对外经济贸易考研真题888专业英语

1999对外经济贸易大学国际贸易专业英语试ASIA:ONEYEAROnthefirstofAsia’sworstrecessioninhalfacentury,itisclearthatthegeoeconomicshapeofthePacificRimwillbefardifferentfromwhatanyoneanticipatedjustayearago.ThefulcrumofgrowthisslowlyshiftingfromasenescentJapanandstagnantSoutheastAsiatoadynamic,confidentChina,Clinton’sremarkablejourneywilllikelymarkthistectonicshiftforfuturehistories.Considertheseeventstakingplace:CHINAischoosingastrategyofpumupdomestic-ledeconomicgrowth,incontrastwiththeInternationalMonetaryFund’spolicyofausterityandJapan’sweakyan-and-exportpush.Bycuttinginterestrates,privatizinghousing,invitingforeigninvestment,andkeetherenminbistable,Beijingisincreasingdomesticdemandandgrowth.Certainly,ChinasharesmanyofthewoesafflictingAsia-insolventbanks,laxregulatoryenforcement,andcorruption.Yetitsvigorinattackingtheseproblemsanditsdecisiontooptforastrongcurrencysetitapartandshowrealleadship.Japan,incontrast,isstickinahermeticallysealedsociety.Despitetherhetoricofreform,itspoliticalandbureaucraticelitesdenythereisanythingbasicallywrongandrunthecountryasapensionstatefocusedonanagingpopulation.Problemsaredescribedasisolated,andsolutionstakeaninordinateamountoftime.Sevenyearsintoaseverebankingcrisis,TokyoisjustnowpassinglegislationtocreateaResolutionTrustCorp.-typeunit.Meanwhile,theunemploymentratesoarstonewrecords.Amongmen,whoconstitutemostofthelaborforce,ithit4.3%inMay,Itisworsefortheyoung.Thejoblessrateformen15to24yearsoldroseto8.4%.Foreigninvestmentshouldbepouringintoreinvigorategrowth,butlittleisallowed.Mergersandacquisitionsshouldbeconsolidatingcompanies,butfewarepermitted.Immigrantsshouldbearrivingtogivenewlifetosocietyandsupporttheelderly,buttheyareforbidden.OutsideCEOsshouldbetakingoverfailingcorporations,butisnotaccepted.AsmuchasChinaisinvigorated,Japanisstultified.Thecontrastisstartling.SOUTHESATASIAisinagony.Ahugenascentmiddleclassisbeingpushedbackintopoverty.Depressionislooming.Indonesiaisdeindustrializing,withpeopleleavingcitiestoreturntovillages.Chinesemerchantsarefleeing(upto100,000haveleft).OverseasChinesecapitalthatfundedmuchofSoutheastAsia’spastthreedecatedofgrowthisdryingup.，很明显，在半个世纪以来亚洲出现最严重经济的一之际环太平洋地区的地缘南亚向经济发展势头强劲、满怀自信的中国转移非凡之旅也将标志着未来经济架构的巨大转变。请看看都发生了什么事件：与国际金组织节俭政策和弱日元的出口推动模式相反中国正在选择发展内需拉动型经济增长通过降低利率、当然一些曾经困扰亚洲银行的诟病政策实施的不力以及问题也同样存在， ，其政界精英们认为其基本政策没有错误他们把这个国家作为一个注重人口的福利国家动力市场主力军，成年男子失业率在五月份达到4.3%，青少年的情况则更糟，15岁至24岁8.4%。，在这种情况下的注入应该能够重振经济，但是很少有被允许进入；公司间的购并能够达到整合的目的可这也是不允许的外国的进入能够缓解社会化的问题，，。东南亚也处于一片水深火热之中。大批新生的中产返贫，到处都是一片的工业化发生，导致居住在城市的人们被迫返回农村。资本家的商人们纷纷逃。FRAMEWORKTheFrameworkAgreementismadeupofsixpartsthatlayoutthebasicparametersoftheGATS.Thesixpartsdealwith(1)thescopeanddefinitionofGATS,(2)generalobligations,anddisciplinesofmemberstates,(3)obligationsanddisciplinesconcerningspecificcommitmentsofmemberstates,(4)ascheduleforprogressivelyliberalizatingtheworld’stradeinservices,(5)theinstitutionalstructureforimplementingtheGATS,and(6)miscellaneousWhilemuchoftheGATSisbasedontheprovisionsintheGeneralAgreementonTariffsandTradeandusesmuchofthesameterminology,the“architecture”oftheAgreementissignificantlydifferent.UnlikeGATT,whichprovidesforasinglesetoftheobligationthatapplytoallmeasuresaffectingtradeingoods,theGATScontainstwosetsofobligations(1)asetofgeneralprinciplesandrulesthatapplytoallmeasuresaffectingtradeinservicesand(2)asetofprinciplesandrulesthatapplyonlytospecificsectorsandsubsectorslistedinamemberstate’sSchedule.TheconsequenceofthisdivisionofobligationisthattheprinciplesandrulesintheGATS,asweshallsee,areless“binding”thanthoseintheGATT.（2）（3）（4）（5）GATS（6）GATSGATS门所有影响服务贸易的措施。就像我们看到的那样，这种义务划分的是，GATS中的原GATTPURPOSESOFTaxationschemesareusuallycreatedforthreebasicpurposes:(1)toraiserevenuefor ernment;(2)toencourage,regulate,orrestrictlocalorforeigninvestment;and(3)toprotectconsumersorlocalproducers.Therationalemostcommonlyusedforadoptingorchangingaparticulartaxschemeistoimproverevenues.Forexample,themultinationaloilcompaniesthatdiscoveredanddevelopedthepetroleumindustryintheMiddleEastencouragedthelocalernmentstoimposeacorporate etax.Althoughthisseemsirrationalatfirstblush,itwasasoundfinancialmove.Thecountries,ratherthantakingapercentageroyaltyonprofits(whichwasthearrangementoriginallyagreedto),imposedan etaxonprofitsataslightlyhigherpercentage.Theresultwasanincreasein eforboththecompaniesandthecountries.ThiswasbecausethecompaniescouldusethetaxestheypaidtotheMiddleEastcountriestooffsetthetaxestheypaidtotheirhome-country ernments.(Royalties,bycontrast,cannot-inmostcountries-beusedtooffsetcorporate etaxes.)Thismeantthatthecompaniespaidfewertaxesathomeand,eventhoughtheywerepayingmoretothehostcountries,theirafter-taxprofitswerelarge.Asecondexampleisthevalue-addedtax(VAT),whichgenerallyproducesgreaterrevenuesthanasalestax.Inthelastthirtyyears,somefortycountrieshaveswitchedto,oradopteddirectly,aVAT.Bycontrast,themostdifficulttaxschemeforernmentstoalterisonethatprotectslocalproducts.Producersarecommonlyabletolobbythe ernmenttomaintainaparticularscheme,eventhoughitmayruncontrarytoother ernmentalobjectives.However,theprotectionoflocalproducersisnotnecessarilyafrivolousrationalforascheme,evenintimesofincreasedinternational3．的目，（1）（2）（3）例如公司在中东建立和发展石油产业使得当地征收公司所得税虽然乍一看这似其结果是石油公司和石油出产国家的收入都有增长之所以如此是因为公司它们向中，这意味着即使公司在东道国交纳了大量它们在本国可以缴纳了较少的，（VAT入。在过去30年，大多数国家大约40个国家转向招收，或直接征收。相比之下不易改变的税种当属保护当地产品的税种本地制造商常常保留特定税种，即使它不符合的其他目标。但是，就是在国际贸易不断增长的时代，保护本地制造商并PAYMENTUnlessotherwiseagreedinwriting,orimpliedfromapriorcourseofdealingbetweentheparties,paymentofthepriceandofanyothersumsduebythetotheSellershallbeonopenaccountandtimeofpaymentshallbe30daysfromthedateof.Theamountdueshallbetransferred,unlessotherwiseagreed, etransmissiontotheSeller’sbankintheSeller’scountryfortheaccountoftheSellerandtheBuyershallbedeemedtohaveperformedhispaymentobligationswhentherespectivesumsduehavebeenreceivedbytheSeller’sbankinimmediayavailablefunds.Ifthepartieshaveagreedonpaymentinadvance,withoutfurtherindication,itwillbeassumedthatsuchadvancepayment,unlessotherwiseagreed,referstothefullprice,andthattheadvancepaymentmustbereceivedbytheSeller’sbankinimmediayavailablefundsatleast30daysbeforetheagreeddateofdeliveryortheearliestdatewithintheagreeddeliveryperiod.Ifadvancepaymenthasbeenagreedonlyforapartofthecontractprice,thepaymentconditionsoftheremainingamountwillbedeterminedaccordingtotherulessetforthinthisarticle.4．5.TYPESOFCashDividends.Themostcustomarytypeofdividendisthecashdividenddeclaredandpaidatregularintervalsdependinginamountuponthepolicyoftheboardofdirectorsandearningsoftheenterprise.Referencesto“regular”dividendsinacharterorcontractareconsideredasreferringtoadistributionoftheearnedsurplusintheformofcash.Whiledividendsarealmostinvariablypaidincash,inafewinstancesadistributionofearningshasbeenmadetoshareholdersintheformofpropertyandhasbeentermedapropertydividend.Ononeoccasion,adistillerydeclaredandpaidadividendinbondedwhiskey.StockDividends.Astockdividendisaratabledistributionofadditionalsharesofthecapitalstockofthecorporationtoitsshareholders.Itisreflectedonthebooksofthecorporationbyareductioninsurplusaccountequaltotheamountofthestockdividendandacorrespondingincreaseinthestatedcapitalaccount.Thepracticalandlegalsignificanceofastockdividenddiffersgreatlyfromadividendpayableincashorproperty.Followingthepaymentofastockdividend,theassetsofthecorporationarenolessthantheywerebefore,andtheshareholderdoesnothaveanygreaterrelativeinterestinthenetworthofthecorporationthanhehadbeforeexceptpossiblywherethedividendispaidinsharesofadifferentclass.Hisshareswilleachrepresentasmallerproportionateinterestintheassetsofthecorporation,butbyreasonoftheincreaseinthenumberofshareshistotalinvestmentwillremainthesame.Thedeclarationandpaymentofastockdividendmeansthatsurpluswhichmaybeenpreviouslyavailablefordistributionorotherusesisthereafterfrozeninstatedcapital.Astockdividendshouldnotbeconfusedwithastocksplit.Bythelatter,eachoftheissuedandoutstandingsharesissimplybrokedupintoagreaternumberofshares,eachrepresentingapproportionaysmallerinterestinthecorporation.Astockspliteffectsnochangeinthestatedcapitalorinthesurplusaccount.Wherethereismorethanoneclassofsharesoutstandingitispossibleforeitherastockdividendorastocksplitinoneclasstoaltertherelativevotingstrengthofthedifferentclasses.追加份额的分配方式它通过与股利数额相等的盈余的减少以及同等数额固定资本的增加反映在公司的账簿上。股利实际内在的涵义远远不同于现金或实物支付的股利。在股利之后，公司资产相对以前不会减少，除非股利有可能按照不同的等级，否则公司净值的利息差不会比以前更大股东的每一份额都将代表与公司资产成比例的更少的利息，但是由于数额的上升，总投资都将保持不变。股利的公告与派发意味着原来用于或的盈余以后会被冻洁在固定资本中。。的，都代表在公司更少的利息分割不会引起固定资产或盈余账户的变化。当存在。6.SAVINGANDThegreaterpartoftheresearch,however,hasbeenintotherelationshipbetweeninflationandthesavingsratio.Mostofthestudieshavefoundapositiveconnectionbetweenthesetwovariables,butthereissomedisagreementastowhytheinflationrateshouldaffectthesavingsratio.Onetheory(Deaton1977)explainstherelationshipintermsofconsumersfailingtoperceivethatactualrateofinflation.Thesuggestionisthatconsumersunderestimatetheaveragepricelevelandarethereforeundulyshockedattheapparently“excessive”riseinthepriceofparticularcommodities.Untilsuchtimeasconsumersrecognizethetrue(andhigher)levelofaverageprices,purchasesofthesecommoditieswillhavebeencutbackinresponsetotheassumedsharpincreaseinindividualprices.Savingswillthereforeriseasaresultofthis“inflationsurprise”effect.Thistheorysuggeststhatitisunanticipatedinflationthatmatters,sothattheeffectonconsumption,andthereforesavings,willbeparticularlystrongintheearlystagesofinflationwhentherateofinflationisaccelerating.AstudybyBulkley(1981)hassupplementedtheabovetheory,showingthatevenifinflation