国立清华大学脑与心智第五讲(焦传金教授)

学习&记忆2012/10/162012/10/16Atkinson

and

Shiffrin

modal

model

of

memory2012/10/16记忆包含四个步骤：登录、储存、提取和遗忘2012/10/16Baddeley

and

Hitch

model

of

working

memory同时下45盘棋的西洋棋选手2012/10/16The

magic

number

of

7

(George

Miller,

1950s)bit

vs.

chunkShort-term

memory

capacity2012/10/16EXJPHQUMS

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CadHours

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Happy

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Reduction

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Reductant

Reductase

Reductive

RetaliateRefinance2012/10/16A

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CadHours

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Reduction

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Reductant

Reductase

Reductive

RetaliateRefinance2012/10/16Digit

span

for

amnesic

patients

and

control

subjects2012/10/16短期记忆：Repeat

to

remember长期记忆：Remember

to

repeatNeural

basis

of

human

memory2012/10/16This

portrait

of

Henry

Gustav

Molaison,

or

H.M.,

wastaken

shortly

before

he

underwent

the

experimental

surgerythat

would

destroy

his

ability

to

form

long-term

memories.2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16/NOVA

–

how

memory

works?HM

performed

poorly

on

memory

for

short

stories,

word

lists,

pictures,and

a

wide

range

of

other

materials

(Scoville

and

Milner,

1957).Four

aspects

of

HM’s

mental

capacity

that

influence

the

modernresearch

on

memory

systems1.

Cognitive

abilities

(perception,

abstract

thinking,

reasoning,intelligence

IQ)

other

than

memory

were

intact.2.

The

ability

to

maintain

information

online

(working

memory)

wasintact.3.

The

childhood

memories

were

intact.4.

The

ability

to

acquire

new

motor

skill

learning

(tracing

the

outline

of

a

star

when

viewing

the

paper

only

through

a

mirror)

was

intact.2012/10/16Amnesia

was

characterized

by

an

impairment

indeclarative

memory

and

that

procedural

memorywas

left

intact

(Cohen

and

Squire,

1980).2012/10/162012/10/16The

hypothesized

structure

of

human

memory2012/10/16没有记忆的人

(BBC

brain

story)2012/10/16According

to

Tulving,

animals

like

his

cat

have

no

episodic

memory,

although

they

have

knowledge

of

many

thingsEpisodic

memory

depends

primarily

on

the

hippocampal

componentof

the

larger

system,

whereas

semantic

memory

depends

primarilyon

the

underlying

cortices.2012/10/162012/10/16语意痴呆症

(BBC

brain

story)Neural

basis

of

human

memory2012/10/162012/10/16短期记忆：Repeat

to

remember长期记忆：Remember

to

repeat2012/10/16重复加强记忆Massive

learning

vs.

Spaced

learning假如你只有一个星期可以准备期末考，只有读这个单元十次的时间，那你一定要把时间间隔开来。在一个星期中十个不同的时间重复看这个单元，而不是一次把这个单元看十遍。2012/10/16人类的记忆不像是「录音机」，而像是「食物调理机」2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16登录的形式2012/10/16AirplaneJumpLaughTallTractorGreenAppleZeroWeatherPastelQuicklyOceanNicelyCountertop2012/10/16解碼1.

在学习时，讯息登录得越仔细，记忆就越强。2.

记忆痕迹储存在大脑最初接触到和处理这个讯息的同一个地方。3.

假如能重复原始登录时的情境，提取的效果会最好。StriatumspecificHippocampusspecificMemory

of

habits,

actions,

and

outcomes2012/10/16•

The

BLA

is

important

foracquiring

an

aversion

to

the

tone.•

The

central

nucleus

isimportant

for

producing

fearfulresponses

in

general.A

range

of

fear-related

behaviors,including

automatic

and

motorresponses

(e.g.,

changes

in

heartrate,

blood

pressure,

sweating,hormone

release,

and

alternationsin

startle

response).2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16AplysiaSiphon-gill

withdraw

reflexTail-siphon

withdraw

reflex2012/10/162012/10/16Cells

that

fire

together,

wire

togetherWhen

an

axon

of

cell

A

is

near

enough

to

excite

a

cell

Band

repeatedly

or

persistently

takes

part

in

firing

it,some

growth

process

or

metabolic

change

takes

placein

one

or

both

cells

such

that

A’s

efficiency,

as

one

ofthe

cells

firing

B,

is

increased.

(Hebb,

1949)Donald

Hebb2012/10/162012/10/16记忆拼图Memento2012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/162012/10/16好书分享2012/10/16透视记忆

Memory--From

mind

to

Molecules作者：史奎尔&肯戴尔译者：洪兰出版：2001/9/15出版社：远流出版本书为美国精神病学、神经科学、心理学教授史奎尔（Larry

R.

Squire）及二○○○年因研究海蜗牛机制而获诺贝尔生医奖得主肯戴尔（Eric

R.Kandel）第一本有关记忆研究的革命性发现与看法，除了了解记忆是如何作用，并从分子生物学的领域中探究大脑的记忆系统与认知记忆储存机制，从而寻求研发治疗因年龄而造成记忆衰退的药物，以及减缓阿兹海默症病情恶化的治疗法，对于未来神经学和精神病学在医学上的研究和临床治疗，将有莫大