高中的每一天都不能懈怠，因为别人一直在进步，你停滞不前就是退步。更不要觉得初中底子好，短期内吃吃老本儿没关系，久而久之，你就会为你的懒惰和厌恶改变埋单。英语学习也是这样，你要做好改变的准备，改变以前初中时的英语学习方法，你要做好打一场持久战的心理准备。如果你是高二、高三的同学，以上说的这些同样适用。单词方面，大家都知道，初中英语 1600词，高中英语 3500词，这只是量的比较。从单词长度和用法来讲，高中英语远远难于初中。没有一定的词汇量，英语水平和成绩的提高便无从谈起。所以，你要制定一套不同于初中的记单词方法。下面推荐一套完整的高中英语记单词方法：买一本课本同步参考资料。课本上的单词不仅要记住，其固定搭配