句子成分和定语从句

句子成分ComponentsofaSentence英语的基本成分有七种：________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________和_________________________主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（predicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)补语（complement）。Componentsofasentence英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）Basicsentencepatterns/structures基本句型一：ＳＶ（主＋谓）1.Thesun│rose.2.Who│cares?3.Whathesaid│doesnotmatter.4.They│talkedforhalfanhour.5.Thepen│writessmoothlyＳ│Vi（不及物动词）此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。Ｓ│Ｖ（是系动词）│Ｐ（表语）1.This│is│anEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinner│smells│good.3.He│fell│inlove.4.Everything│looks│different.5.He│isgrowing│tallandstrong.6.Ourwell│hasgone│dry.7.Hisface│turned│red.基本句型二：ＳＶＰ（主＋系＋表）系动词分两类：be,look,keep,seem等，表情况；get,grow,become,turn等属另一类，表变化。be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。感官动词多可用作连系动词：lookwell/面色好,soundnice/听起来不错,feelgood/感觉好，smellbad/难闻基本句型三：ＳＶＯ（主＋谓＋宾）1.Who│knows│theanswer?2.He│hasrefused│tohelpthem.3.He│enjoys│reading.4.He│said│"Goodmorning."5.He│admits│thathewasmistaken.Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）She│ordered│herself│anewdress.2.He│brought│you│adictionary.3.I│showed│him│mypictures.基本句型四：ＳＶｏＯ（主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，eg：give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语)；一个指物(直接宾语)。Givemeacupofteaplease.ShowthishousetoMr.Smith.Bringittome,please.Ｓ│Ｖ（及物）│ｏ（多指人）│Ｏ（多指物）I│told│him│thatthebuswaslate.2.He│showed│me│howtorunthemachine.Thewarmadehimasoldier.Newmethodsmakethejobeasy.Ioftenfindhimatwork.Theteacheraskthestudentstoclosethewindows.Isawacatrunningacrosstheroad.名词/代词宾格+n./adj./介词短语/动词不定式/分词基本句型五：ＳＶＯＣ（主＋谓＋宾＋宾补）宾语补足语：位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等。a，ＳＶ

b，ＳＶＰ

c，ＳＶＯd，ＳＶｏＯ

e，ＳＶＯＣ

1，Pleastellusastory._______2,Shesmiled.______3.Ihavealotworktodo._____4.Hisjobistotrainswimmers._____5.Henoticedamanentertheroom._____6.Pleaselookatthepicture._____daebec但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（adj./adv./num.数词）短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：定语、状语Thelittleboyneedsabluepen.一、定语：定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，译为‘‘……的’’定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。复合不定代词（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分词短语/从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成分后；副词用作定语时须放在名词之后。Twoboysneedtwopens.HisnameisTom.TheboyinblueisTom.Theboythereneedsapen.Theboyneedsaballpen.

Thereisnothingtodotoday.ThepenboughtbyherismadeinChina.TheboyyouwillknowisTom.二、状语：状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句的句子成分，说明方式、因果、条件、时间、地点、让步、方向、程度、目的等--Theboyneedsapennow.--Theboyneedsapenverymuch.可用作状语的有副词,不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等。

一)挑出下列句中的宾语①Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.②PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.④Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?⑤Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?⑥Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.(二)挑出下列句中的表语--Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.--Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.--SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.(三)挑出下列句中的定语1.Whatisyourgivenname?2.Iamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.3.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.4.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!(四)挑出下列句中的宾语补足语①Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.②Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.③Shefounditdifficulttodothework.④TheycallmeLilysometimes.⑤IsawMrWanggetonthebus.(五)挑出下列句中的状语①Therewasabigsmileonherface.②Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.③HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.④Themanonthemotorbikewastravelingtoofast.⑤Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.⑥Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.⑦Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.⑧ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.PracticeHowtomodifyanoun1.anenjoyableexperience2.therulesoftheschool3.thecakethatImadeanadjectiveaprepositionalphraseanattributiveclause翻译方法：…的TryingtofindoutReadthefollowingsentencesfromthetext.Trytofindoutwhattheymeanandwhat’sspecialabouttheirstructure.1.IsatnexttoagirlwhosenamewasDiana.2.MissBurkewastheteacherwhotaughtusEnglishLiterature.3.AllmyclassmatesenjoyedthecakethatImade.Introduceattributiveclauses

Theyallenjoyedthecake

thatImade.Anattributiveclause:theclausethatmodifiesanounorapronoun(tellswhichpersonorthingthespeakermeans)Anantecedent:

the

noun/pronounanattributiveclausemodifiesArelative

pronoun:thepronounthatjoinstheantecedentandtheattributiveclause(定语从句,先行词,关系代词)（）ReadandfindoutReadthearticleonP9.Underlinetheattributiveclausesyoufindinthearticle.1.In2004,hewenttoOxfordUniversity

where

hebecomeinterestedinChineseculture.

2.SomeofthecitiesinChinawhichlikesmostareBeijing,ShanghaiandNanjing.

3.Mostofthestudents

thathetaughthavebecomehisfriend.

4.Someofthebooksweregifts

thathegotfromhisChinesefriends.

5.Thepaintings

thatDaviddonatedtotheschoolarebeingdisplayed.Whenwetalkaboutpeople…Weusewho/that

inanattributiveclauseinsteadofhe/she/theyandwho/whom/thatinsteadofhim/her/themTheman–helivesnextdoor–isfriendly.Themanwho/that

livesnextdoorisfriendly.Idon’tknowthenameoftheteacher–Isawhiminthesciencelab.Idon’tknowthenameoftheteacherwhom/who/that

Isawinthelab.Whenwetalkaboutthings…Weusethatorwhichinanattributiveclauseinsteadofit/they/them

Thecups–theywerebroken-hurthisfeet.Thecupsthat/whichwerebrokenhurthisfeet.Thebook–Iborroweditfromthelibrary–isveryfun.Thebookthat/whichIborrowedfromthelibraryisveryfun.Thescientist

Øwemetyesterdayisveryfamous

who

intheworld.

whom

that(2)Thedressisnew.Sheiswearingit.Thedressthatsheiswearingisnew.

which

Ø(1)Thescientistisveryfamousintheworld.

Wemetheryesterday.(3)Heisthekindperson.Ihaveeverworkedwithhim.(4)Thisisthebestfilm.Ihaveeverseenthisfilm.HeisthekindpersonthatIhaveeverworkedwith.

who

whom

ØThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.

Ø?1.Hedidall/everything_______hecouldtohelpme.2.Thisisthevery

thing_______Iamafter.3.Wetalkedaboutthemenandthethings_______werememberedatschool.4.Itistheonly

book

_______Iaminterestedin.5.Thisisthefirstthing_______Iwanttosay.6.Itisthefinest

movie_______Ihaveeverseen.7.Whoistheman_______spoketoyouatthegate.8.Whichisthestar_______isnearesttotheearth.that,whichorwho?thatthatthatthatthatthatthatthat当先行词是不定代词时,如:all,few,little,much,something,anything,everything,等只能用that做关系代词的情况当先行词被theonly,thevery,thelast,all,every,much,little,few,no,any等修饰时只能用that做关系代词的情况

当人和物合做先行词时只能用that做关系代词的情况

当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时只能用that做关系代词的情况

在疑问词who、which、what开头的句子中只能用that做关系代词的情况先行词是由数词而形成的代词

Infacetherearefourofthem.Thetwothatyoucouldseenowsurvivedthefire.在双重从句中,其一已经用了which,另一个用that

Hebuiltupafactorywhichproducedthingsthathadneverbeenseenbefore.先行词是主句表语,或关系词本身是从句表语Chinaisnolongerthecountrythatit(whatit)usedtobe.

在介词后面只能用which

做关系代词的情况Literatureisasubjectabout_____Iknowlittleabout.which指人who/thatHeisnolongertheman____heusedtobe.当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，通常用that而不用who：Anyone___wantsaticketpleasesignyournamehere.Those____wanttogototheEnglishpartymustbeattheschoolgateby7:30p.m.He____doesn’treachtheGreatWallisnotatrueman.whowhowho

当先行词是anyone,those,he,she等代词表“人”时，一般用who而不用thatWhose(meanpossession)Weusewhoseinanattributiveclauseinsteadofhis/her/its/theirThegirl–herhairisred-issinging.

Thegirlwhose

hairisredissinging.Thebookwhosecoverisblueismine.Thebook–itscoverisblue-ismine.关系词whose实际上是先行词的所有格难用的whoseThehouseismine.Thewindowofthehouseisbroken.Jointhefollowingpairofsentences.Thehousewhose

windowisbrokenismine.

whose=thehouse’swindowThehouseismine.thewindowofwhichisbrokenofwhichthewindowisbroken先行词人物主语宾语所有格注释who/thatwhich/thatwhom/who

/thatwhich/thatwhosewhose/of

whichArelativepronouncanbe

omittedwhenitisusedastheobjectinattributiveclause.1.Thegirl__________isstandingnexttoourteacherisherdaughter.2.Thegirl_________________ourteacheristalkingwithisherdaughter.3.Thegirl________motherisfromBritaincanspeakEnglish

verywell.4.Ican’tfindthebook____________isborrowedfromthelibrary.5.Ican’tfindthebook________________youlenttome.6.Haveyoureadthebook_________authorisahighschoolstudent?7.Iusedtostudyinaclassroom____________windowswereallbroken.

who/that(whom/who/that)whosewhich/that(that/which)whosewhoseFillintheblankswithproperrelativepronouns.PracticeFillintheblankswithproperrelativepronouns.

8.Harrypotterisaboy_________hasagreatgiftformagic.

9.Theschool___________youcanseeontheleftisoneoftheoldestbuildingsinthiscity.10.Theman______legbrokeinthematchusedtobeafootballplayer.11.I’dlikearoom______windowlooksouttothesea.12.I’dlikearoom_________thewindowlooksouttothesea.who/that(that/which)whosewhoseof

which填上合适的关系词并分析原因：1.Theway_________________heexplainedthesentencetouswasnotdifficulttounderstand.2.Theway_________________heexplainedtouswasquitesimple.that/which/不填that/inwhich/不填缺状语缺宾语考点：theway用做先行词3.Whatsurprisedmewasnotwhathesaidbut_____hesaidit.（04湖北）

A.thewayB.inthewaythatC.inthewayD.thewaywhich高考题链接：1.Tomistheboy.Hesitsinfrontofme.Tomistheboywho

sitsinfrontofme.2.Thisistheboy.Isitbehindhim.Thisistheboy(whom)

Isitbehind.3.Doyoufindthepen?Iwrotewithitjustnow.Doyoufindthepen(which)Iwrotewithjustnow?4.Imethiminthestreet.His

glasseswereverybeautiful.Imethimwhose

glasseswereverybeautifulinthestreet.1)LiyangHighSchoolisaschool.2)Iamstudyingintheschool.1.LiyangHighSchoolistheschool__________Iamstudyingin.2.LiyangHighSchoolistheschool_______Iamstudying.3.LiyangHighSchoolistheschool______Iamstudying.that/whichinwhichwhere先行词是指地点的词，Relativeadverb1:where在从句中做地点状语1)Iwillneverforgettheday.2)IcametoLiyangHighSchoolonthatday.Iwillneverforgettheday__________IcametoLiyangHighSchoolon.2.Iwillneverforgettheday_______IcametoLiyangHighSchool.3.Iwillneverforgettheday______IcametoLiyangHighSchool.that/whichonwhichwhenRelativeadverb2:when先行词是指时间的词，在从句中做时间状语1)Couldyoutellmethereason?2)Youarelateforthereason.1.Couldyoutellmethereason__________youarelatefor?2.Couldyoutellmethereason________youarelate?3.Couldyoutellmethereason______youarelate?that/whichforwhichwhyRelativeadverb3:why先行词是指原因的词，在从句中做原因状语关系副词和先行词的关系Istillremembertheday

whenIcamehere.

Thisisthehouse

whereIlivedlastyear.

Therearemanyreasons

why

peopleliketraveling.

ontheday=wheninthehouse=whereforthereasons=why关系副词实际上是介词＋先行词Fillintheblankswith“relativeadverbs”

1)October1,1949wastheday______(________)Chinawasfounded.

2)Beijingistheplace______(__________)greatchangeshavetakenplace.

3)Isthisthereason____(________)hedidn’twanttoseeme?

4).

Thedaysaregone_____(___________)weused“foreignoil”.whenonwhichwhereinwhichwhyforwhichwhenduringwhich1.I’llneverforgetthedays______________weworkedtogether.

2.I’llneverforgetthedays___________wespenttogether.

3.Iwenttotheplace

Iworkedtenyearsago.

4.Iwenttotheplace_____________Ivisitedtenyearsago.

5.Thisisthereason_____________________hewaslate.

6.Thisisthereason_____________________hegave.

when/inwhichwhichwhere/inwhichwhichwhy/forwhichthat/which几种易混的情况及物动词及物动词及物动词1.Doyourememberthefactory?Weusedtoworkin

it.Doyourememberthefactory?Weusedtoworkinit.2.Istillrememberthedays.Wespentthedaystogetherlastyear.3.Ican’tbelievethereason.Hegavethereasonforbeinglate.Istillrememberthedays.

Westayedtogetherinthedays.Ican’tbelievethereason.Hewaslateforthereason.Doyourememberthefactory(which)weusedtoworkin?.Doyourememberthefactoryinwhich/where

weusedtowork?.Istillrememberthedays(which)wespenttogetherlastyear.Istillrememberthedaysinwhich/when

westayedtogether.Ican’tbelievethereason(which)hegaveforbeinglate.Ican’tbelievethereasonforwhich/whyhewaslate.Theman______talkedtoyoujustnowisanengineer.A.whoB.whoseC.whichD.whom2.Thedoctor_____isleavingforAfricanextmonth.A.thenurseistalkingtohimB.thenurseistalkingtoC.whomthenurseistalkingD.whothenurseistalking3.Hereisthebicycle_______intheshop.A.thatyousawit B.thatsawitC.yousaw D.youawit4.I______yourfriend,willtrymybesttohelpyouout.A.whoisB.thatisC.whoamD.whoare5.Shelivesinahouse_______windowsfacesouth.A.whoseB.whichC.thatD.whoABCCA6.Thisisthestudent______fatherisapilot.A.whoB.whomC.whoseD.that7.Those______notonlyfrombooksbutalsothroughpracticewillsucceed.A.learnB.whoC.thatlearnsD.wholearn8.Anyone

__________

this

opinion

may

speak

out.

A.

that

againstsB.

that

againstC.

who

is

againstD.

who

are

against

9.Ihavereadallthemagazines______yougaveme.A.whichB.thatC.whoD.whose10.Thescientisttoldusitwasthesmallestlivingthing________couldbeseenunderamicroscope.A.thatB.whichC./D.whoCDCBA

11.Is

this

the

factory

___

you

visited

the

other

day?

A.

thatB.

whereC.

in

whichD.

the

one

12.

Is

this

factory

___

you

visited

the

other

day?

A.

thatB.

whereC.

whichD.

the

one

13.

Is

this

the

factory

____

he

worked

ten

years

ago?

A.

thatB.

whereC.

whichD.

the

one

ADB介词+关系代词的情况Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelives

isfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介词+关系代词的情况Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介词+关系代词的情况Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介词+关系代词的情况Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介词+关系代词的情况Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toinArethesetwosentencesright?介词+关系代词的情况Themanwho/whomyouspokewasascientist.Thecitythat/whichshelivesisfaraway.toin×

×

Arethesetwosentencesright?可见,who、that不能用于介词之后。介词后面的先行词，指物只能用which,指人只能用whom.

介词+关系代词中的介词从何而来Thisistheroom______Luxuneverlived.Istillremembertheday_______Ijoinedthearmy.Istillrememberthedays_______Ijoinedthearmy.inwhichintheroom

onwhichonthedayinwhichduringwhichin/duringthedays与先行词的习惯搭配Theman_______youjusttalkedismyfather.Heistheman________Ithinkyoucandepend.Hereferredmetosomebooks__________Iamnotveryfamiliar.介词+关系代词中的介词从何而来towhomonwhomwithwhich动词或形容词与介词的搭配talkto

dependon

befamiliarwith

Hemadeaholeinthewall,______________hecouldseewhatwasgoingonoutsidethehouse.Water,_____________mancannotlive,isreallyimportanttothepeasantsinthisarea.介词+关系代词中的介词从何而来

through

whichwithout

which定语从句句意

Icannotremembertheage____whichhewontheprize.Thisistheage____whichpeopleliveinpeaceandhappiness.atin介词+关系代词中的介词从何而来1.

Doyouliketheboo