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2023年6月英语四级阅读每日一练1.Nowletuslookathowweread.Whenwereadaprintedtext,oureyesmoveacrossapageinshort,jerkymovement.Werecognizewordsusuallywhenoureyesarestillwhentheyfixate.Eachtimetheyfixate,weseeagroupofwords.Thisisknownastherecognitionspanorthevisualspan.Thelengthoftimeofrwhichtheeyesstop---thedurationofthefixation----variesconsiderablyfrompersontoperson.Italsovaieswithinanyonepersonaccordingtohispurposeinreadingandhisfamiliaritywiththetext.Furthermore,itcanbeaffectedbysuchfactorsaslightingandtiredness.

Unfortunately,inthepast,manyreadingimprovementcourseshaveconcentratedtoomuchonhowoureyesmoveacrosstheprintedpage.Asaresultofthismisleadingemphasisonthepurelyvisualaspectsofreading,numerousexerciseshavebeendevisedtotraintheeyestoseemorewordsatonefixation.Forinstance,insomeexercises,wordsareflashedontoascreenfor,say,atenthoratwentiethofasecond.Oneoftheexerciseshasrequiredstudentstofixtheireyesonsomecentralpoint,takinginthewordsoneitherside.Suchwordpatternsareoftenconstructedintheshapeofrathersteeppyramidssothereadertakesinmoreandmorewordsateachsuccessivefixation.Alltheseexercisesareveryclever,butit’sonethingtoimproveaperson’sabilitytoseewordsandquiteanotherthingtoimprovehisabilitytoreadatextefficiently.Readingrequirestheabilitytounderstandtherelationshipbetweenwords.Consequently,forthesereasons,manyexpertshavenowbeguntoquestiontheusefulnessofeyetraining,especiallysinceanyapproachwhichtrainsapersontoreadisolatedwordsandphraseswouldseemunlikelytohelphiminreadingacontinuoustext.ﻫQ:ﻫ1.Thetimeoftherecognitionspancanbeaffectedbythefollowingfactsexcept________.ﻫA.one’sfamiliaritywiththetextﻫB.one’spurposeinreadingﻫC.thelengthofagroupofwords

D.lightingandtiredness

2.Theauthormaybelievethatreading______.

A.requiresareadertotakeinmorewordsateachfixation

B.requiresareadertoseewordsmorequicklyﻫC.demandsandeeply-participatingmindﻫD.demandsmoremindthaneyesﻫ3Whatdoestheauthormeanbysaying“butit’sonethingtoimproveaperson’sabilitytoseewordsandquiteanotherthingtoimprovehisabilitytoreadatextefficiently.”inthesecondparapraph?

A.Theabilitytoseewordsisnotneededwhenanefficientreadingisconducted.ﻫB.Thereadingexercisesmentionedcan’thelptoimproveboththeabilitytoseeandtocomprehendwords.ﻫC.Thereadingexercisesmentionedcan’thelptoimproveanefficientreading.ﻫD.Thereadingexercisesmentionedhasdoneagreatjobtoimproveone’sabilitytoseewords.

4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?ﻫA.Thevisualspanisawordoragroupofwordsweseeeachtime.ﻫB.Manyexpertsbegantoquestiontheefficiencyofeyetraining.ﻫC.Theemphasisonthepurelyvisualaspectsismisleading.ﻫD.Theeyetrainingwillhelpreadersinreadingacontinuoustext.ﻫ5.Thetuneoftheauthorinwritingthisarticleis________

AcriticalﻫBneutral

CprssimisticﻫDoptimistic解题思绪

1C。事实细节题。第一段提到了影响视幅的因素:不同的人,不同的阅读目的,对材料的熟悉限度,光线,疲劳。C“一组词的长度”不是能影响视幅的因素,是本题的答案。

2C。观点态度题。作者在第二段第二句提到,眼睛训练课程只注重了阅读的视觉因素。倒数第二句书哦,阅读规定具有理解单词间关系的能力。因此选项C“阅读需要大脑的深度参与”对的。作者没有否认阅读的视觉因素的必要性,但是也没有说读者应当练习拓宽视幅,加快阅读速度。所以AB两项都不对的。作者没有对大脑和眼睛在阅读过程中的重要性进行对比,所以不选Dﻫ3C。作者在这句话中先是肯定了那些阅读练习提高看单词的能力,然后提出了有效阅读概念。后面句中还指出,有效阅读需要的是理解单词间的联系的能力。所以作者的意思应当是那些(训练眼睛的)阅读练习对与有效的阅读无益。B与文章相反。D句是蕴涵其中一个意思,却不是作者想表达的方向。

4D。第二段最后一句说,眼睛训练对于帮助读者阅读连贯文章无益,所以D是错的,是本题答案。

5A。参考前面的结构剖析,作者写本文的重要目的是对那些只关注阅读的视觉因素的阅读能力课程进行批判,所以答案应当是A。2.Themodernsailingshipwasdevelopedbyamanwhoneverwenttosea.ﻫHewasPrinceHenryofPortugal,theyoungersonofthePartuguesekingandanEnglishprincess.

PrinceHenrylivedinthefifteenthcentury.Asaboyhebecamedevotedtothesea,andhededicatedhimselftoimprovingthedesignofshipsandthemethodsofsailingthem.In1416,whenhewastwentytwo,Henryfoundedaschoolformariners,towhichheinvitedeveryonewhocouldhelphim—Jewishastronomers,ItalianandSpanishsailors,andArabmathematiciansandmapmakerswhoknewtousethecrude

compassofthedayandcouldimproveit.ﻫHenry’sgoalwastodesignandequipvesselsthatwouldbecapableofmakinglongoceanvoyageswithouthavingtohugtheshore.Thecaravelcarriedmoresailandwaslongerandslimmerthananyshipthenmade,yetwastoughenoughtowithstandgalesatsea.Healsodevelopedthecarrack,whichwasaslowership,butonethatwascapableofcarryingmorecargo.ﻫToPrinceHenrytheworldowescreditfordevelopmentofcraftthatmadeoceanicexplorationpossible.HelivesinhistoryasHenrytheNavigator.ﻫ1.HenrytheNavigatorwasamemberoftheroyalfamilyof____.

A.EnglandB.SpainC.ItalyD.Portugal

2.PrinceHenrystartedhisschoolforthepurposeof____.

A.helpingmariners

B.improvingshipdesignandsailingmethodsﻫC.studyingastronomyandmathematicsﻫD.improvinghisownskillasasailorﻫ3.TheteachersinPrinceHenry’sschoolseemtohavebeen____.ﻫA.membersoftheroyalfamilyﻫB.astronomers,sailorsandmapmakersﻫC.shipbuilders

D.Alloftheabove

4.PrinceHenry’sgoalwastodesignvesselsthatcould____.ﻫA.makelongdeepseavoyagesﻫB.travelfasterthanthoseinuseatthattime

C.explorethecoastlineofPortugal

D.carrylargercrewsandmorecargothanexistingoneﻫ5.ThebesttitleforthispassageisﻫA.TheFirstModernSailingVessels

B.TheMarinerPrince

C.PrinceHenry’sRoleinHistoryﻫD.TheFirstSchoolforSailors解题思绪

1.D。ﻫ航海家享利是哪个皇室家族中的一员?本题为细节题。这道题的答案在第一段,不难作答。ﻫ2.B。

享利王子创建他的学校是为了……本题为推断题。这道题规定结合上下文考虑。第二段中讲述享利王子致力于发展船只设计技术与航海术,后面立即提到他建立学校及学校成员:天文学家、水手、数学家、制图人。综合考虑,答案应当是B。ﻫ3.B。

享利王子的学校中的老师是……本题为细节题。这道题的答案在第二段,选项A、C是文中未提及的,所以不选。ﻫ4.A。ﻫ享利王子目的是要造什么样的船?本题为细节题。这道题的答案在第三段第一句话。“becapableofmakelongoceanvoyageswithouthavingtohugtheshore”意指“能作远洋航行而无须紧靠海岸”。

5.C。

本文最佳的标题是什么?本题为综合分析题。这道题规定考生通读全文,掌握大意进行分析。A、B、D三项都不是对文大意最佳的归纳。并且选项A中“Modern”一词是不合适的;B项中“Mariner”一词是错用,从文中可以得知享利王子从未进入海洋(第一句);D项中“thefirst”也是文中未提及的。而C项则是对本文最佳的概括。3.Thestandardizededucationalorpsychologicaltests,whicharewidelyusedtoaidinselecting,assigningorpromotingstudents,employeesandmilitarypersonnel,havebeenthetargetofrecentattacksinbooks,magazines,thedailypress,andeveninCongress.Thetargetiswrong,for,inattackingthetests,criticsdivertattentionfromthefaultthatlieswithill-informedorincompetentusers.Theteststhemselvesaremerelytools.Whethertheresultswillbevaluable,meaningless,orevenmisleadingdependspartlyuponthetoolitselfbutlargelyupontheuser.

Allinformedpredictionsoffutureperformancearebaseduponsomeknowledgeofrelevantpastperformance.Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliabilityandappropriatenessoftheinformationusedandontheskillandwisdomwithwhichitisinterpreted.Anyonewhokeepscarefulscoreknowsthattheinformationavailableisalwaysincompleteandthatthepredictionsarealwayssubjecttoerror.

Standardizedtestsshouldbeconsideredinthiscontext:theyprovideaquick,objectivemethodofgettingsomekindofinformationaboutwhatapersonhaslearned,theskillshehasdeveloped,orthekindofpersonheis.Theinformationsoobtainedhas,qualitatively,thesameadvantagesandshortcomingsasotherkindsofinformation.Whethertousetests,otherkindsofinformation,orbothinaparticularsituationdepends,therefore,upontheempiricalevidenceconcerningcomparativevalidityanduponsuchfactorsascostandavailability.ﻫIngeneral,thetestsworkmosteffectivelywhenthetraitsorqualitiestobemeasuredcanbemostpreciselydefined(forexample,abilitytodowellinaparticularcourseoftrainingprogram)andleasteffectivelywhenwhatistobemeasuredorpredictedcannotbewelldefined,forexample,personalityorcreativity.Properlyused,theyprovidearapidmeansofgettingcomparableinformationaboutmanypeople.Sometimestheyidentifystudentswhosehighpotentialhasnotbeenpreviouslyrecognized.ﻫ1.Inthispassage,theauthorisprimarilyconcernedwith_________.

A.thenecessityofstandardizedtests

B.thevalidityofstandardizedtests

C.themethodusedininterpretingtheresultsofstandardizedtests.

D.thetheoreticalgroundsofstandardizedtests.

2.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat_______.

A.standardizedtestsshouldnolongerbeused.ﻫB.resultsofstandardizedtestsaccuratelyreflecttheabilitiesofthetestees

C.thevalueofstandardizedtestsliesintheirproperinterpretation

D.specialmethodsmustbeappliedtotheresultofstandardizedtests.ﻫ3.Theword“empirical”(Line6,Para.3)mostprobablymeans“___________”

A.theoretical

B.criticalﻫC.indisputable

D.experiential

4.Accordingtothepassage,standardizedtestsworkworkmosteffectivelywhen____________.ﻫA.theuserknowshowtointerprettheresultsinadvance.ﻫB.theobjectivesaremostclearlydefined.

C.thepersonswhotakethetestareintelligentorskillful.ﻫD.theymeasurethetraitsorqualitiesofthetestsﻫ5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstandardizedtestscouldbedescribedas_______.

A.positive

B.criticalﻫC.prejudicedﻫD.indifferent.答案,解题思绪,全文翻译~

DDDBA

解题思绪ﻫ1选D。主旨大意题。第一段是给出话题,作为主题内容的第二、三段都是对标准花测试的理论基础的介绍。

2选D。推理判断题。第二段提到,要进行准确预测必须有两个条件,一个是获得的信息自身,另一个是对所获得的信息进行分析。所以对于标准化测试所获得的信息,也必须使用特殊的方法进行分析。因此D对的。原文中,作者是反对抨击标准化考试的。因此A“标准化考试不应再使用”可排除。测试结果是否有效,取决与很多因素,B过于绝对。标准化测试的价值在于它的快速和客观性,所以C错误。

3选D。语意理解题。前句提到通过标准化测试所获得的信息与其他信息同样有缺陷,也有优点。那么到底采用哪种信息,就应当根据以往实际应用效果为依据的意见。D正是。ABC分别是:理论上的,紧要的,无可争辩的。ﻫ4选B。事实细节题。文章最后一段提到,当所要测定的特性能被很准确地界定期,测试最为有效。

5选A。观点态度题。文章第一段中作者就提出不应当抨击标准化考试;弊病不在测试自身,而在使用者。最后提出假如使用得当,标准化考试能为人民提供游泳的比较信息。综上所述,可知作为对标准化测试是持肯定态度的。ABCD分别为:肯定的,批评的,有偏见的,不关心的。

全文翻译

标准化的教育或心理测试,目前广泛应用与对学生、员工和军事人员的筛选、分派或晋升工作。但是它近来成了各种图书、杂志、日报甚至议会的抨击对象。他们的抨击目的选错了,由于在抨击这类测试时,批评者没有注意到,测试的弊病来自人们对测试不太了解或使用不妥。测试自身只是一个工具。其结果是否有价值,是否无意义或者是否产生误导,除了取决于测试自身,重要取决于使用测试的人

所有对未来表现的准确推测都基于对过去恩德相关表现的了解。这些测试在多大限度上会被后来的表现所证实,取决于预测所采用信息的量、可靠性和相关性,以及对这些信息进行分析所需要的技能和才智。一个谨慎的人都会知道,可用的信息总是不够全面的,而那些推测也总会有犯错的地方。

要对标准化测试进行评价,一方面就应当知道,这种测试提供的是一种迅速而客观地获取一个人的学识,技能或个人品质的相关信息的方法。所获得的信息,从质量上来讲,与其他信息同样,既有缺陷也有优点。因此在某一特定情况下,究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息,或是两者兼用,须凭关于相对效度的经验依据而定,还取决于诸如费用和实用性等因素。ﻫ一般而言,当所要测定的特性能被准确的界定期(比如杰出完毕某个特殊训练项目的能力),测试效果会非常好,而当所要测定或预测的东西不能被准确地界定期(比如个性或发明力),测试效果会非常差。只要使用得当,这种测试是获得很多人的可比较信息的快捷方法,有时候还可以发现一些之前没有发现的潜力很大的大学生。4.ResearchbytheUniversityofExeter1hasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas"ecosystemengineers"andpredators(食肉动物).Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistinct(显著的)effectsontheirlocalenvironment.ﻫFirstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuilding2activityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrients(营养物)inthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposers(腐生物,分解体)tospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.

Secondly,theyprey(捕食)onawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.

DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity’sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:"Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They’realsoveryterritorial3andveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea."ﻫ"Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtleties(微妙)ofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups4.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,"Sanderssaid.ﻫThestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivores(食草动物)anddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.

DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:"Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect—therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering."

Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomass5(生物量)butalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversity6(生物多样性)isincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsive(敏感的,易受影响的)tohumanimpact,whichobviouslyreducesitsrichness.However,itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem7.Antsareimportantinbelowgroundprocesses8throughthealterationofthephysicalandchemicalenvironmentandthroughtheireffectsonplants,microorganisms,andothersoilorganisms.ﻫ1.Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?ﻫA.Becausetheybuildtheirownnests.ﻫB.Becausetheycollectfood.

C.Becausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.

D.Becausetheyarepredators.ﻫ2.Aspredators,antsﻫA.preyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.

B.collectnutritiousfoodfromthesoil

C.collectfoodasdecomposers.ﻫD.preyonspeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.ﻫ3.DirkSanders’studycenteredonhowantsﻫA.canmanagetothriveinhugenumbers.

B.defendtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.

C.attackthoseinvadinganimalsforsurvival.

D.producesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.

4.Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?

A.Antsbringaboutanegativeinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.

B.Antsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.ﻫC.Ants’predationcounteractsthepositiveinfluencetheymayhaveonanarea.

D.Athigherdensity,antsproduceapositiveinfluenceonanarea.

5.Whatstillremainsunclearaboutants,accordingtothelastparagraph?

A.Whatrolesdoantsplayintheecosysteminwhichtheylive?

B.Howdoantsaffecttheanimaldiversityinagivenecosystem?ﻫC.Howdohumanactivitiesaffectants’influenceonagivenecosystem?

D.Howdoantsalterthephysicalandchemicalenvironment?Key:1.C

短文的第一段提供了答案。A不是对的答案,由于并不是由于蚂蚁会筑巢才被誉为生态系统工程师,而是由于它们筑巢和获取食物的方式改变了土壤的营养水平,为整个食物链提供了很好的生态环境(见第二段)。

2.Aﻫ答案可以从短文的第三段直接找到。该段告诉我们,蚂蚁的掠食范围很广,甚至涉及比它们体积更大的动物(largeranimals)。prey在这里的意思是“捕猎,捕食”,作为动词,后面跟介词on或upon。

3.D

DirkSanders说:“Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.”(第五段)所以,D是对的选择。句中thesubtletiesofit的意思是:蚂蚁对环境影响的精妙之处。

4.B

短文第六段第二句的大约意思是,蚂蚁数量小(alowdensityofants)的话,能使其他动物的品种和数量增长(increasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimals),从而给环境带来积极影响;第三句说,假如蚂蚁的数量大(Athigherdensities),就不也许产生同样的影响,或者是相反的影响,这表白,蚂蚁的掠食活动会抵销蚂蚁给环境带来的积极影响。第七段DrFrankvanVeen表达了大体相同的内容。ﻫ5.Cﻫ最后一段的第二和第三句提供了答案。第二句告诉我们,蚂蚁极易受人类的影响(theseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpact),第三句告诉我们,科学家还不清楚人类对蚂蚁这种干扰如何破坏蚂蚁对生态系统的维护作用(”itisnotclearhowsuchdisturbancedamagesthemaintenanceofantservicestotheecosystem.”)。5.ScientistssaytheyhavediscoveredhintsofalienlifeontheSaturn’smoon.ThediscoveryofasortoflifewasannouncedafterresearchersattheUSspaceagency,NASA,analyzeddatafromspacecraftCassini,whichpointedto,theexistenceofmethane-basedformoflifeonSaturn’sbiggestmoon.

Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare"breathing"inTitan’sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.ﻫTheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan’splanet-likesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesandrivers.This,theysay,pointstotheexistenceofsome"bugs"consumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoonlessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth.ﻫ"Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit’stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitan,similartothewayweconsumeoxygenonEarth,"saysNASAscientistChrisMcKay."Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth."

Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflifeanywhere,thoughthereareliquid-water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitan,wheretemperaturesarearound90Kelvin(minus290degreesFarenheit),amethanebasedorganismwouldhavetouseasubstancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocesses,butnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan’ssurfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit.ﻫScientistshadexpectedtheSun’sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetyleneonTitan’ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface.ﻫTheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan’ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon-biologicalexplanation,saidMarkAllen,aprincipalinvestigatoroftheNASATitanteam.ﻫ"Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biologicalexplanationsareaddressed,"Allensaid."Wehavealotofworktodotoruleoutpossiblenon-biologicalexplanations.Itismorelikelythatache

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