欧洲文化入门第一讲

IntroductiontoEuropeanCultureDivisionOneMainpointsI.PrefaceII.GreekcultureIII.RomanculturePrefaceWhyshouldChinesestudentsofEnglishstudyEuropeanculture?TwomajorelementsinEuropeanculture:theGreco-RomanelementtheJudeo-ChristianelementDivisionOneGreekCultureandRomanCultureI.GreekCultureBeginning:2000-1500B.C.Aegeancivilization,theTrojanWar(1200B.C.),thewarbetweenGreeksandPersians(6thc.B.C.)Peak:aroundthe5thcenturyB.C.,thewarbetweenAthensandSpartaDecline:beginsfromthe4thcenturyB.C.,theruleofAlexander,KingofMacedon;146B.C.,conqueredbytheRomans2.ContributionstoWorldcivilization(1)epics（史诗）Homer(荷马,around9thcenturyto8thcenturyB.C.):Iliad(《伊利亚特》)&Odyssey（《奥德赛》）IliaddealswiththeallianceofthestatesofthesouthernmainlandofGreece,ledbyAgamemnonintheirwaragainstthecityofTroyOdysseydealswiththereturnofOdysseusaftertheTrojanwartohishomeislandIthaca.1.SocialandpoliticalstructureAthens:democracy,heldbytheadultmalecitizensSparta:oligarchySportsspirit:theOlympicGames(thefirstrecordedin776B.C.,revivedin1896)荷马这两部史诗是公元前12至8世纪的人民口头创作。它反映了广泛而又丰富的社会生活，社会斗争，以及政治、军事、道德观念等等，具有极高的认识价值。两部史诗如“百科全书”一样教育了古希腊人。恩格斯说：“荷马的史诗以及全部神话——这就是希腊人由野蛮时代带入文明时代的主要遗产。”(2)lyricpoetry（抒情诗）Sappho(萨福,about612-580B.C.)wasconsideredthemostimportantlyricpoetofancientGreece.Lovepoems,9volumesPindar(品达,about518-438B.C.)isbestknownforhisodesontheathleticgames,e.g.the14Olympianodes.萨福作品欣赏她音讯全无，我悲哀欲绝

记得她离去时，泪落如泉“没什么大不了的，”她说，

“离别总是痛苦的，萨福。

但你知道，我的离去并非我的所愿。”

我说：“走吧，只要你快乐，

但要记住，你带走了我的爱，

留给我的只有伤痛。”

“如果遗忘的时刻到来，就回想一下

我们向爱神所呈献的典礼

和我们曾经拥有的美

回想一下你戴的紫罗兰头饰

绕在你颈上的用玫瑰花蕾、

莳萝与番红花编成的项链

回想一下当我把带着乳香的没药撒在你的头上与床席时

你说向往的一切已经来临

没有我俩的歌吟

大地一片沉寂

没有我们的爱情，树林永远迎不来春天……”品达作品欣赏献给卡玛里那城的普骚米斯的颂歌（水建馥译）雷霆的投掷者--脚步不倦的至高宙斯！

你的女儿“时光”在华彩的竖琴声中旋舞，

送我来为那最崇高的竞赛作赞歌。

朋友成功后，高尚的人听见甜蜜捷报

立刻就会兴高采烈。

克罗诺斯的儿子，你拥有那习习多风的埃特纳，

你在那山下囚禁过百首的巨怪台风，

请你快来欢迎这位奥林匹亚胜利者，

为美惠女神们而来欢迎这支庆祝队伍，这队伍象征一种强大力量的不朽光辉，

这队伍来庆祝普骚米斯的赛车，他头戴橄榄桂冠，

一心为卡玛里那城争光。愿天神慈悲，

照顾他的祈求，因为我所称颂的人

热心培养骏马，

喜欢接纳四方的宾客，

他纯洁的心集中于热爱城邦的和平。

我要说的话不掺假，

“考验能测验出一个人”。(3)dramaThreegreattragicdramatists:Aeschylus(埃斯库罗斯，525-456B.C.)plays:PrometheusBound《被缚的普罗米修斯》,Persians《波斯人》,Agamemnon《阿加门侬》features:vividcharacterportrayalandmajesticpoetry埃斯库罗斯Sophocles(索福克勒斯，496-406B.C.)Plays:OedipustheKing《俄狄浦斯王》,Electra《厄勒克特拉》,Antigone《安提戈涅》features:contributedgreatlytotragicart,addedathirdactoranddecreasedthesizeofthechorus索福克勒斯Euripides(欧里庇得斯，484-406B.C.)thefirstwriterof“problemplays”Plays:Andromache《安德洛玛刻》,Medea《美狄亚》,TrojanWomen《特洛伊妇女》features:moreofarealist,concernedwithconflicts,lessheroiccharacters欧里庇得斯坐像Greatcomicdramatist:Aristophanes(阿里斯托芬，about450-380B.C.)Plays:Frogs《蛙》,Clouds《云》,Wasps《黄蜂》,Birds《鸟》features:cleverparody,acutecriticism,coarselanguage阿里斯托芬(4)historyHerodotus(希罗多德，484-430B.C.):“FatherofHistory”Writing:History《希波战争史》(aboutthewarsbetweenGreeksandPersians)Features:Hehadakeeneyefordramaandpathos.Hishistoryfullofanecdotesanddigressionsandlivelydialogue,iswonderfullyreadable.希罗多德Thucycides(about460-404B.C.修昔底德):“thegreatesthistorianthateverlived”(Macaulay)HetoldaboutthewarbetweenAthensandSpartaandbetweenAthensandSyracuse（HistoryofthePeloponnesianWar《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》）MoreaccuratethanHerodotus修昔底德西西里岛上囚禁战俘的石牢彩陶上反映战争场面的绘画(5)philosophyandscienceTheancientGreeks:greatcuriosity,spiritoffreeenquiry,readytodropestablishedideas,goodatspeculation,imagination,conclusion,boldtospeaktheirmindsSomeimportantphilosophers

Pythagoras(毕达哥拉斯，about580-500B.C.):thefounderofscientificmathematics,Philosophicalidea:allthingswerenumbers毕达哥拉斯Heracleitue(赫拉克利特，about540-480B.C.):fireistheprimaryelementoftheuniverse“Allisflux,nothingisstationery”.(一切皆流，一切皆变。）“Youcannotsteptwiceintothesameriver”.（人不能两次踏进同一条河流。)赫拉克利特Democritus(德谟克利特，about460-370B.C.):oneoftheearliestphilosophicalmaterialistsandoneofthefoundersoftheatomictheoryPhilosophicalthought:exceptatomandvanity,thereisnothing.德谟克利特Socrates(苏格拉底，about470-399B.C.):thefounderofthedialecticalmethodThreegreatestphilosophers:Socrates,PlatoandAristotleThelastspeechbySocrates:ApologyrecordedinPlato’sDialogues苏格拉底Plato(柏拉图，about428-348B.C.)Philosophicalwriting:Dialogues(《对话录》）（imaginativeliterature),includingApology（申辩）,Symposuim（会饮篇）,TheRepublic（理想国）.Philosophicalideas:Idealism.Menhaveknowledgebecauseoftheexistenceofcertaingeneral“ideas”asbeauty,truth,goodness,etc.Knowthyself!（认识你自己！）Theideaofthegoodisthegreatestobjectofknowledgeandlearning.（善的理念是知识和学习的最大目标。）柏拉图Aristotle(亚里斯多德，about384-322B.C.):agreathumanistandscientistWritings:Hewroteonlogic,moralphilosophy,politics,metaphysics,psychology,physics,zoology,poetry,andrhetoricsuchasEthics《伦理学》,Politics《政治学》,Poetics《诗学》andRhetoric《修辞学》DifferencesbetweenAandP:a.A–directobservationofnatureandthattheoryshouldfollowfact,P-relianceonsubjectivethinkingb.A–formandmattertogethermadeupconcreteindividualrealities,P-ideashadahigherrealitythanthephysicalworld亚里士多德Contendingschoolsofthoughta.theSophists（苏菲主义）:teachersoftheartofarguingRepresentative:Protagoras(普罗塔哥拉，about481-430B.C.),thedoctrineis“manisthemeasureofallthings”(人是一切事物的尺度）.b.theCynics（犬儒主义）:advocatelivingaself-sufficiencyandsimplelifeRepresentative:Diogene(第欧根尼，about412-323)-rejectedallconventions.c.theSceptics（怀疑主义）:notallknowledgewasattainableandtheydoubtedthetruthofwhatothersacceptedastrue.Representative:Pyrrhon(皮洛，about360-272B.C.)d.theEpicureans（伊壁鸩鲁派）:believedpleasuretobethehighestgoodinlife.Herepleasuremeansfreedomfrompainandemotionalupheaval.Representative:Epicurus(伊壁鸩鲁，about341-270)E.theStoics（斯多葛派）:themostimportantthinginlifeis“duty”.Representative:Zeno(芝诺，about335-263B.C.)-amaterialistwhobelievedthatthecourseofnatureisdeterminedbynaturallaws.ScienceManyGreekphilosopherswerealsoscientists,suchasPlatowasamathematicianandAristotlecontributedtozoology,ect.Euclid(inthe3rdcenturyB.C.欧几里得):well-knownforhisElements(ofGeometry)Archimedes(287-212B.C.阿基米德):contributiontogeometry,arithmetic,mechanicsandhydrostatics.Someimportantdiscoveries:oneisthatwhenabodyisimmersedinwateritslossofweightisequaltotheweightofthewaterdisplaced;theprincipleoflever阿基米德“Givemeaplacetostand,andIwillmovetheworld.”Theapplicationofscienceindifferentfields.(6)Art,architecture,sculptureandpotteryGreekartisavisualproofofGreekcivilizationanditevolvedfromarchaicperiodtoclassicalone.Architecture:threestyles:the

Doricstyle（陶立克式）,theIonicstyle（爱奥尼亚式）andtheCorinthianstyle（科林斯式）.Examples:theAcrpolis（雅典卫城）andtheParthenon（帕提侬神庙）帕特农神庙厄瑞克透斯神庙爱奥尼克式漩涡状装饰柯林斯式柱头雅典卫城Sculpture:theearliestwerethoseofGod;towardsthe5thcenturyB.C.thechangefromthestageofstiffandmechanicalstyletoaperiodofemphasisonthebeautyoftheinternalstructureofhumanbodies.Examples:DiscusThrower（掷铁饼者）,VenusdeMilo（米诺斯的维纳斯）,Laocoongroup（拉奥孔）.Pottery:meetdomesticneedsandneedsforforeigntrade.掷铁饼者维纳斯拉奥孔

龟形陶器猪形陶器献神扁彩色人物陶瓶画

II.RomanCulture1.RomansandGreeksTheburningofCorinthin146B.C.markedRomanconquestofGreece.SimilaritybetweenRomansandGreeks:traditionofcitizen-assembly,hostiletomonarchyandservility;similarreligion;closely-relatedlanguagesDeitiesinGreekandRomanmythologiesGreekmythRomanmythZeusJupiterHeraJunoAphroditeVenusAthenaMinerva

ApolloApolloAresMarsArtemis

Diana

Eris&

Eros

Cupid

Hades

Pluto

Hermes

MercuryHercules

HerculesThedifferencesbetweenRomanandGreekRomansGreeksAnEmpireaprovinceLatininW,GreekinEGreekConfidentintheirownenjoyanolderandorganizationalpower,richerartisticandtheirmilitaryandadministrativeintellectualinheritancecapabilitiesHorace,“CaptiveGreecetookherrudeconquerorcaptive.”2.RomanHistoryTheyear27B.C.dividedthehistoryofRomeintotwoperiods:arepublicandanempireOctavius(屋大维)becamethefirstemperorwiththetitleofAugustus(奥古斯都).ThusitbeginsthePaxRomana(罗马和平)for200years.Theempirebegantodeclineinthe3rdcenturyduetotheinroadsofnortherntribes.Inthe4thcenturyCanstantine君士坦丁movedthecapitalfromRometoByzantium拜占庭(Constantinople君士坦丁堡)After395,theempirepermanentlydividedintoEast(theByzantineEmpire)andWest.In476theWestRomanEmpireendedbytheconquestoftheGoths.TheEastRomanEmpirecollapsedwhenConstantinpolefelltotheTurksin1453.3.RomanContributionsThePaxRomanaRomanlawLatinLiterature,architecture,paintingandsculpture4.LatinLiteratureRomanwritingsinLatinshowedgreatoriginality,besidesbeingprofound,powerfulandbeautiful,includingproseandpoetry.a.ProseMarcusTulliusCicero(106-43B.C.西塞罗):statesman,oratorandphilosopher.HislegalandpoliticalspeechesaremodelsofLatindiction.Hiseloquent,oratoricalmannerofwriting,describedasCiceronian,hashadanenormousinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEuropeanprose.西塞罗Cicero’ssayingsToliveistothink.(生活就是思考。)Inwarslawsaresilent.(在战争中，法律没有声音。)Theseedsofthevirtuesareinborninournature.(诸美德的种子天生就在我们的内心。)Wherethingsgowell,thereisone’sfatherland.(哪里好，哪里就是家乡。)Customisasecondnature.(习惯似乎是另一种本性。)JuliusCaesar(100-44B.C.恺撒）:Romangeneralandstatesman.Majorworks: