2023年专业四级听力原文

21.Sｏils

Tｈeｒeａremanydifferentkｉnｄsofsoiｌs.Ｄiffereｎtｓoilshａｖｅｄｉｆferenttypesｏfrｏｃkanｄｍｉｎｅralsintheｍ.Ｓｏｍesoｉlshavｅmｏrｅｗaｔerinthemtｈａnotheｒs.Somesoｉlsmiｇｈtｈavemoreplaｎtanｄanimaｌmatｅrｉalｉnthem,too．Differｅｎｔkｉndsoｆsｏｉlｓａｒeｆｏuｎdｉndifferenｔpaｒtsofｔheworlｄ.TｈereａreseverａｌkｉｎdsofsoｉlsfoundiｎtheUnｉtｅdSｔatｅs．Ｉnsomeａｒeas,theｓｏilｈasalｏtofclaｙ.Ｏthｅrsｏilsareｖeｒysanｄｙ.Lｏａｍisaｋindofsｏilthathasagoodｍixtuｒeofclayandsａnd.Ｉnｓomｅplａceｓ，soillａｙersarevｅrythicｋ.Lotsofｐlantsgroｗinｐlaｃeswｉthatｈｉcｋｓoillayｅr.Indrｙaｎdwinｄyｐｌacessoiｌｌayersarｅmuchｔhinnｅr.Ｌayｅrsofsoiloｎmouｎtaｉnsａｒｅthinbeｃausegravitypｕllsthesoildownhill.Ｔhｅtｙｐeｏfsoilinapaｒｔiculａrｐｌaceａffectswhatkｉｎｄｓｏfplantscangroｗｔｈere．２2.Ｃrｉｓis

Lｉfeisaｃoｎtest!Whｏwiｌlwｉｎ?Ａbluebｉｒdanｄspａrrowｂpetｅforsｐaｃeｔobuｉldtheirnests.Afaｓｔ-growｉngmaｐｌeｔreeａndsｌoｗer-groｗingdｏgwoｏｄcompetefortheｓｕｎlightｔheyｂｏtｈnｅｅd．Oilcｏｍpeteswithｃoａlａndnuclｅａrｐowerａsａneｎergysｏurcefoｒｅlectricpowerpｌaｎtｓ!Ｔhereｉsaprobｌem．Ｔhｅｒｅｉsａliｍiｔeｄamountｏｆsｐacefoｒbirｄｓ,ｓunliｇhｔfortrees，ａndｅnerｇyｆoｒpeoplｅ!Ifｗedonotcｕtbackonouｒusesofsomeofourresources,someｄaythｅywillbeｇone!Howcanｗeuｓeenｅrgytodａyandknoｗweｗillhaveenｏughｔogoａroｕndｉnthefutｕre?Wecanchooｓｅalｔerｎate,ｏrreｐlａcemeｎｔ,energyresｏｕrces.Itｔaｋｅstheearthｍillionsoｆｙearstｏcreaｔecoal,oｉl,andｇａｓ．Theｙarenonrenewａｂlerｅｓources.Soｌarｅnｅｒgy,winｄｅnergyandwatereneｒgyaｒｅrｅｎewａbｌerｅsｏｕｒces.Ittakｅsｔheeａｒｔhmｉｌlioｎsｏfyearstocｒeatｅcoａl,oil,ａndgａs.Thｅyaｒenonｒｅnewａbｌeresｏｕrceｓ.Solarenｅrgy,wｉnｄeｎｅrgyａnｄwaｔｅrｅnergyaｒｅrｅｎewaｂｌe.Whatoｔherwayscaｎwecｏnserveourresourｃes?Hｏwcａｎweｍakｅsuretheｒeiｓalwaysenoughtｏgｏａrouｎd?23.Aｍerｉca’sWorstSurｐriｓeﻫＤｅcｅｍbeｒ7，1９41wasoneoｆtheｗorｓtdａｙｓiｎＡmｅrｉcanhiｓtory.NearlyallＡmeｒicanｓｗｈoarｅoｌdenoughtoｒｅmembｅrｔｈａｔdaycａnstillｒememberwhattheywｅｒedoiｎgatthemomenttｈｅｙｈeard“thenｅｗｓ”.ＴｈｅnewswａsthａtAmeｒicaｈadbeeｎａttaｃｋed！Ｓhorｔｌybefore2:00P.M.,ａrａdiodispatｃhcaｍeiｎtoWashingtonfｒomHonｏluｌu,Ｈａwａii.“AirRaｉd,ＰeaｒｌHarbor—Thisisｎodrｉll．”ＪapanｅsepｌanｅｓｈａｄbeguｎanaｔtackonthelargestＡmeｒicanmiｌitaｒｙｂaseinｔhePacific．Thｅyｆiｒｓtdｅstroyedｐlanesonthegrounｄ.Thｅｎｔheyｂｏmbｅdthesｈｉpsｉnｔheharbor.Noｏneｈaｄｅxｐeｃteｄｔｈeattack.Ｓonoonewaspｒeparｅdｆｏriｔ．AnditｄiｄnotｔaｋｅlongforＪaｐanesetodｏtheiｒdamage.Ｗhentｈeｓmokecleaｒed,theNａvyｃountediｔｓlｏsｓes．Eighteenshｉpｓhadｂeensｕnkorbadlydamａged.Nearｌｙ150plａneshadbeenｄestrｏyed.Morethａｎ2，400Aｍeriｃanshadbeenｋillｅdaｎdmorethａn1,２00wｏuｎded.2４．ＧｒeatDｅｐressioniｎtheU．S.In１929，thebiｌｌsstarteｄtocomein.Ａmericaniｎdustｒyhａdpｒoduceｄtoｏmanyｇoods.Ａmeｒicaｎsｃoｕldｎotaｆfordtoｂuyallofｔhem.Ｓｏfactorieshadtocｕtｄownontｈeirｐｒoduction.Ｍanｙworkｅrsloｓｔtｈeirｊoｂs.Investoｒｓtriｅdtogｅttｈｅirmonｅｙｂaｃk．Butbusｉｎｅｓsｅｓｄidnotｈａveeｎｏughmoneyｔopaｙｔhｅｍ.Ｂanksｔriedｔｏｇettｈeirmｏneｙbａckfrominveｓtoｒs.Ｂutthｅinveｓtorscoulｄnoｔpay，either.Ｔoｏmａnypeｏplｅoweｄｍｏｎｅy.Andfewofｔheｍcoulｄpaytheｉrbilｌs．Duringthenｅxtfｅｗｙeａｒs,busｉneｓsgotworｓeanｄwoｒse.By193２,banｋsalloｖerthecountrｙweｒｅcloｓing.Ｐeｏｐｌewithouｔmonｅyｃouｌdnｏｔbｕygoods.Sｏmｏｒebｕsineｓsｅｓｃlosｅd．Moreaｎdmorepeoｐlelosttheirjoｂs.By1９3２,morｅthaｎ１2mｉｌlioｎＡmｅrｉcaｎswereｊｏbｌｅsｓ.Miｌlionsmoｒewereeaｒningｂareｌｙｅｎoｕgｈｔoｌｉｖeoｎ．Thｅcountrｙwasinaｇｒｅatdｅｐｒｅssiontｈｅyhadneveｒexperiencｅdbefｏrｅ.２5.APlaceofOｕrＯwnﻫWｅarｅallusuaｌlyｖｅrycarefulwｈenwebuysomｅthiｎｇｆorｔhｅhｏuse．Why?Bｅcauｓewｅｈａvetoｌivewｉtｈｉtfｏｒaｌｏｎgｔime.Wepaintａroomtｏmakeitｂrighｔeｒ,sｏwechoosethecoｌorscａrefｕlly.Ｗebuynewcｕrｔainsiｎoｒdｅrtｏｍatchthｅneｗｌydecoratｅｄｒooｍ,soｔｈeymustbetherighｔcoｌor.Wｅmovｅthefurnitｕｒeｒouｎdsoastoｍaｋemorｅspaｃe—orwｅbuynｅｗfurniture—ａnｄｓoon.Itiｓanendlessbusiｎess.Richｏrｐooｒ，ｗｅtａketimetｏfurnｉsｈａｒｏom.Perhａpｓsoｍepeoplebｕｙfｕrｎiｔuｒeiｎordeｒｔoimpresｓｔｈｅｉrfriends.Butmosｔofusjustwａｎttｏeｎjoｙourｓｕrｒoｕndiｎgｓ.Wewanｔtoｌiveaｓcoｍｆorｔaｂlyaswecａnaffordtｏ.Weｓpendａｌaｒgeｐartofourlｉveｓａthome.Weｗａnttomakeasmalｌcorｎeriｎthewoｒldwｈiｃhwecanreｃognizeａsｏurｏwn.26.ＴravelfｏrWorkＹoｕcaｎsｅetheｍｉnevｅrｙaｉｒpoｒｔintheｗorｌd.Ｔｈｅyａrebｕｓinessmenaｎdwｏｍeｎwhｏｈavetｏtravelfortheirworｋ.Whenthｅyｆｉｒstapplieｄfortｈｅjob，theymaｙｈavethｏughｔofgoodfoodanｄhotels,hugeexpenｓｅaccoｕntsaｎdｆashiｏnablecitiｅs.Nｏwtheyｈaｖeｔoｓｉtiｎaｉｒpｏrtlounｇes,ｔiｒeｄａnduncomｆｏrtableinｔheirsmaｒtclothｅs,listenｉｎgtotheｌｏudspｅakeｒａｎnounｃe“ＴheｆｉgｈtofTｏkｙo,orBerlｉｎ，orＮewYorｋｉｓdｅlａｙedfoｒaｎｏtheｒtwoｈours.”Soｍepeoplesａytome,“Hoｗlｕckyyouareｔobeａbｌｅtoｔravｅｌaｂroadiｎyourwork!Yｏucaｎgosｉghtsｅeiｎｇｗｉｔhoｕtpayinｇanyｍｏｎeyｂｙyourｓelｆ!”Theytｈｉnｋtｈatmyｊobｉsliｋeacontｉnualhｏlidaｙ.Itisnｏt．Thereareadvantaｇeｓ,ofcouｒse,aｎdIdｏthiｎIamlucky，butｏnlybeｃauｓｅIcangｏtoplａcesＩwoｕldneveｒvｉsitifIwaｓａｔoｕrｉst.2７．IntellｉgｅnceAｒesomepｅoｐｌebornｃｌevｅr,andotherｓbornstupｉd？Oeｌligeｎcedｅveloｐedｂｙｏurenvｉronmeｎtandourexpｅrieｎce?Ｓtrａngelyｅｎｏugh,theａnswertｏｔheｓeqｕestｉｏnsiｓyes.Tosｏmｅｅxteｎtourinｔelligｅnceisgｉｖenｕsatｂirth，ａnｄnoaｍoｕnｔofsｐｅcｉａleducatiｏｎcanｍaｋeａgeｎiusoutofachildbｏrnwitｈlｏwｉｎｔellｉgence.Ｏntheotｈeｒｈand,ａchilｄwholivesｉnaboringeｎviｒonmeｎtwillｄｅｖelophｉsｉｎtｅlligｅncｅlesstｈaｎonewhｏliｖeｓinrｉchａｎｄvariedsurｒoundinｇs.Thus,thelimｉｔsofaperson’siｎteｌlｉｇｅncearｅfixedaｔbirth,wｈetherorｎｏthereacｈｅstｈoselｉｍitswilldependｏnhisenviｒｏnment.Tｈｉsvｉew,heｌｄbymoｓtexperｔｓnoｗ,canbesupportedｉnａnumbeｒofwaｙs.Aｓiseasytoshｏwthａtintellｉｇｅncｅistｏsomeextentsｏｍethiｎｇweａreboｒnwith.Thｅcloseｒtheblｏodreｌatiｏnｓｈipｂｅtwｅｅnｔwopeoplｅiｓ，ｔheｃlosｅrtheyareｌikｅlytｏbeinintelliｇence．２8.AFreeDresｓEveryＷｅek

Tｈeｔeｍpｔatｉontｏsteaｌisgreaｔerthaneveｒbｅｆoreｅｓｐeciallyinlargeshoｐsａndpeopｌearenotsohonesｔasｔｈeyｏｎｃewerｅ．Adeｔｅcｔivｅrecenｔlyｗatchedａwell－dreｓsedwomａnwhoalｗａyｓｗoａｌaｒｇesｔｏrｅｏnＭondaｙmornings.OneＭｏnday,thereweｒefｅwｅrｐeｏｐleｉntｈeshopthａnusualwhentｈｅwomaｎcaｍeiｎ，soitwａｓeasieｒfｏrthｅdeteｃtivｅｔoｗaｔchheｒ.Thewomaｎfiｒsｔboughtafewsmallartiｃｌes.Aｆteralittｌeｔime,shecｈoseonｅoｆｔheｍｏstexpensｉveｄrｅssesintheｓhoｐanｄｈaｎｄeditｔoanassistantｗｈowｒaｐpedｉtuｐforheraｓquickｌyaｓpossiblｅ.Thewomaｎsimplyｔooktｈｅpａrcelａndwalkｅdoutｏfｔhｅshopｗithｏutpayｉnｇ.Wｈenshewasarrested,tｈedｅtｅｃtiｖefoundｏuｔｔhａｔtheshｏpassiｓｔantwasherｄａugｈtｅr.Ｂｅliｅveiｔoｒnｏt,theｇｉrl“ｇave”heｒmotheｒafreedressｅveryｗｅek!

２9.Tｉｍe

Tｉmeiｓtanｇibｌe.Onecangａintime,spｅndtｉｍｅ,ｗastｅtiｍe,savetｉme,oreｖenｋilltiｍe.CommonqｕesｔionsinAmericaｎＥｎｇｌisｈreｖｅａltｈiｓconcｒeteqｕaliｔｙａｓthoughtimewｅreａpoｓｓession.“Doyoｕhａveanytiｍｅ?”,“Cａｎｙougetｓometｉmeｆorｔhｉs?”,“Howmuｃhｆｒeｅtiｍeｄoyｏｕhavｅ?”Thetｒeatmｅntｏftimeasａpｏsｓeｓsｉｏninfluｅncｅsthewａｙｔhatｔｉmeｉｓcarefullｙｄiｖided.Geｎerａlｌy,Aｍericansaretaｕｇｈttodoonethingaｔaｔiｍeaｎdmａybeuｎcomfortａblｅwhenａnaｃtivityiｓiｎｔerｒupｔed．Ｉnbuｓinesses,ｔheｃarefｕｌsｃｈｅｄｕlingoｆtiｍeandtｈeｓepaｒationｏfaｃtivitiesareｃoｍｍonpracｔｉces.Apｐｏｉntmentcaｌｅｎdａrsarｅpｒｉnｔedｗith１5-，3０-,ａｎd60-minｕｔeｔimeｓlｏｔs.Ｔheｉｄeathat“tｈeｒeｉsatimｅａndplacefｏreverytｈing”exteｎdsｔｏAmeｒiｃansocｉａlｌifｅ.Ｖisitorｓwｈｏdｒｏpbyｗithｏutｐｒiornoticｅmayｉｎterｒupttｈｅirhosｔ’spｅrsoｎaltime.Tｈus,calｌingfriendｓontheｔeｌeｐhoｎebeforevisｉtingthｅｍisgenｅrallｙpｒeferreｄt