2006年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案

资料来源：中国教育在线/资料来源：中国教育在线/2006年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案SectionIUseofEnglishThehomelessmakeupagrowingpercentageofAmerica’spopulation.__1_homelessnesshasreachedsuchproportionsthatlocalgovernmentcan’tpossibly__2__.Tohelphomelesspeople__3__independence,thefederalgovernmentmustsupportjobtrainingprograms,__4__theminimumwage,andfundmorelow-costhousing.__5__everyoneagreesonthenumbersofAmericanswhoarehomeless.Estimates__6__anywherefrom600,000to3million.__7__thefiguremayvary,analystsdoagreeonanothermatter:thatthenumberofthehomelessis__8__,oneofthefederalgovernment’sstudies__9__thatthenumberofthehomelesswillreachnearly19millionbytheendofthisdecade.Findingwaysto__10__thisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.__11__whenhomelessindividualsmanagetofinda__12__thatwillgivethemthreemealsadayandaplacetosleepatnight,agoodnumberstillspendthebulkofeachday__13__thestreet.Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers,__14__notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeveryday__15__skillsneedtoturntheirlives__16__.BostonGlobereporterChrisReidynotesthatthesituationwillimproveonlywhenthereare__17__programsthataddressthemanyneedsofthehomeless.__18__EdwardBlotkowsk,directorofcommunityserviceatBentleyCollegeinMassachusetts,__19__it,“Therehastobe__20__ofprograms.What’sneedisapackagedeal.”1.[A]Indeed[B]Likewise[C]Therefore[D]Furthermore2.[A]stand[B]cope[C]approve[D]retain3.[A]in[B]for[C]with[D]toward4.[A]raise[B]add[C]take[D]keep5.[A]Generally[B]Almost[C]Hardly[D]Not6.[A]cover[B]change[C]range[D]differ7.[A]nowthat[B]although[C]provided[D]Exceptthat8.[A]inflating[B]expanding[C]increasing[D]extending9.[A]predicts[B]displays[C]proves[D]discovers10.[A]assist[B]track[C]sustain[D]dismiss11.[A]Hence[B]But[C]Even[D]Only12.[A]lodging[B]shelter[C]dwelling[D]house13.[A]searching[B]strolling[C]crowding[D]wandering14.[A]when[B]once[C]while[D]whereas15.[A]life[B]existence[C]survival[D]maintenance16.[A]around[B]over[C]on[D]up17.[A]complex[B]comprehensive[C]complementary[D]compensating18.[A]So[B]Since[C]As[D]Thus19.[A]puts[B]interprets[C]assumes[D]makes20.[A]supervision[B]manipulation[C]regulation[D]coordinationSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAText1Inspiteof“endlesstalkofdifference,”Americansocietyisanamazingmachineforhomogenizingpeople.Thereis“thedemocratizinguniformityofdressanddiscourse,andthecasualnessandabsenceofconsumption”launchedbythe19th--centurydepartmentstoresthatoffered“vastarraysofgoodsinanelegantatmosphere.Insteadofintimateshopscateringtoaknowledgeableelite.”thesewerestores“anyonecouldenter,regardlessofclassorbackground.Thisturnedshoppingintoapublicanddemocraticact.”Themassmedia,advertisingandsportsareotherforcesforhomogenization.Immigrantsarequicklyfittingintothiscommonculture,whichmaynotbealtogetherelevatingbutishardlypoisonous.WritingfortheNationalImmigrationForum,GregoryRodriguezreportsthattoday’simmigrationisneitheratunprecedentedlevelnorresistanttoassimilation.In1998immigrantswere9.8percentofpopulation;in1900,13.6percent.Inthe10yearspriorto1990,3.1immigrantsarrivedforevery1,000residents;inthe10yearspriorto1890,9.2forevery1,000.Now,considerthreeindicesofassimilation–language,homeownershipandintermarriage.The1990Censusrevealedthat“amajorityofimmigrantsfromeachofthefifteenmostcommoncountriesoforiginspokeEnglish‘well’or‘verywell’aftertenyearsofresidence.”ThechildrenofimmigrantstendtobebilingualandproficientinEnglish.“Bythethirdgeneration,theoriginallanguageislostinthemajorityofimmigrantfamilies.”HencethedescriptionofAmericaasa“graveyard”forlanguages.By1996foreign–bornimmigrantswhohadarrivedbefore1970hadahomeownershiprateof75.6percent,higherthanthe69.8percentrateamongnative-bornAmericans.Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics“havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoU.S–bornwhitesandblacks.”Bythethirdgeneration,onethirdofHispanicwomenaremarriedtonon-Hispanics,and41percentofAsian–Americanwomenaremarriedtonon-Asians.RodrigueznotethatchildreninremotevillagesaroundtheworldarefansofsuperstarslikeArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks,yet“someAmericansfearthatimmigrantlivingwithintheUnitedStatesremainsomehowimmunetothenation’sassimilativepower.”AretheredivisiveissuesandpocketsofseethingangerinAmerica?Indeed.Itisbigenoughtohaveabitofeverything.ButparticularlywhenviewedagainstAmerica’sturbulentpast,today’ssocialinducessuggestadarkanddeterioratingsocialenvironment.21.Theword“homogenizing”(Line2,Paragraph1)mostprobablymeans[A]identifying[B]associating[C]assimilating[D]monopolizing22.Accordingtotheauthor,thedepartmentstoresofthe19thcentury[A]playedaroleinthespreadofpopularculture.[B]becameintimateshopsforcommonconsumers.[C]satisfiedtheneedsofaknowledgeableelite.[D]oweditsemergencetothecultureofconsumption23.ThetextsuggeststhatimmigrantsnowintheU.S.[A]areresistanttohomogenization.[B]exertagreatinfluenceonAmericanculture.[C]arehardlyathreattothecommonculture.[D]constitutethemajorityofthepopulation.24.WhyareArnoldSchwarzeneggerandGarthBrooks[A]Toprovetheirpopularityaroundtheworld.[B]Torevealthepublic’sfearofimmigrants.[C]Togiveexamplesofsuccessfulimmigrants.[D]ToshowthepowerfulinfluenceofAmericanculture.25.Intheauthor’sopinion,theabsorptionofimmigrantsintoAmericansocietyis[A]rewarding.[B]successful.[C]fruitless.[D]harmful.Text2Stratford-on-Avon,asweallknow,hasonlyoneindustry-WilliamShakespeare-buttherearetwodistinctlyseparateandincreasinglyhostilebranches.ThereistheRoyalShakespeareCompany(RSC),whichpresentssuperbproductionsoftheplaysattheShakespeareMemorialTheatreontheAvon.Andtherearethetownsfolkwholargelyliveoffthetouristswhocome,nottoseetheplays,buttolookatAnneHathaway’sCottage,Shakespeare’sbirthplaceandtheothersights.TheworthyresidentsofStratforddoubtthatthetheatreaddsapennytotheirrevenue.TheyfranklydisliketheRSC’sactors,themwiththeirlonghairandbeardsandsandalsandnoisiness.It’salldeliciouslyironicwhenyouconsiderthatShakespeare,whoearnstheirliving,washimselfanactor(withabeard)anddidhisshareofnoise-making.Thetouriststreamsarenotentirelyseparate.Thesightseerswhocomebybus-andoftentakeinWarwickCastleandBlenheimPalaceontheside–don’tusuallyseetheplays,andsomeofthemareevensurprisedtofindatheatreinStratford.However,theplaygoersdomanagealittlesight-seeingalongwiththeirplaygoing.Itistheplaygoers,theRSCcontends,whobringinmuchofthetown’srevenuebecausetheyspendthenight(someofthemfourorfivenights)pouringcashintothehotelsandrestaurants.Thesightseerscantakeineverythingandgetoutoftownbynightfall.Thetownsfolkdon’tseeitthiswayandlocalcouncildoesnotcontributedirectlytothesubsidyoftheRoyalShakespeareCompany.Stratfordcriespoortraditionally.Neverthelesseveryhotelintownseemstobeaddinganewwingorcocktaillounge.Hiltonisbuildingitsownhotelthere,whichyoumaybesurewillbedecoratedwithHamletHamburgerBars,theLearLounge,theBanquoBanquetingRoom,andsoforth,andwillbeveryexpensive.Anyway,thetownsfolkcan’tunderstandwhytheRoyalShakespeareCompanyneedsasubsidy.(Thetheatrehasbrokenattendancerecordsforthreeyearsinarow.Lastyearits1,431seatswere94percentoccupiedallyearlongandthisyearthey’lldobetter.)Thereason,ofcourse,isthatcostshaverocketedandticketpriceshavestayedlow.ItwouldbeashametoraisepricestoomuchbecauseitwoulddriveawaytheyoungpeoplewhoareStratford’smostattractiveclientele.Theycomeentirelyfortheplays,notthesights.Theyallseemtolookalike(thoughtheycomefromallover)–lean,pointed,dedicatedfaces,wearingjeansandsandals,eatingtheirbunsandbeddingdownforthenightontheflagstonesoutsidethetheatretobuythe20seatsand80standing-roomticketsheldforthesleepersandsoldtothemwhentheboxofficeopensat10:30a.m.26.Fromthefirsttwoparas,welearnthatA.thetownsfolkdenytheRSC’scontributiontothetown’srevenueB.theactorsoftheRSCimitateShakespeareonandoffstageC.thetwobranchesoftheRSCarenotongoodtermsD.thetownsfolkearnlittlefromtourism27.ItcanbeinferredfromPara3thatA.thesightseerscannotvisittheCastleandthePalaceseparatelyB.theplaygoersspendmoremoneythanthesightseersC.thesightseersdomoreshoppingthantheplaygoersD.theplaygoersgotonootherplacesintownthanthetheater28.Bysaying“Stratfordcriespoortraditionally”(Line2-3,Paragraph4),theauthorimpliesthatA.StratfordcannotaffordtheexpansionprojectsB.StratfordhaslongbeeninfinancialdifficultiesC.thetownisnotreallyshortofmoneyD.thetownsfolkusedtobepoorlypaid29.Accordingtothetownsfolk,theRSCdeservesnosubsidybecauseA.ticketpricescanberaisedtocoverthespendingB.thecompanyisfinanciallyill-managedC.thebehavioroftheactorsisnotsociallyacceptableD.thetheatreattendanceisontherise30.FromthetextwecanconcludethattheauthorA.issupportiveofbothsidesB.favorsthetownsfolk’sviewC.takesadetachedattitudeD.issympatheticText3Whenprehistoricmanarrivedinnewpartsoftheworld,somethingstronghappenedtothelargeanimals;theysuddenlybecameextinct.Smallerspeciessurvived,thelarge,slow-growinganimalswereeasygame,andwerequicklyhuntedtoextinction.Nowsomethingsimilarcouldbehappeningintheoceansthattheseasarebeingover-fishedhasbeenknownforyearswhatresearcherssuchasRansomMyersandBorisWormhaveshownisjusthowfastthingsarechanging.Theyhavelookedathalfacenturyofdatafromfisheriesaroundtheworld.Theirmethodsdenotattempttoestimatetheactualbiomass(theamountoflivingbiologicalmatter)offishspeciesinparticularpartsoftheocean,butratherchangesinthatbiomassovertime.AccordingtotheirlatestpaperpublishedinNature,thebiomassoflargepredators(animalsthatkillandeatotheranimals)inanesfisheryisreducedonaverageby80%within15yearsofthestartofexploitation.Insomelong-fishedareas,ithashalvedagainsincethenDr.Wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservative,onereasonforthisisthatfishingtechnologyhasimprovedToday’svesselscanfindtheirpreyusingsatellitesandsonar,whichwerenotavailable50yearsagothatmeansahigherproportionofwhatisintheseaisbeingcaught,sotherealdifferencebetweenpresentandpastislikelytobeworsethantheonerecordedbychangesincatchsizes.Intheearlydays,too,longlineswouldhavebeenmoresaturatedwithfish.Someindividualswouldthereforenothavebeencaught,sincetobaitedhookswouldhavebeenavailabletotrapthem,leadingtoanunderestimateoffishstocksinthepast.Furthermore,intheearlydaysoflonglinefishing,alotoffishwerelosttosharksaftertheyhadbeenhooked.Thatisnolongeraproblem,becausetherearefewersharksaroundnoise.Dr.MyersandDr.wormarguethattheirworkgivesacorrectbaseline,whichfuturemanagementeffortsmusttakeintoaccount.Theybelievethedatesupportanideacurrentamongmarinebiologists,thatofthe“shiftingbaseline”.Thenotionisthatpeoplehavefailedtodetectthemassivechangeswhichhavehappenedintheoceanbecausetheyhavebeenlookingbackonlyarelativelyshorttimeintothepast.Thatmattersbecausetheorysuggeststhatthemaximumsustainableyieldthatcanbecroppedformafisherycomeswhenthebiomassofatargetspeciesisabout50%ofitsoriginallevels.Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodebusiness.31、TheextinctionoflargeprehistoricanimalsisnotedtosuggestthatA、largeanimalwerevulnerabletothechangingenvironmentB、smallspeciessurvivedaslargeanimalsdisappearedC、largeseaanimalsmayfacethesamethreattoday.D、Slow-growingfishoutlivefast-growingones32、whocaninferformDrMyersandDr.Worm’spaperthatA、thestockoflargepredatorsinsomeoldfisherieshasreducedby90%B、thereareonlyhalfasmanyfisheriesaretherewere15yearsagoC、thecatchsizesinnewfisheriesareonly20%oftheoriginalamountD、thenumberoflargerpredatorsdroppedfasterinnewfisherishthanintheold33、Bysayingthesefiguresareconservative(linein,paragragf-3),DrwormmeansthatA、fishingtechnologyhasimprovedrapidlyB、thencatch-sizesareactuallysmallerthenrecordedC、themarinebiomasshassufferedagreaterlossD、thedatecollectedsofararepitpfdate.34、DrMyersandotherresearchersholdthatA、peopleshouldlookforabaselinethatcan’tworkforalongertimeB、fisheriesshouldkeeptheyieldbelow50%ofthebiomassC、theoceanbiomassshouldrestoreditsoriginallevel.D、peopleshouldadjustthefishingbaselinetochangingsituation.35、Theauthorseemstobemainlyconcernedwithmostfisheries’A、managementefficiencyB、biomasslevelC、catch-sizelimitsD、technologicalapplication.Text4Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweirdandtheweirdestmaybethis:artists'onlyjobistoexploreemotions,andyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeelbad.Thiswasn'talwaysso.Theearliestformsofart,likepaintingandmusic,arethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcentury,moreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipid,phonyor,worstofall,boringaswewentfromWordsworth'sdaffodilstoBaudelaire'sflowersofevil.Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemoderntimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butit'snotasifearliertimesdidn'tknowperpetualwar,disasterandthemassacreofinnocents.Thereason,infact,maybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchdamnhappinessintheworldtoday.Afterall,whatistheonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompletelydedicatedtodepictinghappiness?Advertising.Theriseofanti-happyartalmostexactlytrackstheemergenceofmassmedia,andwithit,acommercialcultureinwhichhappinessisnotjustanidealbutanideology.Peopleinearliererasweresurroundedbyremindersofmisery.Theyworkeduntilexhausted,livedwithfewprotectionsanddiedyoung.IntheWest,beforemasscommunicationandliteracy,themostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurch,whichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.Givenallthis,theydidnotexactlyneedtheirarttobeabummertoo.TodaythemessagesyouraverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercial,andforeverhappy.Fast-foodeaters,newsanchors,textmessengers,allsmiling,smiling.Ourmagazinesfeaturebeamingcelebritiesandhappyfamiliesinperfecthomes.Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda--tolureustoopenourwalletstomaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreliable."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrex,beforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattacks.Whatweforget--whatoureconomydependsonisforgetting--isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.Today,surroundedbypromisesofeasyhappiness,weneedsomeonetotellusasreligiononcedid,Mementomori:rememberthatyouwilldie,thateverythingends,andthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It'samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigarette,yet,somehow,abreathoffreshair.36.BycitingtheexampleofpoetsWordsworthandBaudelaire,theauthorintendstoshowthatA.Poetryisnotasexpressiveofjoyaspaintingormusic.B.Artgrowoutofbothpositiveandnegativefeeling.C.Poetstodayarelessskepticalofhappiness.D.Artisthavechangedtheirfocusofinterest.37.Theword“bummer”(Line5.paragraph5)mostprobablymeanssomethingA.religiousB.unpleasantC.entertainingD.commercial38.Intheauthor’sopinion,advertisingA.emergesinthewakeoftheanti-happypart.B.isacauseofdisappointmentforthegeneralpeerC.replacethechurchasamajorsourceofinformationD.createsanillusionofhappinessratherthanhappinessitself.39.WecanlearnfromthelastparagraphthattheauthorbelievesA.Happinessmoreoftenthannotendsinsadness.B.Theanti-happyartisdistastefulbyrefreshing.C.Miseryshouldbeenjoyedratherthandenied.D.Theanti-happyartflourisheswheneconomybooms40.Whichofthefollowingistrueofthetext?AReligiononcefunctionedasareminderofmisery.BArtprovidesabalancebetweenexpectationandreality.CPeoplefeeldisappointedattherealitiesofmorality.Dmassmediaareinclinedtocoverdisastersanddeaths.PartBOnthenorthbankoftheOhioriversitsEvansville,Ind,homeofDavidWillianis,52,andofariverboatcasinolaplacewheregamblinggamesareplayed.Duringseveralyearsofgamblinginthatcasino,Williamsastateauditorearning$35,000ayear,lastapproximately$175,000.Hehadnevergambledbeforethecasinosenthimacouponfor$20worthofgambling.Hevisitedthecasino,lostthe$20andleft.Onhissecondvisithelost$800.Thecasinoissuedtohim,asagoodcustomer,a“FunCard”,whichwhenusedinthecasinoearnspointsformealsanddrinks,andenablesthecasinototracktheuser’sgamblingactivities.ForWilliams,theseactivitiesbecomewhathecalls“electronicheroin”.(41),In1997helost$21,000tooneslotmachineintwodays.Inmarch1997helost$72,186.Hesometimesplayedtwoslotmachinesatatime,allnight,untiltheboatlockedat5a.m,thenwentbackaboardwhenthecasinoopenedat9a.m.Nowheissuingthecasino,chargingthatitshouldhaverefusedhispatronagebecauseitknewhewasaddicted.Itdidknowhehadaproblem.Inmarch1998,afriendofWilliams’sgothiminvoluntarilyconfinedtoatreatmentcenterforaddictions,andwrotetoinformthecasinoofWilliams’sgamblers.ThecasinnoincludedaphotoofWilliamsamongthoseofbannedgamblers,andwrotetohima”ceaseadmissions”letternotingthe“medical/psychological”natureofproblemgamblingbehaviors,thelettersaidthatbeforebeingreadmittedtothepatronizingthecasinowouldposenothreattohissafetyorwell-being.(42)TheWallStreetJournalreportsthatthecasinohas20signswarning,“enjoythefunandalwaysbetwithyourhead,notoverit.”Everyentranceticketlistsatoll-freenumberforcounselingfromtheIndianaDepartmentofMentalHealth.NeverthelessWilliams’ssuitchargedthatthecasino,knowinghewas“helplesslyaddictedtogambling”intentionallyworkedto“love”himto“engageinconductagainsthiswill”well.(43)ThefourtheditionoftheDiagnosticandStatisticalManualofmentalDisorderssays“pathologicalgambling”involvespresident,recurringanduncontrollablepursuitlossofmoneythanofthethrilloftakingrisksinquestofawindfall.(44),.Pushedbyscience,orwhatclaimstobescience,societyisreclassifyingwhatoncewereconsideredcharacterflawsormoralfailingsaspersonalitydisordersskintophysicaldisabilities(45)Forty-fourstateshavelotteries,29havecasinos,andmostofthesestatesaretovaryingdegreesdependenton__youmightsayaddictedto__revenuesfromwagering.AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgambler’sdollarshasbecomeintense.TheOct.28issueofNewsweekreportedthat2milliongamblerspatronize1,800virtualcosineseveryweek,with$3.5billionbeinglostonInternetwagersthisyear,gamblinghas,passedpornographyastheweb’swebsmostprofitablebusiness.(A).Althoughnosuchevidencewaspreserved,thecasino’smarketingdepartmentcontinuedtopepperhimwithmailings.AndheenteredthecasinoadusedhisFunCardwithoutbeingdetected.(B)Itisunclearwhatluringwasrequired,givenhiscompulsivebehavior.Andinwhatsensewashiswilloperative?(C)Bythetimehehadlost$5,00,hesaidtohimselfthatifhecouldgetbacktoeven,hewouldquit,onenighthewon$5,500,buthedidnotquit.(D)GamblinghasbeenacommonfeatureofAmericanlifeforever,butforalongtimeitwasbroadlyconsideredasin,orasocialdisease.Nowitisasocialpolicy,themostimportantandaggressivepromoterofgamblinginAmericaisthegovernment.

(E)DavidWilliamdssuitshouldtroublethisgamblingnation.Butdon’tbetonit.(F)Itisworrisomethatsocietyismedicalizingmoreandmorebehavioralproblems,oftendefiningasaddictionwhatearlier,sternergenerationsexplainedasweaknessofwill.(G)theanoymous,lonely,undistractednatureofonlinegamblingisespecailllyconductivetocompulsivebehavior.ButevenifthegovernmentknewhowtomoreagainstInternetgambling,whatwouldbeitsgroundsfordoingso?PartCIsittruethattheAmericanintellectualisrejectedandconsideredofnoaccountinhissociety?Iamgoingtosuggestthatitisnottrue.FatherBruckbergentoldpartofthestorywhenheobservedthatitistheintellectualswhohaverejectedAmerican.Buttheyhavedonemorethanthat.Theyhavegrowndissatisfiedwiththeroleofintellectual.Itisthey,notAmerican,whohavebecomeanti-intellectual.First,theobjectofourstudypleadsfordefinition.Whatisanintellectual?(46)IshalldefinehimasanindividualwhohaselectedashisprimarydutyandpleasureinlifetheactivityofthinkinginSocratic(苏格拉底)wayaboutmoralproblems.Heexploressuchproblemconsciously,articulately,andfrankly,firstbyaskingfactualquestions,thenbyaskingmoralquestions,finallybysuggestingactionwhichseemsappropriateinthelightofthefactualandmoralinformationwhichhehasobtained.(47)Hisfunctionisanalogoustothatofajudge,whomustaccepttheobligationofrevealinginasobviousamatteraspossiblethecourseofreasoningwhichledhimtohisdecision.Thisdefinitionexcludesmanyindividualsusuallyreferredtoasintellectuals----theaveragescientistforone.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehisaccomplishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Likeotherhumanbeings,heencountersmoralissuesevenineverydayperformanceofhisroutineduties---heisno