第二讲：语法(一)

第二讲形容词、副词比较结构GrammarStructure形容词比较结构时态定语从句非谓语动词虚拟语气倒装句Aisnot+形容词比较级+than+B

A不如BBushisnotyoungerthanObama.布什不如奥巴马年轻。ObamaisnotwhiterthanBush.奥巴马不如布什白。BushisnotmoreintelligentthanObama.布什不如奥巴马有文化。Aisno+形容词比较级+than+B

A和B都不（否定两者）ObamaisnoyoungerthanBush.奥巴马和布什都不年轻ObamaisnotallerthanBush.奥巴马和布什都不高Obamaisnomoreintelligentthanbush.奥巴马和布什都没有文化。Comparativestructures1)“As…as”constructionBasicpattern:“as+adjective/adverb+as”E.g.JohnisasbrightasBob.Negativesentence:JohnisnotsobrightasBob.JohnislessbrightthanBob.as…as…结构asmuch/many+noun+asclauseYoucantakeasmuchbutterasyouneed.as+adjective+nounphrase+asclausenounphrase:a/an+可数名词zero+不可数名词GeorgeisasefficientaworkerasJack.GeorgeisaworkerasefficientasJack.2)“more…than”constructionBasicpatternTheparcelisheavierthanthatone.NegativepatternTheparcelislessheavythanthatone.Theparcelisnotso/asheavyasthatone.Anothervariantform:“the+comparativeadjective/adverb+of-phrase”E.g.Johnisthebrighterofthetwoboys.OfthetwoboysJohnbehaves(the)morepolitely.Athirdvariantform:“more/lessofa+noun+than-cause”Heismore/lessofasportsmanthanhisbrother.a.“more…than”vs.morethanModernscienceismorethanalargeamountofinformation.“不仅仅是”

IhaveknownDavidformorethan20years.“不止”IassureyouIammorethangladtohelpyou.“非常”ThatismorethanIcanunderstand.“简直不”“远非”，难以，完全不能（其后通常连用情态动词can）Moreoftenthannot（经常），peopletendtopayattentiontowhattheycantakeratherthanwhattheycangive.Heismorecarefulthantheothers.比……多，比……更Heismoreluckythanclever.与其……不如

Heismorewittythanwise.与其说他聪明，不如说他机智。

notso…as不如，不像

HeisnotsotallasTom.

Thiscakeisnotsodeliciousasthatone.as…as中间用形容词或副词的原级，用于肯定句。"和....一样..."如：Thecityhereisascleanasthatone.notso/as...as中间也是用原级，意思一样，用于否定句。“和...不一样...”如：Thepeoplehereisnotsofriendlyasthere.b.“notso…as”vs.“notsomuch…as”“as…as”vs.“asmuch…as”

notclevererthanJackis

notascleveras

Tom

lesscleverthannotso+原形+as=less+原级+than

…不及…notsomuch…as与其说是…不如说是…Itwasn'tsomuchhisappearanceIlikedashispersonality．

我所喜欢的，与其说是他的外表，不如说是他的个性。(no)such+（determiner）NP+as表示举例Thereisnosuchthingasaghost.such作为后位限定词，放在中限定词no，a的后面只有当such和a/an同时出现的时候，成为前限定词，sucha/an，另外，不同时出现两个中限定词，就是no,和a都是中限定词，不同时出现,no=nota

notsomuch…as…与notso…as…的区别

从形式上看notsomuch…as…与notso…as…的结构基本相同,但两者在意义上和用法上都存在着很大的差别,下面对此加以说明:

在意义上,notsomuch…as…结构表示选择比较,常常译为“与其说……不如说·……”(1)Heisnotsomuchawriterasareporter.他与其说是位作家,不如说是位记者。(2)Hersuccesswasnotsomuchbychanceasbydiligence.她的成功与其说由于机遇不如说是由于勤奋。而notso…as…结构表示否定的同等比较.常常译为“不像……那样……”。(1)ItisnotsohotinBeijingasinWuhan.北京不象武汉那样热。(2)Heisnotsotallasyou.他没有你那样高。

在用法上,notsomuch…as…结构中,so不能换作as,much必须紧跟在so后面,且不能省略,much和as后面是两个相互平行的结构,比如名词、形容词。例如：Hewasnotsomuchangryasdisappointed.

而notso…as中，so可与as互换，so后可跟形容词、副词原级，不跟名词。

e.g.Todaytheclassroomisnotso___asusual.

A.cleanB.cleanerC.muchcleanerD.cleanest

WeshouldsayJimmyisnot___muchawriterasareporter.

A.thisB.thatC.asD.so

c.“notmore/-er…than”vs.“nomore/-er…than”Youaremorecarefulthanheis.你比他仔细。Youarenotmorecarefulthanheis.你不如他仔细。Youarenomorecarefulthanheis.你和他一样不仔细。Youarelesscarefulthanheis.你不如他仔细（你比他粗心）。Youarenotlesscarefulthanheis.你比他仔细（你不如他粗心）。Youarenolesscarefulthanheis.你和他一样仔细。

“wouldsooner(rather)...than”,“wouldassoon...as”“宁愿……也不”Hewouldrather(sooner)resignthantakepartinsuchdishonestbusinessdeals.他宁可辞职也不干这种不正当的勾当。Iwouldassoondieasdisgracemyself.我宁死不受辱。“nosooner...than”,“hardly...when”和“scarcely...before”

“一……就”句子的前半部分一般用过去完成时，而后半部则用一般过去时采用倒装语序NosoonerhadIopenedthecagethanthelittlebirdflewout.=我一开笼小鸟就飞出去了。Scarcely(Hardly)hadIopenedthecagebefore(when)thelittlebirdflewout.prior,superior,inferior,senior和junior表示比较时后面用“to”不用“than”

“priorto”意思是早于，比……重要；“superiorto”意思是优于，高于；“inferiorto”意思是次于；“seniorto”意思是年长于，地位高于；“juniorto”意思是年幼于，地位低于，迟于。Thetaskispriortoallothers.这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。InmathshefeltsuperiortoJohn.他觉得自己数学比约翰强。Theseapplesareinferiorinflavortothose.这些苹果的味道不如那些。Heistwoyearsseniortome.他比我大两岁。表示倍数他们的房子是我们房子的三倍。Theirhouseisthreetimes

asbigasours.Theirhouseisthreetimes

thesizeofours.Long-Deep-High-Wide-用“数字+times+thesize/length/depth/height/width+of+比较对象”来表示。用“数字+times+as…as”来表示。Quiz31.Anewlaptopcostsabout_____ofasecond-handone.

A.thepriceofthreetimesB.threetimestheprice

C.asmuchasthethreetimespriceD.threetimesmorethantheprice2.Thesquareitselfisfivehundredyardswide,fivetimes____thesizeofSt.Peter'sinRome.A./B.thatofC.whichisD.of3.Itwas__wehadhoped.AmoreasuccessthanBasuccessmorethanCasmuchofasuccessasDasuccessasmuchas4.DoyouknowTim’sbrother?Heis_________thanTim.A.muchmoresportsmanB.moreofasportsmanC.moreofsportsmanD.moreasportsman5.Thelessthesurfaceofthegroundyieldstotheweightofafully-loadedtruck,______tothetruck.A.thegreaterstressis B.greateristhestressC.thestressisgreaterD.thegreaterthestress6.Languagebelongstoeachmemberofthesociety,tothecleaner__totheprofessor.A．asfarasB.thesameasC.asmuchasD.aslongas7.Johnis_____hardworkingthanhissister,buthefailedintheexam.A.nolessB.nomoreC.notlessD.noso8.WhichofthefollowingadverbscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“_____everybodycame”?

A.NearlyB.QuiteC.PracticallyD.Almost9.Susanisveryhardworking,butherpayisnot__forherwork.A.enoughgoodB.goodenoughC.asgoodenoughD.goodasenough10.Mydaughterhaswalkedeightmilestoday.Weneverguessedthatshecouldwalk__far.A./B.suchC.thatD.as11.WhichofthefollowingwordscanNOTbeusedtocomplete“We’veseenthefilm____”?A.beforeB.recentlyC.latelyD.yet12.

UncleCarlisreally_________man.A.anoldsweetB.asweet,oldC.asweetold13.Maryis_____thanAlice.A.moreexperiencedateacherB.amoreexperiencedteacherC.moreanexperiencedteacherD.moreexperiencedteacher14.Theyfulfilledthetaskin_____ittookus.A.three-fourthstimeB.three-fourthtimeC.three-fourthsthetimeD.thethree-fourthstime15.Theywerepushedintobattle_____.A.unpreparedB.unpreparedlyC.notpreparingitD.withoutpreparingit16.Somedieterfindthataftertheirdietingisover,theyeattwice_____theydidbeforetheirdiet.A.morethanB.asmanyasC.muchthanD.asmuchas17.MyScottishfriendsaysthereis_____monsterinLochNess.A.nosuchthingasB.nosuchthingasaC.nosuchathingas D.nosuchathingasa18.Theuniversityauthoritiesareseriouslyconsideringabandoningthetraditional_____class.A.fiftyminutes B.fifty-minutes C.fifty-minute D.fiftyminute's19.Shehastakengreatpainstoconcealheremotions,andtherebymadethem_____conspicuous.A.allthemore B.allthemuch C.allmore D.allmuch20.You'dbetterlookatthedifficulty_____.A.theotherB.bytheotherwayC.anotherwayD.byanotherway21.Heprefers_____.A.towritehislettersratherthandictatingthemB.towritehislettersratherthandictatethemC.writinghislettersratherthandictatethemD.writinghislettersratherthanhavedictatedthem22._____thetwo,Bobis_____student.A.Of,morediligentB.In,morediligentC.Of,themorediligent D.In,themorediligent23.Western.Nebraskagenerally'receiveslesssnowthan_____EasternNebraska.A.in B.itreceivesin C.does D.itdoesin24.Theindoorswimmingpoolseemstobeagreatmoreluxuriousthan_____.A.isnecessaryB.beingnecessaryC.tobenecessaryD.itisnecessary25.Thechildrenprefercampinginthemo