2023年清华大学博士英语入学考试完型

2023年清华大学博士考试完型填空清华大学博士题中完型填空是在一篇难度适中的短文中设立20个空白，短文长约300—350个词，从四个给出的选项中选出一个最佳答案；选项可以是一个单词，也可以是一个短语。文章多为说明文和记叙文完型填空是一项综合性的测试，也成为TheuseofEnglish。它是从语篇的水平上测试考生综合运用语言知识，测试词汇、语法、词组、句型及文章的整体结构。重要是规定考生在全面理解短文的基础上，选择一个最佳答案，可以使短文的意思连贯、结构完整、合理。因此需要注意语意、结构、逻辑和惯用法的关系。基本规定：1）词汇和短语2）语法知识3）理解能力应试规定：了解命题、有一定的题量、应试策略。Sample1DoubleIncomeandNoKids(DINK)becomesfashionableinChina.TheDINKcouplesareusuallyregardedasthosewhohavehighereducationsand__31__careerswithhigherincomes.TheincreaseinDINKfamilieshasshatteredtheChinesetraditionalideaofthefamilyand__32__typical.AsurveyconductedrecentlyinBeijingbyamarketsurveycompany__33__thatabout3.3percentof1,300surveyedfamiliesinBeijingsaidtheyhave__34__planstohavechildren.Itisestimatedthereareabout600,000DINKfamiliesinlargecitieslikeBeijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,andChongqing.Whytheychoosesuchalifestyleisconcludedin__35__reasons.Someareshowinggreatworryfortherapidgrowthofpopulation;someareindulgedinbuildingamorewell-offfamily;someareshowingsharp__36__togetthemselvesfreefromtheobligationofraisingchildren.__37__,mostpeoplestillbelieveitisnecessarytobearachildtokeepthefamilylineon.AsanoldChinesesayinggoes,therearethreeaspectsinfailingtobeafilialsonandthe__38__seriousoneistohavenoheirforthefamily.Sochildlesscoupleswillsufferdiscrimination__39__familymembersandneighbors.Butitisclearthatthenewtideofideashascome,whichsuggestsyoungpeople__40__tochoosetheirownwayoflife.Theyareinstallingmodernideasintotraditionalfamiliesandsociety.Inthemodernizationprocess,personalchoiceswillbehighlyrespected.31.A.stableB.availableC.achievableD.liable32.A.hadbecomeB.maybecomeC.becameD.becomes33.A.directedB.inducedC.indicatedD.dictated34.A.noB.notC.hardlyD.scarcely35.A.elegantB.abundantC.similarD.various36.A.tensionB.attentionC.intentionD.interaction37.A.MoreoverB.HoweverC.AccordingD.Generally38.A.mostB.moreC.latestD.less39.A.intoB.toC.atD.from40.A.wantedB.shouldwantC.wantD.hadwantedSample2Manyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.67alongreadingassignmentisgiven,instructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe68inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The69studentisconsideredtobe70whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof71,nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned72briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiven,thestudentis73forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis74,theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith75guidance.Itisthe76responsibilitytofindbooks,magazines,andarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain77auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents,78graduatestudents,tobeabletoexhaustthereference79inthelibrary.Professorswillhelpstudentswhoneedit,but80thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe81dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties82teaching,suchasadministrativeorresearchwork.83,thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithstudentoutsideofclassis84.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomwork,thestudentshouldeither67a)Ifb)Althoughc)Becaused)Since68a)suggestionb)contextc)abstractd)information69a)poorb)idealc)averaged)disappointed70a)suchb)onec)anyd)some71a)funb)workc)learningd)prize72a)byb)inc)ford)with73a)criticizedb)innocentc)responsibled)dismissed74a)collectedb)distributedc)assignedd)finished75a)maximumb)minimumc)possibled)practical76a)student’sb)professor’sc)assistant’sd)librarian’s77a)whenb)whatc)whyd)how78a)particularlyb)essentiallyc)obviouslyd)rarely79a)selectionsb)collectionsc)sourcesd)origins80a)hateb)dislikec)liked)prefer81a)toob)suchc)muchd)more82a)butb)exceptc)withd)besides83a)Howeverb)Thereforec)Furthermored)Nevertheless84a)plentifulb)limitedc)irregulard)flexible85a)greetb)annoyc)approachd)attach86a)orb)andc)tod)butPassage1TheUnitedStateshashistoricallyhadhigherratesofmarriagethanthoseofotherindustrializedcountries.Thecurrentannualmarriage56intheUnitedStates—about9newmarriagesforevery1,000people—is57higherthanitisinotherindustrializedcountries.However,marriageis58aswidespreadasitwasseveraldecadesago.59ofAmericanadultswhoaremarried60from72percentin1970to60percentin2023.Thisdoesnotmeanthatlargenumbersofpeoplewillremainunmarried61theirlives.Throughoutthe20thcentury,about90percentofAmericansmarriedatsome62intheirlives.Experts63thataboutthesameproportionoftoday’syoungadultswilleventuallymarry.

Thetimingofmarriagehasvaried64overthepastcentury.In1995theaverageageofwomenintheUnitedStatesatthetimeoftheirfirstmarriagewas25.Theaverageageofmenwasabout27.MenandwomenintheUnitedStatesmarryforthefirsttimeanaverageoffiveyearslaterthanpeopledidinthe1950s.65,youngadultsofthe1950smarriedyoungerthandidanyprevious66inU.S.history.Today’slaterageofmarriageis67theageofmarriagebetween1890and1940.Moreover,agreaterproportionofthepopulationwasmarried(95percent)duringthe1950sthanatanytimebefore68.Expertsdonotagreeonwhythe“marriagerush”ofthelate1940sand1950soccurred,butmostsocialscientistsbelieveitrepresenteda6956.A.rateB.ratioCpercentageD.poll57.A.potentiallyBintentionallyC.randomlyD.substantially58A.notanylongerB.nomoreC.nolongerD.notanymore59A.AproportionB.TheproportionC.ThenumberD.Anumber60A.declinedB.deterioratedCdeducedDdemolished61ApastBpassingCthroughoutDthrough62AperiodBlevelCpointDrespect63AprojectBplanCpromiseDpropose64AunexpectedlyBirregularlyCflexiblyDconsistently65ABesideBHoweverCWhereasDNevertheless66AdescendantsBascendantsCpopulationDgeneration67AaccordingtoBinlinewithCbasedDcausedby68AandafterBorafterCorsinceDeversince69ArefusalBrealizationCresponseDreality70ArepressionBaggressionCrestrictionDdepressionPassage2Inrecentyearsanewfarmingrevolutionhasbegun,onethatinvolvesthe61oflifeatafundamentallevel–thegene.Thestudyofgeneticshas62aagricultureandareworkingfeverishlyto64seedsthatgiveahighyield,that65diseases,droughtandfrost,andthatreducetheneedfor66chemicals.Ifsuchgoalscouldbeachieved,itwouldbemost67.Butsomehaveraisedconcernsaboutgeneticallyengineeredcrops.Innature,geneticdiversityiscreatedwithincertain68.Arosecanbecrossedwithadifferentkindofrose,butarosewillnevercrosswithapotato.Geneticengineering,69usuallyinvolvestakinggenesfromonespeciesandinsertingthemintoanother70totransferadesiredcharacteristic.Thiscouldmean,forexample,selectingagenewhichleadstotheproductionofachemicalwithanti-freeze71fromanarticfish,andinsertingitintoapotatoorstrawberrytomakeitfrost-resistant.72,then,biotechnologyallowshumansto73thegeneticwallsthatseparatespecies.Likethegreenrevolution,74somecallthegenerevolutioncontributestotheproblemofgeneticuniformitysomesayevenmoreso75geneticistscanemploytechniquessuchascloningand76culture(培养),processesthatproduceperfectly77copies.Concernsabouttheerosionofbiodiversity,therefore,remain.Geneticallyalteredplants,however,raisenew78,suchastheeffectsthattheymayhaveonusandtheenvironment.“Weareflyingblindlyintoanew79ofagriculturalbiotechnologywithhighhopes,fewconstraints,andlittleideaofthepotential80,”saidsciencewriterJeremyRifkin.61.A.manipulationB.managementC.manufactureD.maturity62.A.gotalongwithB.givenrisetoC.comeupwithD.livedupto63.A.broodsB.breedsC.blendsD.blasts64.A.hatchB.trainC.duplicateD.patent65.A.restrictB.resistC.reverseD.retrieve66.A.hostileB.hydraulicC.hazardousD.harmless67.A.beneficialB.disappointingC.surprisingD.extreme68.A.linesB.limitsC.spaceD.ages69.A.afterallB.ontheotherhandC.inanycaseD.asarest70.A.tothepointB.innocaseC.inanattemptD.withregard71.A.qualityB.propertyC.priorityD.quantity72.A.InessenceB.InpartC.InadvanceD.Inreturn73.A.brakeB.blazeC.breachD.brand74.A.whatB.asC.whereD.so75.A.thatB.becauseC.ifD.when76.A.skinB.tissueC.organD.muscle77.A.resemblingB.alikeC.similarD.identical78.A.issuesB.heightC.difficultiesD.goals79.A.spotB.eraC.deadlineD.scheme80.A.navigationB.mysteryC.outcomesD.destinationPassage3Imaginefishermenwalkingdowntotheseashore,readytocarryouttheirearlymorningroutineofpreparingtheirboatsandnet.___71___theyhopeforagoodcatchoffish.Buttotheir___72___,ahorriblesightmeetstheirstillsleepyeyes.Thousandsoffishhavewashed___73___dead.Thecauseofthismassdestruction?Aredtide!

Redtidesareaglobal___74___.TheyhavebeenobservedonboththeAtlanticandthePacificcoastsoftheUnitedStatesandCanada.Theyhavealso___75___inmanyotherplaces.Thoughrelativelyfewpeopleare___76___them,redtidesarenotnew.

InthePhilippines,aredtidewasfirstseenintheprovinceofBataanin1908.Sincethen,redtideshavebeenseeninmanyother___77___.APhilippinesredtideexperttoldusthat"___78___thefishkills,thePassage4With950millionpeople,IndiarankssecondtoChinaamongthemostpopulouscountries.ButsinceChina71afamilyplanningprogramin1971,Indiahasbeenclosingthe72.Indianshavereducedtheirbirthratebutnotnearly73theChinesehave.Ifcurrentgrowthratescontinue,India’spopulationwill74China’saroundtheyear202875about1.7billion.Shouldthathappen,itwon’tbethe76oftheenlightenedwomenofKerala,astateinsouthernIndia.77Indiaasawholeaddsalmost20millionpeopleayear,Kerala’spopulationisvirtually78.ThereasonisNomystery:nearlytwo-thirdsofKeralawomenpracticebirthcontrol,79about40%intheentirenation.

Thedifference80theemphasisputonhealthprograms,81birthcontrol,bythestateauthorities,82in1957becameIndia’sfirstelectedCommunist83.Andaneducationaltraditionandmatrilineal(母系的)customsinpartsofKeralahelpgirlsandboysget84goodschooling.WhileoneinthreeIndianwomenis85,90%ofthoseinKeralacanreadandwrite.

Higherliteracyrates86Familyplanning.“UnlikeourParents,weknowthatwecandomoreforourchildrenifwehave87ofthem,”saysLailaCherian,33,wholivesintheVillageofKudamaloor.ShehasLimitedherself88threechildren—onebelowthenationalPassage5Advertisingisaformofselling.Forthousandsofyearstherehavebeenindividualswhohavetriedto56otherstobuythefoodtheyhaveproducedorthegoodstheyhavemadeortheservicestheycan57.Butinthe19thcenturythemassproductionofgoods58theIndustrialRevolutionmadeperson-to-personsellinginefficient.Themassdistributionofgoodsthat59thedevelopmentoftherailwayandhighwaymadeperson-to-personsellingtooslowandexpensive.Atthesametime,masscommunication,firstnewspapersandmagazines,thenradioandtelevision,mademasssellingthrough60possible.Theobjectiveofanyadvertisementistoconvincepeoplethatitisintheirbest61totaketheactiontheadvertiserisrecommending.Theaction62betopurchaseaproduct,useaservice,voteforapoliticalcandidate,oreventojointheArmy.Advertisingasa63developedfirstandmostrapidlyintheUnitedStates,thecountrythatusesittothegreatest64.In1980advertisingexpenditureintheU.S.exceeded55billiondollars,or652percentofthegrossnationalproduct.Canadaspentabout1.2percentofitsgrossnationalproduct66advertising.56．A．request B．oblige C．affect D．persuade57．A．transfer B．secure C．enjoy D．perform58．A．resultingfrom B．dealingwith C．leadingto D．goingfor59．A．followed B．preceded C．achieved D．induced60．A．marketing B．advertising C．salespeople D．agents61．A．profits B．benefits C．interests D．gains62．A．should B．would C．may D．will63．A．business B．service C．product D．profession64．A．amount B．extent C．possibility D．utility65．A．similarly B．supposedly C．approximately D．accountably66．A．with B．at C．into D．on67．A．While B．Therefore C．But D．If68．A．aswell B．asusual C．asaresult D．asarule69．A．more B．less C．cheaper D．dearer70．A．works B．calls C．looks D．paysPassage6Theprocessofgainingorlosingweightcanbeexplainedbycomparingyourbodytoyourcar．Bothrun__56__fuel，foodforyourbodyandgasolineforyourcar．Both__57__thatfuel，firstintoheat，thenenergy，someof__58__isusedtodowork，andsomeemittedaswaste．And__59__yourcarusesmoreenergywhentheengineisracingthanwhenitisidling，__60__diesyourbodyusemoreenergywhenyouareworkinghardthan__61__youareresting．Forthepurposeofthiscomparison，__62__，thereisonesignificantdifferencebetweenthem．Yourcarcannotstorefuelbyturningitinto__63__else；allgasolinenot__64__remainsasgasoline．Butyourbodystorks__65__energyasfat．Whenthegastankis__66__empty，thecarwon’trun；butyourbodycanburnfattoprovidemoreenergy．Therefore，ifyouwanttogainweight，youmustdo__67__oftwothings：eatmorecalories(unitsofheat，thereforeenergy)，oruselessthrough__68__．Ifyouwanttoloseweight，youdothe__69__，decreaseyourintakeofcaloriesorincreasetheamountofenergyyouspend．Thereis__70__way．Gainingorlosingweightisalwaysarelationbetweenintakeandoutputofpotentialenergy．56．A．inB．onC．forD．against57．A．convertB．useC．forD．burn58．A．whatB．whichC．itD．them59．A．whereasB．althoughC．justbecauseD．justas60．A．asB．soC．whyD．how61．A．thatB．sinceC．whenD．where62．A．howeverB．thereforeC．moreoverD．likewise63．A．everythingB．nothingC．somethingD．anything64．A．filledB．wastedC．savedD．consumed65．A．uselessB．enoughC．excessD．extensive66．A．halfB．completelyC．almostD．hardly67．A．anyB．bothC．eitherD．neither68．A．inactivityB．inattentionC．cyclingD．jogging69．A．reverseB．relevantC．differentD．same70．A．notanyB．nootherC．anotherD．somePassage7Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Themostexcitingkindofeducationisalsothemostpersonal.Nothingcan61thejoyofdiscoveringforyourselfsomethingthatisimportanttoyou.Itmaybeanideaorabitofinformationyou62acrossaccidentallyorasudden63,fittingtogetherpiecesofinformationorworkingthroughaproblem.Suchpersonal64arethe"payoff'ineducation.Ateachermay65youtolearningandevenencourageyouinitbutnoteachercanmaketheexcitementorthojoyhappen.That's66toyou.Aresearchpaper,67inacourseandperhapscheckedatvariousstagesbyaninstructor,68youbeyondclassrooms,beyondthetextsforclassesandintoa69wherethejoyofdiscoveryandlearningcancometoyoumanytimes.70theresearchpaperisanactiveandindividualprocess,andideallearningprocess.Itprovidesastructure71whichyoucanmakeexcitingdiscoveries,ofknowledgeandofself,thatarebasictoeducation.Buttheresearchpaperalsogivesyouachancetoindividualizeaschoolassignment,to72apieceofworktoyourowninterestsandabilities,toshowothers,73youcando,Writingaresearchpaperismorethanjustaclassroomexercise.Itisanexperiencein74out,understandingandsynthesizing,whichformsthebasisofmanyskills75tobothacademicandnonacademictasks.Itis,inthefullestsense,adiscoveringeducationSo,toproduceagoodresearchpaperisbothausefulandathoroughly76experience!Tosome,thethoughtofhavingtowriteanassignednumberofpagesoftenmorethaneverproduced77,isdisconcerting.Toothers,theveryideaofhavingtowork78isthreatening.Butthereisnoneedtoapproachtheresearchpaperassignmentwithanxiety,andnobodyshouldviewtheresearchpaperasanobstacleto79Instead,consideritagoalto61.A.exterminateB.impulseC.interveneD.exceed62.A.conformB.confrontC.comeD.console63.A.insightB.relaxationC.relayD.ingredient64.A.serialsB.separationsC.encountersD.segregations65.A.helpB.saluteC.scrubD.direct66.A.hereB.offC.upD.with67.A.assigningB.assignedC.loungedD.lounging68.A.littersB.intervenesC.jotsD.leads69.A.processB.interfaceC.interpretationD.prosecution70.A.DesigningB.DesignedC.PreparingD.Prepared71.A.outsideB.withinC.withoutD.upon72.A.greaseB.glareC.suffixD.suit73.A.whichB.whatC.howD.because74.A.searchingB.supplementingC.popularizingD.polarizing75.A.arrogantB.conciseC.chronicD.applicable76.A.segmentingB.satisfyingC.characterizingD.chartering77.A.laterB.beforehandC.afterwardsD.before78.A.accordinglyB.acceptablyC.independentlyD.infinitely79.A.overworkB.overcomeC.lumberD.lull80.A.accelerateB.cautionC.accomplishD.boycottPassage8Directions:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Consumersandproducersobviouslymakedecisionsthatmoldtheeconomy,butthereisathirdmajor61toconsidertheroleofgovernment.Governmenthasapowerful62ontheeconomyinatleastfourways:DirectServices.Thepostalsystem,forexample,isafederalsystem63theentirenation,asisthelargeandcomplexmilitaryestablishment.Conversely,theconstructionand64ofmosthighwaysisthe65oftheindividualstates,andthepubliceducationalsystems,despitealargefundingrolebythefederalgovernment,areprimarily66forbycountryorcitygovernments.Policeandfireprotectionandsanitation67arealsotheresponsibilitiesoflocalgovernment.RegulationandControl.Thegovernmentregulatesandcontrolsprivate68inmanyways,forthe69ofassuringthatbusinessservesthebest70ofthepeopleasawhole.Regulationisnecessaryinareaswhereprivateenterpriseisgranteda71,suchasintelephoneorelectricservice.Publicpolicypermitssuchcompaniestomakeareasonable72,butlimitstheirabilitytoraiseprices73,sincethe.publicdependsontheirservices.Oftencontrolis74toprotectthepublic,asforexample,whentheFoodandDrugadministrationbansharmfuldrugs,orrequiresstandardsof75StabilizationandGrowth.Branchesofgovernment,includingCongressandsuchentitiesastheFederalReserveBoard,attempttocontroltheextremesofboomandbust,ofinflationanddepression,by76taxrates,themoneysupply,andtheuseofcredit.Theycanalso77theeconomythroughchangesintheamountofpublicspendingbythegovernmentitself.DirectAssistance.Thegovernmentprovidesmanykindsofhelpto78andindividuals.Forexample,tariffs79certainproductstoremainrelativelyfreeofforeign'competition;importsaresometimestaxedsothatAmericanproductsareableto80betterwithcertainforeigngoods.Inquiteadifferentarea,governmentsupportsindividuals.whocannotadequatelycareforthemselves,bymakinggrantstoworkingparentswithdependentchildren,byprovidingmedicalcarefortheagedandtheindigent,andthroughsocialwelfaresystem..61.A.economyB.horrorC.magnifierD.element62.A.elevationB.emotionC.effectD.election63.A.drippingB.servingC.divergingD.clamping64.A.clearanceB.combustionC.commenceD.maintenance65.A.commonplaceB.responsibilityC.conductivityD.consequence66.A..consoledB.compactedC.paidD.bracketed67.A.servicesB.boycottsC.budgetsD.charters68.A.banquetB.boomC.arenaD.enterprise69.A.assertionB.purposeC.assetD.assumption70.A.admirationB.interestsC.adoptionD.accuracy71.A.monopolyB.acceptanceC.abolitionD.morality72.A.proximityB.blendC.breastD.profit73.A.fairlyB.unfairlyC.friendlyD.unnecessarily74.A.exercisedB.broadenedC.bankruptedD.exemplified75.A.facultyB.quantityC.qualityD.fragment76.A.applaudingB.assessingC.ascendingD.adjusting77.A.affectB.accommodateC.adhereD.affirm78.A.beverageB.businessesC.bondageD.botany79.A.perplexB.permitC.perturbD.plunder80.A.compensateB.confrontC.consoleD.competePassage9Direction:Thereare20blanksinthefollowingpassage.ForeachblanktherearefourchokesmarkedA,B,CandD.YoushouldchoosetheONEthatbestfitsintothepassage.ThenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheet.Seariseasaconsequenceofglobalwarmingwouldimmediatelythreatenthatlargefractionoftheglobelivingatsealevel.Nearlyone-thirdofallhumanbeingslivewithin36milesofacoastline.Mostoftheworld'sgreatseaportcitieswouldbe56:NewOrleans,Amsterdam,Shanghai,andCairo.Somecountries--MaldivesIslandsintheIndianOcean,islandsinthePacific-wouldbeinundated.HeavilypopulatedcoastalareassuchasinBangladeshandEgypt,57largepopulationsoccupylow-lyingareas,wouldsufferextreme58.Warmeroceanswouldspawnstrongerhurricanesandtyphoons,59incoastalflooding,possiblyswampingvaluableagriculturallandsaroundtheworld.60waterqualitymayresultas61floodingwhichforcessaltwaterintocoastalirrigationanddrinkingwatersupplies,andirreplaceable,natural62couldbefloodedwithoceanwater,destroyingforevermanyofthe63Foodsuppliesandforestswouldbe64affected.Changesinrainfallpatternswoulddisruptagriculture.Warmertemperatureswould65grain-growingregionspole-wards.Thewarmingwouldalsoincreaseandchangethepestplants.Suchasweedsandtheinsects66thecrops.Humanhealthwouldalsobeaffected.Warmingcould67tropicalclimatebringingwithityellowfever,malaria,andotherdiseases.Heatstressandheatmortalitycouldrise.Theharmful68oflocalizedurban-airpollutionwouldverylikelybemoreseriousinwarmer69.Therewillbesome70fromwarming.Newsea-laneswillopenintheArctic,longergrowingseasons,furthernorthwill71newagriculturallands,andwarmertemperaturewillmakesomeoftoday’scolder,regionsmore72.Butthesebenefitswillbeinindividualareas.Thenaturalsystemsbothplantandanimalwillbelessablethanmantocopeand73.Anychangeoftemperature,rainfall,andsealevelofthemagnitudenow74willbedestructivetonaturalsystemsandlivingthingsandhencetomanaswell.Thelistofpossibleconsequencesofglobalwarmingsuggestsveryclearlythatwemustdoeverythingwecannowtounderstanditscausesandeffectsandtotakeallmeasurespos